116 resultados para M1 (Tank)

em Scielo Saúde Pública - SP


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No leite tipo "B", comercializado no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), foi pesquisada a presença de aflatoxina M1. As amostras de leite analisadas foram provenientes das quatro marcas de maior consumo pela população, coletadas no período de julho a outubro de 1982. A aflatoxina M1, embora em baixos níveis e em pequena proporção (1,8%), fez-se presente nas quatro marcas.

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O desempenho do ensaio por enzimas imuno-adsorvidas (ELISA), mediante o emprego de conjuntos de reativos produzidos em escala comercial, para determinação de aflatoxina, foi avaliado em condições experimentais, através de análises repetidas, em amostras de leite em pó reconstituído contaminadas com concentrações conhecidas da fração M1 da toxina. Para os níveis de 0,10; 0,20; 0,50; e, 1,00 ng/ml, os percentuais de recuperação foram: 83,0%; 87,5%; 103,0%; e, 111,8%, respectivamente. O desvio-padrão relativo, para as referidas concentrações, foi, respectivamente, 65,5%; 31,8%; 10,9% e 13,6% (n=10, para cada nível de contaminação). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o método é apropriado para pesquisas e levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxina M1 em leite, sobretudo nas faixas de concentração entre 0,20 - 1,00 ng/ml.

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Introduction To determine the faunal composition of immature culicids inhabiting a percolation tank in the landfill of Sapucaia, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, immature mosquitoes were collected over a two-day period during the third weeks of April, August and October 2011. Results The species found were Culex usquatus, Lutzia bigoti, Anopheles argyritarsis and Limatus durhamii. This study is the first to report the colonization of eutrophic breeding sites by these species. Conclusions The oviposition behavior observed in this study suggests a secondary adaptation or change in habit to select eutrophic environments during the developmental stages of the observed species.

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Tank mixtures among herbicides of different action mechanisms might increase weed control spectrum and may be an important strategy for preventing the development of resistance in RR soybean. However, little is known about the effects of these herbicide combinations on soybean plants. Hence, two experiments were carried out aiming at evaluating the selectivity of glyphosate mixtures with other active ingredients applied in postemergence to RR soybean. The first application was carried out at V1 to V2 soybean stage and the second at V3 to V4 (15 days after the first one). For experiment I, treatments (rates in g ha-1) evaluated were composed by two sequential applications: the first one with glyphosate (720) in tank mixtures with cloransulam (30.24), fomesafen (125), lactofen (72), chlorimuron (12.5), flumiclorac (30), bentazon (480) and imazethapyr (80); the second application consisted of isolated glyphosate (480). In experiment II, treatments also consisted of two sequential applications, but tank mixtures as described above were applied as the second application. The first one in this experiment consisted of isolated glyphosate (720). For both experiments, sequential applications of glyphosate alone at 720/480, 960/480, 1200/480 and 960/720 (Expt. I) or 720/480, 720/720, 720/960 and 720/1200 (Expt. II) were used as control treatments. Applications of glyphosate tank mixtures with other herbicides are more selective to RR soybean when applied at younger stages whereas applications at later stages might cause yield losses, especially when glyphosate is mixed with lactofen and bentazon.

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An active ingredients mixture of different action mechanisms is an essential tool to prevent or manage areas with resistant weeds. However, it is important that such a mixture provides adequate selectivity to the crop. The aim of this work was to evaluate glyphosate selectivity to glyphosate-resistant (RR) soybean, and also verify if there is selectivity in mixtures with other active ingredients applied postemergence aimed at new control strategies, which might be used in RR soybean cultivation. The herbicides and respective rates (g ha-1) evaluated were: glyphosate (720, 960, 1,200, and 1,440), and the mixtures of glyphosate (960) with cloransulam-methyl (30.24), fomesafen (125), lactofen (72), chlorimuron-ethyl (12.5), flumiclorac-pentyl (30), bentazon (480), or imazethapyr (80). All treatments were applied in postemergence when the soybean crop was at V2 to V3 stage. Treatments with glyphosate or in mixtures with postemergent herbicides showed visual effects of phytotoxicity when applied to the glyphosate-resistant soybean. Effects such as reduction in plant height, crop closure, number of pods per plant, and hundred grain weight could be observed. However, the effects related to plant development were mostly transient and did not persist during the crop cycle. Among the studied treatments, only the mixture of glyphosate and lactofen was not selective to the crop, promoting negative effects on most characteristics analyzed and consequently reducing grain yield.

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Procedimentos para validação intralaboratorial de kits de ELISA foram adotados na verificação da eficiência de um kit para detecção e quantificação de aflatoxina M1 em leite. Foram realizados ensaios com soluções padrões fornecidas pelo kit, amostras artificialmente contaminadas e amostras naturalmente contaminadas. Os valores médios de recuperação obtidos para os padrões do kit apresentaram-se entre 85,6 e 114,8%, com valores de coeficiente de variação entre 11,6 e 23,1%. Nos ensaios com amostras artificialmente contaminadas, foi definida uma faixa ótima de trabalho para análises quantitativas entre 0,019 e 0,090µg/L. A presença de aflatoxina M1 em 110 amostras de leite do estado de Minas Gerais foi investigada. Cinco das 27 amostras positivas na triagem por ELISA foram confirmadas por cromatografia em camada delgada.

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Foi verificada a incidência de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) em 61 amostras de leite coletadas em Belo Horizonte / Minas Gerais - Brasil, no período de Agosto/ 98 - Abril/ 99. A quantificação foi feita por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) usando coluna de imunoafinidade como técnica de purificação. O limite de quantificação observado foi 6ng/L. As recuperações médias e coeficientes de variação foram superiores a 88,9% e inferiores a 22,4%, respectivamente. AFM1 foi encontrada em 50 (82%) das amostras analisadas, mas em níveis inferiores a 500ng/L, que é o limite máximo permitido no Brasil.

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Milk products such as cheeses may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when dairy cattle have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Samples of "Minas" cheeses (fresh, canastra and standard) were collected by the Inspection Service in the Mercado Central in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais - Brazil. A purified extract was obtained by extraction with dichloromethane followed by a washing with n-hexane and immunoaffinity column purification. The quantification of aflatoxin M1 was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence detector. Recoveries were about 75%. In 56 of the 75 samples (74.7%), the presence of aflatoxin M1 was detected in concentrations ranging between 0.02 and 6.92ng/g of cheese. In the positive cases ( > or = 0.02ng/g) the mean contamination level of aflatoxin M1 was 0.08ng/g in fresh cheese, 0.36ng/g in canastra cheese and 0.62ng/g in standard cheese. No aflatoxin M1 maximum tolerance level in cheese has been established in Brazil.

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Milk and egg matrixes were assayed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and B1 (AFB1) respectively, by AOAC official and modified methods with detection and quantification by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The modified methods: Blanc followed by Romer, showed to be most appropriate for AFM1 analysis in milk. Both methods reduced emulsion formation, produced cleaner extracts, no streaking spots, precision and accuracy improved, especially when quantification was performed by HPTLC. The use of ternary mixture in the Blanc Method was advantageous as the solvent could extract AFM1 directly from the first stage (extraction), leaving other compounds in the binary mixture layer, avoiding emulsion formation, thus reducing toxin loss. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values were low, 16 and 7% when TLC and HPTLC were used, with a mean recovery of 94 and 97%, respectively. As far as egg matrix and final extract are concerned, both methods evaluated for AFB1 need further studies. Although that matrix leads to emulsion with consequent loss of toxin, the Romer modified presented a reasonable clean extract (mean recovery of 92 and 96% for TLC and HPTLC, respectively). Most of the methods studied did not performed as expected mainly due to the matrixes high content of triglicerides (rich on saturated fatty acids), cholesterol, carotene and proteins. Although nowadays most methodology for AFM1 is based on HPLC, TLC determination (Blanc and Romer modified) for AFM1 and AFB1 is particularly recommended to those, inexperienced in food and feed mycotoxins analysis and especially who cannot afford to purchase sophisticated (HPLC,HPTLC) instrumentation.

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Um método para determinação de aflatoxina M1 em leite empregando cromatografia em camada delgada foi otimizado e validado por procedimentos intralaboratoriais. Foram realizados testes para otimização das etapas de extração, purificação, detecção e quantificação por análise visual e densitométrica. Para validação do método foram realizados ensaios de recuperação com soluções padrões e amostras artificialmente contaminadas em níveis entre 0,027µg/L e 0,970µg/L. Foram avaliados linearidade, especificidade, exatidão, precisão, limites de detecção e quantificação. Os valores de porcentagem de recuperação na faixa de quantificação do método variaram de 84,2% a 99,0% na análise visual e de 85,2% a 105,2% na análise densitométrica, com coeficientes de variação de 2,3% a 9,8% e de 3,6% a 13,9%, respectivamente. O limite de detecção foi de 0,036µg/L e o de quantificação de 0,045µg/L, contemplando os níveis de tolerância estabelecidos na legislação nacional e internacional para aflatoxina M1 em leite.

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A ocorrência de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) em rações e aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) no leite cru foi avaliada em propriedades leiteiras situadas na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de outubro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006. A análise de aflatoxinas foi efetuada utilizando-se colunas de imunoafinidade para purificação dos extratos, sendo a quantificação realizada através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A AFB1 foi detectada em 40% das rações em níveis de 1,0 a 19,5 μg.kg-1. A concentração de AFM1 em 36,7% de amostras de leite positivas variou de 0,010 a 0,645 μg.L-1. Somente uma amostra de leite estava acima do limite de tolerância adotado no Brasil (0,5 μg.L-1) para AFM1. Concluiu-se que as concentrações de aflatoxinas na ração e no leite foram relativamente baixas, embora a alta frequência das aflatoxinas nas amostras analisadas indique a necessidade de contínuo monitoramento a fim de prevenir a contaminação de ingredientes e rações destinadas ao gado leiteiro.

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Os solos de uso agrícola estão sujeitos a modificações em suas propriedades, de acordo com o tipo de uso e sistemas de manejo adotados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em diferentes locais de amostragem, as propriedades físicas de solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras, sob distintos manejos, no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram realizadas amostragens nas camadas de 0,00-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m, na parte superior da projeção da "saia" do cafeeiro, em relação ao sentido de declive do terreno. Foram utilizadas, para o estudo, lavouras representativas da região sul do Estado, apresentando a mesma classe de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, relevo forte ondulado), tendo os seguintes manejos: M1 - irrigação por gotejamento, calagem a cada dois anos, adubação, roçadas e uso da palha de café; M2 - adubação, roçadas e capinas; M3 - capinas e roçadas. Em cada manejo, foram avaliados os seguintes locais de amostragem: TS - terço superior, TM - terço médio; TI - terço inferior, ao longo do declive. As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e resistência do solo à penetração. Para as condições experimentais, a resistência do solo à penetração, a macroporosidade e a microporosidade mostraram-se importantes indicadores físicos da qualidade do solo, influenciados pelo manejo, local de amostragem e camada avaliada.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental performance of aquaculture in the city of Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia State, Brazil. Fifteen fish farmers were interviewed. For data collection, structured interviews were carried out, using a questionnaire based on information supplied by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The questionnaire considered 12 items, organized into three main topics: a) social and legal standards b) environmental standards c) standards of food safety and hygiene. The questionnaire considered 12 items, organized into three main topics: a) social and legal standards b) environmental standards c) standards of food safety and hygiene. Aquaculture in the city of Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia presents two fish production systems: extensive and semi-intensive. In the semi-intensive system, stocking rate was one fish per m3, on average; tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), tilapias (Oreochromis spp.), pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) and pintado (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) were the species farmed at the largest number. The rate of water renewal was due to the greater availability of natural food in this system. Water renewal was constant in the ponds (1,500 liters per minute). In the semi-intensive system using dug ponds, alevins were stocked and fed during the entire rearing time with natural and exogenous food. The extensive system relied on the natural production of the pond, with stocking density limited by the production of natural food. The little renewal of water made the cultivation tank itself acted as a decantation lake, with the occurrence of oxidation and sedimentation of residual organic matter, consisting of feces, debris and organic fertilizer. Production of reduced effluent volume took place in the extensive system, compared to the cultivation area. In addition, there was high water turbidity, caused by high concentration of planktonic organisms, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water. Data showed that nine estates of the interviewed fish farmers had critical environmental performance (less than 30.0%). Six estates of fish farmers had bad environmental performance (between 30.0 and 50.0%) (Coefficient of sustentainability = green square x 100 ÷ Total Questions less the yellow squares)

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Propõe-se realizar um exercício de estimação do risco atribuível por cento (RA%) da ocorrência de casos de tuberculose na vigência da co-infecção HIV/AIDS. A seguinte fórmula é apresentada: RA%= p[m2r (hR-h)] + (1-p)[m3r (hR-h)] / p[m1+m2r (hR+1+h)] + (1-p)[m3r (hR+1-h)] x 100 onde: p = proporção infectados pelo BK; r = risco de infecção tuberculosa; h = proporção de infectados pelo HIV; m1 = coeficiente de morbidade reativação endógena; m2 = coeficientes de morbidade de reinfecção exógena; m3 = coeficiente de morbidade tuberculose primária; R = risco relativo de morbidade entre infectados pelo HIV.

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OBJECTIVE: Analyse how basic sanitation conditions, water supply and housing conditions affect the concentration of Culex quinquefasciatus METHODS: Populations of C. quinquefasciatus in 61 houses in the municipality of Olinda, PE, were monitored between October 2009 and October 2010. Observations were carried out in homes without the presence of preferred breeding sites in order to identify characteristics that may be aggravating factors for the development of the mosquito. Five aggravating factors were analysed: vegetation cover surrounding the home, number of residents/home, water storage, sewage drainage and water drainage. These characteristics were analysed in terms of presence or absence and as indicators of the degree of infestation, which was estimated through monitoring the concentration of eggs (oviposition traps - BR-OVT) and adults (CDC light traps). RESULTS: Sewage drainage to a rudimentary septic tank or to the open air was the most frequent aggravating factor in the homes (91.8%), although the presence of vegetation was the only characteristic that significantly influenced the increase in the number of egg rafts (p = 0.02). The BR-OVT achieved positive results in 95.1% of the evaluations, with the presence of at least one egg raft per month. A total of 2,366 adults were caught, with a mosquito/room/night ratio of 32.9. No significant difference was found in the number of mosquitoes caught in the homes. CONCLUSIONS: Although the sanitation and water supply influence the population density of C. quinquefasciatus, residence features that are not usually considered in control measures can be aggravating factors in sustaining the mosquito population.