Long-term professional performance of minimally invasive surgery post-graduates

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the contribution of a post-graduation program in surgeons professional careers. METHODS: participants were asked to answer a questionnaire with questions related to possible changes in their professional performance after the end of the course. RESULTS: forty-three (76.7%) of the 56 participants eligible for the study responded to the questionnaires. Most participants, 32 (74.4%), had previous contact with laparoscopic surgery; however, only 14 (32.5%) reported the experience as primary surgeon. The expectations on the course were reached or exceeded for 36 (83.7%) participants. Thirty-seven (86%) incorporated minimally invasive procedures in their daily surgical practice, 37 (86%) reported improvements in their income above 10% and 12% reported income increase of over 100%, directly related to their increase of laparoscopic activity. CONCLUSION: the program in minimally invasive surgery provides a high level of satisfaction to its participants, enables them to perform more complex technical procedures, such as sutures, and improves their professional economic performance.

Motor behavioral abnormalities and histopathological findings of Wistar rats inoculated with HTLV-1-infected MT2 cells

The objective of the present study was to describe motor behavioral changes in association with histopathological and hematological findings in Wistar rats inoculated intravenously with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected MT2 cells. Twenty-five 4-month-old male rats were inoculated with HTLV-1-infected MT2 cells and 13 control rats were inoculated with normal human lymphocytes. The behavior of the rats was observed before and 5, 10, 15, and 20 months after inoculation during a 30-min/rat testing time for 5 consecutive days. During each of 4 periods, a subset of rats was randomly chosen to be sacrificed in order to harvest the spinal cord for histopathological analysis and to obtain blood for serological and molecular studies. Behavioral analyses of the HTLV-1-inoculated rats showed a significant decrease of climbing, walking and freezing, and an increase of scratching, sniffing, biting, licking, and resting/sleeping. Two of the 25 HTLV-1-inoculated rats (8%) developed spastic paraparesis as a major behavioral change. The histopathological changes were few and mild, but in some cases there was diffuse lymphocyte infiltration. The minor and major behavioral changes occurred after 10-20 months of evolution. The long-term observation of Wistar rats inoculated with HTLV-1-infected MT2 cells showed major (spastic paraparesis) and minor motor abnormalities in association with the degree of HTLV-1-induced myelopathy.

Influence of cueing on the preparation and execution of untrained and trained complex motor responses

This study investigated the influence of cueing on the performance of untrained and trained complex motor responses. Healthy adults responded to a visual target by performing four sequential movements (complex response) or a single movement (simple response) of their middle finger. A visual cue preceded the target by an interval of 300, 1000, or 2000 ms. In Experiment 1, the complex and simple responses were not previously trained. During the testing session, the complex response pattern varied on a trial-by-trial basis following the indication provided by the visual cue. In Experiment 2, the complex response and the simple response were extensively trained beforehand. During the testing session, the trained complex response pattern was performed in all trials. The latency of the untrained and trained complex responses decreased from the short to the medium and long cue-target intervals. The latency of the complex response was longer than that of the simple response, except in the case of the trained responses and the long cue-target interval. These results suggest that the preparation of untrained complex responses cannot be completed in advance, this being possible, however, for trained complex responses when enough time is available. The duration of the 1st submovement, 1st pause and 2nd submovement of the untrained and the trained complex responses increased from the short to the long cue-target interval, suggesting that there is an increase of online programming of the response possibly related to the degree of certainty about the moment of target appearance.

Chemical treatment of papaya seeds aiming at long-term storage and control of damping off

Damping off is a nursery disease of great economic importance in papaya and seed treatment may be an effective measure to control. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of papaya seeds treated with fungicides and stored under two environmental and packaging conditions. Additionally, the efficiency of fungicide treatments in the control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated. Papaya seeds were treated with the fungicides Captan, Tolylfluanid and the mixture Tolylfluanid + Captan (all commercial wettable powder formulations). Seeds of the control group were not treated. The seeds were stored for nine months in two conditions: packed in aluminum coated paper and kept at 7 ± 1ºC and in permeable kraft paper and kept in non-controlled environment. At the beginning of the storage and every three months the seed quality (germination and vigor tests), emergence rate index, height, dry mass and damping of plants in pre and post-emergence (in contaminated substrate and mycelia-free substrate) were analyzed. Both storage conditions as well as the fungicide treatments preserved the germination and seed vigor. In the infested substrate, seedling emergence was favored by fungicides, but in post-emergence, fungicides alone did not control the damping off caused by R. solani. Symptoms of damping off were not observed in the clean substrate. The results showed that the fungicide treatments may be used to pretreat papaya seed for long-term storage and commercialization.

Is the pollination efficiency of long-lived orchid flowers affected by age?

The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.

Alguns aspectos epidemiológicos da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor na Cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Foram estudadas algumas características dos óbitos por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, no município de São Paulo, ocorridos entre 1.° de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 1970. Todas as características do falecido e do acidente foram coletadas a partir dos dados registrados nos laudos de necrópsias existentes no Instituto Médico Legal. O estudo evidenciou que a mortalidade por acidentes de veículo a motor é alta, maior no sexo masculino, aumenta com a idade, sendo que o maior coeficiente foi para maiores de 60 anos. A zona da cidade com maior número de acidentes é a zona Sul, existindo áreas (distritos policiais) e vias públicas preferenciais quanto a ocorrência, em todas as 4 zonas do município; a maior ocorrência de acidentes foi aos sábados e domingos; os pedestres compreendem a grande maioria dos falecidos; proporção apreciável dos falecidos recebeu atendimento hospitalar após o acidente. Foram relacionados também o número total de acidentes, vítimas e mortes mostrando que para cada 100 acidentes ocorreram 62,50 vítimas e 5,13 mortes, e para cada 100 vítimas, 18, 22 mortes.

Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes fatais a veículo a motor na cidade do Salvador (Bahia), Brasil

Foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de descrever certos aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor, na cidade do Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, o qual envolveu coleta de informações no Departamento de Trânsito (DETRAN) e no Instituto de Medicina Legal. Ficou demonstrado que os acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor são mais freqüentes ao fim da tarde e concentram-se, sobretudo, no fim de semana, isto é, sábado e domingo. Motoristas do sexo masculino foram muito mais freqüentemente envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito do que os do sexo feminino. Foi concluído que os acidentes fatais envolvendo pedestres constituem-se importante problema urbano necessitando cuidadosa atenção por parte de educadores e dos serviços públicos responsáveis pelo setor do trânsito. Foi sugerida a necessidade de melhorar e tornar mais uniforme o sistema de notificação e classificação dos acidentes de veículo a motor pelo DETRAN da cidade do Salvador.

Traumatismo crânio-encefálico: diferenças das vítimas pedestres e ocupantes de veículos a motor

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as diferenças das vítimas com diagnóstico de traumatismo crânio-encefálico envolvidas em diferentes condições, em acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor e evidenciar indicadores para prevenção e seu atendimento. MÉTODO: Foram analisados os prontuários de todas as vítimas com diagnóstico de trauma crânio-encefálico, assistidas em hospital de referência para atendimento do trauma, entre março e junho de 1993. A população foi de 156 vítimas, sendo 80 pedestres, 50 ocupantes de veículos a motor, exceto de moto e, 26 motociclistas ou passageiros de motos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade entre pedestres foi a mais alta entre os três grupos (25,0%). Os óbitos ocorrem em 19,2% dos ocupantes de motocicleta e 8,0% dos ocupantes de demais veículos a motor. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos quando a variável gravidade do trauma crânio-encefálico foi analisado. Análise de certas variáveis mostraram importantes diferenças na distribuição dos três grupos.

Autonomy of long-stay psychiatric inpatients

OBJECTIVE: To assess personal autonomy of long-stay psychiatric inpatients, to identify those patients who could be discharged and to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic variables, social functioning, and physical disabilities on their autonomy was also assessed. METHODS: A total of 584 long-stay individuals of a psychiatric hospital (96% of the hospital population) in Southern Brazil was assessed between July and August 2002. The following instruments, adapted to the Brazilian reality, were used: independent living skills survey, social behavioral schedule, and questionnaire for assessing physical disability. RESULTS: Patients showed severe impairment of their personal autonomy, especially concerning money management, work-related skills and leisure, food preparation, and use of transportation. Autonomy deterioration was associated with length of stay (OR=1.02), greater physical disability (OR=1.54; p=0.01), and male gender (OR=3.11; p<0.001). The risk estimate of autonomy deterioration was 23 times greater among those individuals with severe impairment of social functioning (95% CI: 10.67-49.24). CONCLUSIONS: In-patients studied showed serious impairment of autonomy. While planning these patients' discharge their deficits should be taken into consideration. Assessment of patients' ability to function and to be autonomous helps in identifying their needs for care and to evaluate their actual possibilities of social reinsertion.

Long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital in Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic profile, social functioning, and quality of life of a population of long-stay care patients in a psychiatric hospital. METHODS: A study was carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2002. A total of 584 (96%) long-stay patients were assessed by means of the following instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life, the Social Behavior Schedule, the Independent Living Skills Survey, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and another instrument for assessing disability (Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Disability). RESULTS: The average hospital stay was 26 years (SD: 15.8) and 46.6% of inpatients had no physical disability. Patients had their social functioning skills and autonomy largely impaired. Few of them (27.7%) answered the instrument for assessing quality of life, and showed significant impairments in all domains. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale evidenced a low prevalence of positive symptoms in this population. CONCLUSIONS: The institutionalized population studied presented significantly impaired social functioning, autonomy, and quality of life. These aspects need to be taken into consideration while planning for their deinstitutionalization.

Long-term health benefits of appetite suppressants remain unproven

Because of the increasing prevalence of obesity, prevention and treatment of overweight has become a major public health concern. In addition to diet and exercise, drugs are needed for patients who failed to lose weight with behavioral treatment. The current article aimed to summarize recent concerns on the safety and efficacy of appetite suppressants. Several appetite suppressants have been banned for safety reasons. In 2010, sibutramine was withdrawn from the market because a long-term study showed it increased the risks of cardiovascular events. So far no study with a sufficiently large sample size has demonstrated that appetite suppressants can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with overweight. The withdrawal of sibutramine highlights that guidelines for the evaluation of weight control drugs must be more stringent, and studies on their long-term health benefits are needed prior to their marketing.

Oportunidades do ambiente domiciliar para o desenvolvimento motor

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as oportunidades presentes no ambiente domiciliar para o desenvolvimento motor de lactentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico de base populacional, transversal, realizado com 239 lactentes com idade entre três e 18 meses, residentes no município de Juiz de Fora, MG, em 2010. Os participantes foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória estratificada, conglomerada, em múltiplos estágios. Para avaliar a qualidade e quantidade de estímulo motor no ambiente domiciliar foi utilizado o instrumento Affordance in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale. Procedeu-se a análise bivariada com aplicação do teste qui-quadrado, seguida de regressão logística multinomial para verificar a associação entre as oportunidades presentes no domicílio e fatores biológicos, comportamentais, demográficos e socioeconômicos. RESULTADOS: As oportunidades de estimulação ambiental foram relativamente baixas. Na análise bivariada, para a faixa etária de três a nove meses, foi encontrada associação com os fatores: ordem de nascimento (p = 0,06), classificação socioeconômica (p = 0,08), renda mensal (p = 0,06) e renda per capita (p = 0,03). No modelo de regressão, prevaleceu a classificação socioeconômica (RC = 7,46; p = 0,03). Para a faixa etária de dez a 18 meses, os fatores associados, na análise bivariada, foram: estado civil materno (p < 0,01), convívio da criança com o pai (p = 0,08), chefe da família (p = 0,04), número de pessoas no domicílio (p = 0,05), escolaridade materna (p < 0,01) e paterna (p < 0,01), classificação socioeconômica (p < 0,01) e renda per capita (p = 0,03). No modelo de regressão, o estado civil materno (RC = 4,83; p = 0,02), escolaridade materna (RC = 0,29; p = 0,03) e paterna (RC = 0,33; p = 0,04) permaneceram associados às oportunidades de estimulação ambiental. CONCLUSÕES: A união estável dos pais, maior escolaridade materna e paterna e maior nível econômico foram os fatores associados às melhores oportunidades de estimulação motora no lar.

Effects of irregular-shift work and physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in truck drivers

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the putative effect of type of shift and its interaction with leisure-time physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in truck drivers.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 57 male truck drivers working at a transportation company, of whom 31 worked irregular shifts and 26 worked on the day-shift. Participants recorded their physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire along with measurements of blood pressure, body mass index and waist-hip ratio. Participants also provided a fasting blood sample for analysis of lipid-related outcomes. Data were analyzed using a factorial model which was covariate-controlled for age, smoking, work demand, control at work and social support.RESULTS: Most of the irregular-shift and day-shift workers worked more than 8 hours per day (67.7% and 73.1%, respectively). The mean duration of experience working the irregular schedule was 15.7 years. Day-shift workers had never engaged in irregular-shift work and had been working as a truck driver for 10.8 years on average. The irregular-shift drivers had lower work demand but less control compared to day-shift drivers (p < 0.05). Moderately-active irregular-shift workers had higher systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (143.7 and 93.2 mmHg, respectively) than moderately-active day-shift workers (116 and 73.3 mmHg, respectively) (p < 0.05) as well as higher total cholesterol concentrations (232.1 and 145 mg/dl, respectively) (p = 0.01). Irrespective of their physical activity, irregular-shift drivers had higher total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (211.8 and 135.7 mg/dl, respectively) than day-shift workers (161.9 and 96.7 mg/dl, respectively (ANCOVA, p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Truck drivers are exposed to cardiovascular risk factors due to the characteristics of the job, such as high work demand, long working hours and time in this profession, regardless of shift type or leisure-time physical activity.

Impact of long-stay beds on the performance of a tertiary hospital in emergencies

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of implementing long-stay beds for patients of low complexity and high dependency in small hospitals on the performance of an emergency referral tertiary hospital. METHODS For this longitudinal study, we identified hospitals in three municipalities of a regional department of health covered by tertiary care that supplied 10 long-stay beds each. Patients were transferred to hospitals in those municipalities based on a specific protocol. The outcome of transferred patients was obtained by daily monitoring. Confounding factors were adjusted by Cox logistic and semiparametric regression. RESULTS Between September 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014, 97 patients were transferred, 72.1% male, with a mean age of 60.5 years (SD = 1.9), for which 108 transfers were performed. Of these patients, 41.7% died, 33.3% were discharged, 15.7% returned to tertiary care, and only 9.3% tertiary remained hospitalized until the end of the analysis period. We estimated the Charlson comorbidity index – 0 (n = 28 [25.9%]), 1 (n = 31 [56.5%]) and ≥ 2 (n = 19 [17.5%]) – the only variable that increased the chance of death or return to the tertiary hospital (Odds Ratio = 2.4; 95%CI 1.3;4.4). The length of stay in long-stay beds was 4,253 patient days, which would represent 607 patients at the tertiary hospital, considering the average hospital stay of seven days. The tertiary hospital increased the number of patients treated in 50.0% for Intensive Care, 66.0% for Neurology and 9.3% in total. Patients stayed in long-stay beds mainly in the first 30 (50.0%) and 60 (75.0%) days. CONCLUSIONS Implementing long-stay beds increased the number of patients treated in tertiary care, both in general and in system bottleneck areas such as Neurology and Intensive Care. The Charlson index of comorbidity is associated with the chance of patient death or return to tertiary care, even when adjusted for possible confounding factors.

Content validity and reliability of test of gross motor development in Chilean children

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate a Spanish version of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) for the Chilean population. METHODS Descriptive, transversal, non-experimental validity and reliability study. Four translators, three experts and 92 Chilean children, from five to 10 years, students from a primary school in Santiago, Chile, have participated. The Committee of Experts has carried out translation, back-translation and revision processes to determine the translinguistic equivalence and content validity of the test, using the content validity index in 2013. In addition, a pilot implementation was achieved to determine test reliability in Spanish, by using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method. We evaluated whether the results presented significant differences by replacing the bat with a racket, using T-test. RESULTS We obtained a content validity index higher than 0.80 for language clarity and relevance of the TGMD-2 for children. There were significant differences in the object control subtest when comparing the results with bat and racket. The intraclass correlation coefficient for reliability inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability was greater than 0.80 in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The TGMD-2 has appropriate content validity to be applied in the Chilean population. The reliability of this test is within the appropriate parameters and its use could be recommended in this population after the establishment of normative data, setting a further precedent for the validation in other Latin American countries.