Aloe vera-based formula as emollient on horses' hooves

The present study aimed at developing an Aloe vera-based formula for topical use on horse hoof and evaluating whether the treatment affects hooves growth and balance. Six healthy male horses between the ages of 3 and 17 years (12±5.25) were used, all semi-confined animals for breeding purposes. Before beginning A. vera treatment, animals underwent two trimming procedures with a 45 days-interval. After the second trimming, one of the forelimbs and one of the hindlimbs of 4 horses was weekly treated by topical application of the glycolic extract of A. vera at 20%. The contralateral limb, randomly chosen, received the extract at 50%. The hooves of the other animals were treated with propylene glycol. Treatment was done for 225 days and, during this time, animals underwent periodic trimming. Variables related to growth and balance of the hooves were measured before and after trimming. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and regression analysis at 5% significance. Growth rate of the hooves was not related to treatment. On the other hand, the 50% extract was related to the majority of the hooves in balance (p<0.05). Results suggest that a weekly topical treatment with A. vera glycolic extract does not improve the growth rate of the hooves; however, when applied at a high concentration, it improves their balance.

Produção de mudas de melancia em diferentes ambientes e de frutos a campo

A melancia ocupa lugar de destaque entre as principais olerícolas produzidas e consumidas no Brasil e, na olericultura, a produção de mudas em ambientes protegidos é a metodologia mais utilizada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos cultivares de melancia "Crimson Sweet" e "Fairfax" na produção de mudas, em ambiente protegido, e de frutos, em condições de campo, na região do cerrado sul-mato-grossense. Na fase de mudas, o experimento foi conduzido em três ambientes protegidos. Cada ambiente foi considerado um experimento, conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Em seguida, realizou-se a análise conjunta. No campo, o delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, as médias, ao teste de Tukey. As melhores mudas foram formadas na estufa plástica. O cultivar "Fairfax" apresentou mudas de melhor qualidade. No campo, os cultivares apresentaram frutos com diâmetros e biomassas similares.

Antecedents of the importance of price in purchase decisions

This paper analyses the commercial and socio-demographic antecedents of the importance of price in buyers' decisions. The study uses ordinal regression in order to analyze the data obtained from a random sample of consumers of frequently purchased products; these consumers were surveyed in different stores. The results demonstrate that shopping enjoyment and brand loyalty have an influence over the importance of price. However, responsibility for shopping (purchase frequency) does not show a significant relationship. Furthermore, some interesting socio-demographic characteristics were found in the context of the study that can be analyzed in future research.

Controle da raiva no Brasil de 1980 a 1990

Descreve-se a situação epidemiológica da raiva no Brasil no período de 1980-1990, em que o Programa Nacional de Profilaxia da Raiva foi estruturado em todo País. São mostradas as principais ações de controle da raiva desenvolvidas para se chegar aos resultados, considerados positivos. A raiva no Brasil registrou uma redução importante nos casos humanos (78%) e caninos (90%) na metade da série analisada. No final da década, houve um recrudescimento de casos em algumas partes do País, principalmente na região Nordeste que apresentou 70% dos casos em 1990. A raiva humana transmitida por morcegos também apresentou um incremento importante, chegando a 15,1% do total. O programa executado pelos Estados e municípios atende a 350.000 pessoas agredidas por animais e também vacina cerca de 9.000.000 de animais anualmente. A vigilância epidemiológica é considerada fundamental e para isso se elaboraram indicadores para a definição de áreas de risco.

Immunodiagnostic confirmation of hydatid disease in patients with a presumptive diagnosis of infection

Information obtained from the routine application of hydatid immunodiagnostic techniques in different clinical situations over a seven-year period is presented. The Immunoelectrophoresis test was used until it was replaced by the simpler, more sensitive and equally specific arc 5 double diffusion (DD5) test. Examination of sera from 1,888 patients with signs and/or symptoms compatible with hydatid disease revealed that the presurgical confirmation of Echinococcus granulosus infection is only obtained by detection of anti-antigen 5 antibodies. The latter were not found in 1,539 presumptive hydatidosis patients whose definitive diagnoses corresponded to other disease conditions. However, false positive latex agglutination test results were obtained in two cases. In all patients whose preoperative serum showed three or more uncharacteristic bands in the absence of anti-antigen 5 antibodies, hydatid cysts were found sur gically. DD5 testing of a fluid sample collected by puncture established its hydatid etiology. Post-operative monitoring of hydatidosis patients demonstrated that persistence of DD5-positivity two years after surgery established the presence of other cysts. Further evidence was obtained in patients with hydatid cysts in intrathoracic, abdominal or other locations associating cyst membrane integrity, antigen release and immunodiagnostic test positivity.

Imunofluorescência indireta no pênfigo foliáceo endêmico. contribuição para sua padronização

O propósito da presente investigação foi padronizar a reação de imunofluorescência indireta para Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (Fogo Selvagem). Verificamos que a pele humana normal é o substrato ideal e que pode proceder de prepúcio, cabeça, pescoço ou da parede abdominal anterior. A lavagem prévia da pele precedendo a incubação com o soro deve ser evitada pois a antigenicidade pode ser diminuída. O TAS-cálcio preserva as propriedades antigênicas da pele e deve ser preferido como diluente para os soros. Lâminas cobertas com albumina são úteis porque aumentam a aderência dos cortes de pele. A diluição apropriada do conjugado é convenientemente determinada pelo teste de imunodifusão radial (método de Ouch-terlony). Com referência à correlação entre título de anticorpos e atividade clínica, concluímos que um título igual ou maior do que 160 era de mau prognóstico pois estava associado à forma generalizada da doença ou à casos de forma localizada refratários à terapêutica usual. Contudo, esta obervação requer confirmação através de estudos que envolvam uma abordagem clínica apropriada.

Rickettsiosis cutáneo ganglionar por Rickettsia conorii en el Uruguay

Se refieren 3 casos autóctonos de rickettsiosis cutáneo ganglionar trasmitidos por garrapatas de perros (Amblyomma maculatum, en uno de ellos) en el Uruguay. Dos de los 3 casos fueron seguramente provocados por Rickettsia conorii de acuerdo a los resultados de la reacción específica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta - IgM, anti R. conorii. Se incluye un tercer paciente no estudiado con tal técnica, por la similitud clínico-epidemiológica, la reactividad del suero frente al Proteus OX 19 y la rápida respuesta a la tetraciclina. La no descripción previa de la rickettsiosis por R. conorii en forma autóctona en el área de las Américas confiere especial interés a la comunicación, recomendándose la búsqueda de la afección en otros países de la región.

Estudio clinico micologico de onimicosis en ancianos

Se realizó examen físico de las uñas a 210 ancianos y a aquellos que presentaron lesiones sugestivas de onicomicosis se les realizó toma de muestra con el objetivo de conocer los principales agentes causales, las características e incidencia de las lesiones. Se confirmó el diagnóstico mediante el aislamiento del agente causal en 74 de los casos procedentes principalmente de las uñas de los pies, para una incidencia de 35,2. La tinea pedis se presentó en el 25,7% de los casos, mientras que la enfermedad asociada más frecuente fue la Diabetes mellitus; entre las características clínicas de las uñas predominaron el engrosamiento, la pérdida del brillo y la aparición de estrías longitudinales. Existió una correspondencia significativa entre el examen microscópico directo y el cultivo. La especie de dermatofito predominate fue Trichophyton rubrum, mientras que Candida parapsilosis fue la más aislada entre las especies de Candida.

Evaluacion de la tecnica de contraimmunoelectroforesis para determinar la potencia antigena de las vacunas antirrabicas

El método recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la prueba de potencia de vacunas antirrábicas como producto final es la prueba NIH. Algunas técnicas in vitro se han propuesto para el control durante el proceso de produción y complementan el ensayo in vivo antes mencionado. Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos cuando se utilizó la técnica de contrainmunoelectroforésis (CIE) para determinar el contenido de antígenos en muestras de 84 y 40 lotes de vacunas antirrábicas producidas en tejido nervioso de cerebro de ratón lactante mediante cultivo de tejidos, respectivamente. La evaluación de las muestras en, y en torno de, las 0.3 UI por ambos métodos muestran que, en la práctica, un título CIE de 1:4 cumpliría con un mínimo de potencia de la prueba NIH. Un bajo grado de variabilidad de la prueba CIE fue observada en nuestro laboratorio cuando dos lotes de vacunas de referencia de trabajo y 7 lotes de vacunas antirrábicas, de diferente origen y actividad, fueron ensayadas en cinco pruebas independientes. Todos los títulos se ubicaron dentro de una dilución doble, lo que es indicativo de su reproducibilidad. Se observó buena sensibilidad para detectar el deterioro del antígeno en el ensayo de degradación térmica, cuando muestras de 3 lotes de vacuna líquida de cerebro de ratón lactante fueron mantenidas a4 y 37ºC cada una, por 28 días. Se evaluaron semanalmente por los ensayos de CIE y NIH. Finalmente, se observó que el ensayo de CIE podría ser utilizado por los productores para estimar el punto final de los procesos de concentración para que se corresponda con un valor antigénico deseado en la prueba de potencia NIH.

Cutaneous botryomycosis. Report of the two first Uruguayan cases: relato dos dois primeiros casos no Uruguai

The first two Uruguayan cases of botryomycosis were diagnosed in white adult male patients with cutaneous lesions. Staphylococcus aureus was the etiologic agent in both cases. In one of them, however, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also identified during relapse. General comments on diagnosis and pathogenesis of the disease are made.

UNA virus: first report of human infection in Argentina

Una virus (UNAV), Togaviridae family, is widely distributed in South America, where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts (humans, birds and horses). We analyzed human sera from Córdoba inhabitants aged 44 to 89 years and using a neutralization test, we found a prevalence of UNAV antibodies of 3.8% (3/79). The low titers detected suggest past infections probably acquired in rural areas of the Province of Córdoba (central Argentina). None sera were found positive for MAYV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first report of human infections by UNAV in Argentina.

Candidemia in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns

Recent studies have shown differences in the epidemiology of invasive infections caused by Candida species worldwide. In the period comprising August 2002 to August 2003, we performed a study in Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar, Brazil, to determine Candida species distribution associated with candidemia and their antifungal susceptibility profiles to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. Antifungal susceptibility was tested according to the broth microdilution method described in the NCCLS (M27A-2 method). Only one sample from each patient was analyzed (the first isolate). Most of the episodes had been caused by species other than C. albicans (51.6%), including C. parapsilosis (25.8%), C. tropicalis (13.3%), C. glabrata (3.3%), C. krusei (1.7%), and others (7.5%). Dose-dependent susceptibility to itraconazole was observed in 14.2% of strains, and dose-dependent susceptibility to fluconazole was found in 1.6%. Antifungal resistance was not found, probably related to low use of fluconazole. Further epidemiological surveillance is needed.

Envenomation by neotropical Opisthoglyphous colubrid Thamnodynastes cf. pallidus Linné, 1758 (Serpentes:Colubridae) in Venezuela

This is a case report of a "non-venomous" snake bite in a herpetologist observed at the Sciences Faculty of the Universidad de los Andes (Mérida, Venezuela). The patient was bitten on the middle finger of the left hand, and shows signs of pronounced local manifestations of envenomation such as bleeding from the tooth imprint, swelling and warmth. He was treated with local care, analgesics, and steroids. He was dismissed from the hospital and observed at home during five days with marked improvement of envenomation. The snake was brought to the medical consult and identified as a Thamnodynastes cf. pallidus specimen. This report represents the first T. pallidus accident described in a human.

Analysis of HIV- type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase in Brazilian children failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotypic resistance profiles of HIV-1 in children failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Forty-one children (median age = 67 months) receiving HAART were submitted to genotypic testing when virological failure was detected. cDNA was extracted from PBMCs and amplified by nested PCR for the reverse transcriptase and protease regions of the pol gene. Drug resistance genotypes were determined from DNA sequencing. According to the genotypic analysis, 12/36 (33.3%) and 6/36 (16.6%) children showed resistance and possible resistance, respectively, to ZDV; 5/36 (14%) and 4/36 (11.1%), respectively, showed resistance and possible resistance to ddI; 4/36 (11.1%) showed resistance to 3TC and D4T; and 3/36 (8.3%) showed resistance to Abacavir. A high percentage (54%) of children exhibited mutations conferring resistance to NNRTI class drugs. Respective rates of resistance and possible resistance to PIs were: RTV (12.2%, 7.3%); APV (2.4%, 12.1%); SQV(0%, 12.1%); IDV (14.6%, 4.9%), NFV (22%, 4.9%), LPV/RTV (2.4%, 12.1%). Overall, 37/41 (90%) children exhibited virus with mutations related to drug resistance, while 9% exhibited resistance to all three antiretroviral drug classes.

Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in women of childbearing age from a marginal community of Maracaibo, Venezuela

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii total and IgM antibodies in women of childbearing age. One hundred serum samples of women were studied with age range from 11 to 45 years old. Samples were chosen by random. The determination of total antibodies was carried out through the indirect hemagglutination technique and IgM antibodies by ELISA's technique. The statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi square and the Spearman correlation tests. The theoretical estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was calculated, according to the annual increment of antibody prevalence among the age groups. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 33%, while only six individuals (18.2%) were positive to IgM. The highest prevalence was observed in the 11-35 year-old age group. The theoretical estimated incidence was 1.5 for 100 pregnancies in women of 21-25 year-old group; it decreased until 0.1% in the 41-45 year-old age group. The findings show a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in this community with a high infection risk in women of the studied age group and the high cat population observed, suggesting that the transmission way by contaminated soils may play a main role in the spreading of toxoplasmosis in this community.