Paradoxos em finanças: teoria moderna versus finanças comportamentais

Este artigo aborda as finanças comportamentais, uma das inovações mais importantes e controversas em finanças, que confrontam o paradigma tradicionalmente aceito, baseado na moderna teoria financeira. Inicialmente realiza-se uma síntese de potenciais problemas de tomada de decisão, exemplificando-se alguns aspectos não racionais que constituem importantes paradoxos em finanças. Após uma discussão da teoria de prospecto, replicam-se numa amostra brasileira os experimentos seminais de Kahneman e Tversky. São discutidas diversas situações que violam premissas da teoria da utilidade esperada, base da teoria moderna de finanças. Os resultados empíricos mostram que se mantêm as evidências de diversos vieses de percepção em decisões, independentemente de aspectos relacionados com a evolução do mercado e com a cultura ou nacionalidade dos indivíduos. O distanciamento entre a teoria moderna de finanças e a prática em decisões financeiras sugere a abordagem das finanças comportamentais como uma alternativa

Influence of discount price announcements on consumer's behavior

The theoretical framework that underpins this research study is based on the Prospect Theory formulated by Kahneman and Tversky, and Thaler's Mental Accounting Theory. The research aims to evaluate the consumers' behavior when different patterns of discount are offered (in percentage and absolute value and for larger and smaller discounts). Two experiments were conducted to explore these patterns of behavior and the results that were obtained supported the view that the framing effect was a common occurrence. The patterns of choice of individuals in a sample were found to be different due to changes in the ways discounts were offered. This can be explained by the various ways of presenting discount rates that had an impact on the influence of purchase intentions, recommendations and quality perception.

A teoria da perspectiva e as mudanças de preferência no mainstream: um prospecto Lakatoseano

The theory of the perspective and the changes of preference in the mainstream: a Lakatosean prospect. For many decades over the 20th Century, the mainstream of economics adopted a normative and axiomatic theory of individual behavior in which maximizing procedures were carried out by rationally unbounded agents. This status has been challenged on many grounds and alternative views from fields like psychology have found a way into the core of economics research frontier. Prospect theory, developed by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky since the 1970s, has provided a more empirical, inductive and descriptive theory of decision making. It has made significant inroads into mainstream microeconomics, shaking the habits of some of its practitioners. This paper first takes stock of its main developments and then uses a Lakatosian framework to draw out its negative and positive heuristics. In what follows, its heuristics are compared to those of traditional rational decision-making theories. The differences between them are highlighted, pointing to changes in the mainstream of the profession and to new opportunities for research.