53 resultados para Acetatos de glicerol

em Scielo Saúde Pública - SP


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Após ter-se salientado a importância da preservação da morfologia convencional do bacilo diftérico, para os propósitos do diagnóstico presuntivo de difteria, faz-se um estudo comparativo dos aspectos morfológicos de 10 amostras de Corynebacterium em quatro meios de uso mais comum para o isolamento dêsses germes, modificando êsses mesmos meios, em cada caso, pela inclusão de glicerol, de teluríto de potássio e de glicerol e telurito, em comparação com a fórmula original. Descreve-se uma técnica simples para a incorporação do telurito de potássio nos meios preparados por coagulação de proteínas animais (Loeffler e Pai). A apreciação da morfologia e da evidenciação de grânulos de volutina destacam o meio de Pai, com cêrca de 7 porcento de glicerol, entre 16 variações de meios de cultura estudadas, como o mais favorável para a demonstração da morfologia considerada típica no diagnóstico do bacilo diftérico.

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A pesquisa foi realizada para comparar os efeitos de diversos fatores (temperatura, pH, concentração de sacarose, 2,4-dinitrofenol e fontes de nitrogênio) sobre a produção de glicerol por Saccharomyces uvarum IZ-1904 e Saccharomyces cerevisiae (M-3 00A e de panificação) durante a fermentação alcoólica. A quantidade de glicerol foi fortemente influenciada pela linhagem da levedura. Com a levedura IZ-1904 houve menor produção de glicerol do que M-300-A e de panificação em todas as condições estudadas. Mais glicerol foi significativamente formado por fermentação a 34°C do que a 25°C e 12°C. Em pH 4.5 houve maior produção de glicerol do que a pH 3.0. A adição de 18 ppm de 2,4-dinitrofenol provocou decréscimo no glicerol formado e esse decréscimo foi maior com as leveduras M-300-A e de panificação do que com IZ-1904. O aumento da concentração de sacarose levou a maior produção de glicerol.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de dietas com glicerol no desempenho produtivo de codornas japonesas de corte e na expressão do mRNA de genes mitocondriais da proteína adenina nucleotídeo translocase (ANT) e da proteína desacopladora (UCP), envolvidas no metabolismo energético e na resposta ao estresse oxidativo. As codornas foram alimentadas com dietas contendo 0, 8 e 12% de glicerol, em substituição parcial ao milho. Aos 28 dias de idade, o RNA total foi extraído de amostras do músculo do peito e a síntese do cDNA foi feita por meio de qRT‑PCR com iniciadores específicos para genes da ANT e UCP, obtidos de Gallus gallus. A conversão alimentar e o consumo de ração foram avaliados para as três dietas testadas. A adição de 8% de glicerol não afetou o desempenho dos animais. No entanto, a adição de 12% aumentou o consumo de ração e piorou a conversão alimentar. O ganho de peso não foi afetado pela inclusão de glicerol na dieta. No grupo alimentado com 8% de glicerol, a expressão da UCP aumentou, mas a da ANT não variou, em comparação ao controle. A expressão da UCP foi menor e a da ANT foi maior no grupo alimentado com 12% de glicerol. A inclusão de 8% de glicerol na dieta não afeta o desempenho de codornas de corte, embora aumente a expressão da UCP. A inclusão de 12% de glicerol piora o desempenho e aumenta a expressão da ANT.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar processos de espalhamento e secagem de filme de amido-glicerol-fibras de celulose, preparado por "tape-casting". O espalhamento da suspensão foi avaliado a 50, 150 e 250 cm min-1, seguido de secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, a 40 ou 70ºC; avaliou-se também o espalhamento da suspensão a 150 cm min-1, seguido da secagem do filme sobre suporte de "tape-casting" a 22ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com velocidades do ar de 4, 6 e 8 m s-1 no túnel de secagem. Ensaios reológicos mostraram que o espalhamento das suspensões a temperaturas inferiores a 50ºC apresentou módulo de elasticidade superior ao módulo viscoso, em todo o espectro de frequências de oscilação. As microscopias mostraram filmes secos a 40 e 70ºC sem defeitos de formação, e cujas propriedades mecânicas não diferiam. A velocidade de espalhamento e a do ar não modificam o tempo de secagem nem as propriedades dos filmes. O tempo de secagem pode ser reduzido para aproximadamente duas horas, o que é importante para a produção dos filmes em larga escala.

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Lipases from different sources were immobilized in sodium caseinate/glycerol film and used in the esterification reactions of aliphatic acids with alcohols in the presence of organic solvents. Lipases from Pseudomonas sp and Rhizopus oryzae were selected and the influence of several parameters was analyzed, including: lipase loading, organic solvent polarity, reaction temperature, chain length of alcohol and acid and enzyme/support reuse. For comparison, free enzymes were used under similar experimental conditions.

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Esterification reactions of glycerol with lauric acid in solvent free system were carried out using lipases from several sources. All lipases were immobilized on polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol particles by covalent binding with high activity recovered. Among the tested enzymes, the Candida antarctica lipase allowed to attain the highest molar conversion (76%), giving similar proportions of monolaurin, dilaurin and low amount of trilaurin. To further improve the process, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used and optima temperature and molar ratio glycerol to lauric acid were found to be 45 ºC and 5:1, respectively. Under these conditions, 31.35% of monolaurin concentrations were attained and this result was in close agreement with the statistical model prediction.

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Homo and heterotrinuclear acetates are unique compounds having μ3-oxo bridge and many interesting properties of such compounds are derived from this structure. Some undergraduate inorganic textbooks discuss several aspects of these compounds and we present here an undergraduate experiment for the high-yield synthesis of [Fe2MO(CH3CO2)6(H 2O)3], with M = Fe3+, Co2+ and Ni2+, as well as their characterization using infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltametry. The proposed experiment gives the opportunity to discuss several concepts of coordination chemistry that follow the characterization techniques, such as: types of acetate coordination, reversibility of electrochemical processes, quelate and trans effects and lability.

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Presently glycerol is considered a co-product of biodiesel industry. As the biodiesel production is exponentially increasing, glycerol generated from the transesterification of vegetable oils and fats is also being produced on a large scale, and turned out to be essential seeking for novel alternatives to the consumption of the extra volume, in crude and/or as derivatives high added value. This review mainly deals with chemical and enzymatic transformations of glycerol to obtain chiral building blocks for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and natural products.

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In this work, it is proposed a simple experiment in polymer science for undergraduates, involving the glycerol polymerization catalyzed by H2SO4 to produce different materials, e.g. from oligomers to crosslinked polymer. The students can investigate the reaction conditions such as time, temperature and catalyst concentration, thus controlling the extent of polymerization and its kinetics. This experiment stimulates students to see polymer science in a broader context, involving diverse topics, such as biodiesel, and processing of a co-product of low value in polymeric materials with potential industrial application.

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Currently, public policy has encouraged innovation in universities and also transference of technology to the industry. Another important stage to be considered would be the registration or filing of a patent and the economical viability study. Government programs, such as the innovation incentive program, among others, should facilitate popularization and promote interest by industry. In this work we described the steps, from the conception of the idea to the scale up going through its interest by the industry. The case study is about the glycerol conversion utilizing modified niobia as catalysts.

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A method based on enzymatic activities was developed using three enzymes (glycerokinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase) and colorimetric detection for the determination of glycerol in biodiesel. The enzymatic conversion of glycerol produces H2O2 that is eliminated by the action of peroxidase, an oxygen acceptor and 4- aminoantipirine, producing water and a colored compound, which was analyzed. This method showed good linear correlation coefficient (r = 0.9937) in the concentration range of 4.95 x 10-5 to 3.96 x 10-4% (w/w) and had experimental limits of detection and quantitation of 7.10 x 10-6 and 2.10 x 10-5% (w/w), respectively.

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A study on the monitoring of glycerol oxidation catalyzed by gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon under mild conditions by chemometric methods is presented. The reaction was monitored by mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) and comparatively by mid infrared spectroscopy (MIR). Concentration profiles of reagent and products were determined by chemometric tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Evolving Factor Analysis (EFA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR). The gold nanoparticle catalyst was relatively active in glycerol oxidation, favoring formation of high added value products. It was found that the reaction stabilization was reached at four hours, with approximately 70% glycerol conversion and high selectivity for glycerate.

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Glycerol, a co-product of biodiesel production, was used as a carbon source for the kinetics studies and production of biosurfactants by P. aeruginosa MSIC02. The highest fermentative parameters (Y PX = 3.04 g g-1; Y PS = 0.189 g g-1, P B = 31.94 mg L-1 h-1 and P X = 10.5 mg L-1 h-1) were obtained at concentrations of 0.4% (w/v) NaNO3 and 2% (w/v) glycerol. The rhamnolipid exhibited 80% of emulsification on kerosene, surface tension of 32.5 mN m-1, CMC = 28.2 mg L-1, C20 (concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase that produces a reduction of 20 dyn/cm in the surface tension of the solvent) = 0.99 mg L-1, Γm (surface concentration excess) = 2.4 x 10-26 mol Å-2 and S (surface area) = 70.4 Ų molecule-1 with solutions containing 10% NaCl. A mathematical model based on logistic equation was considered to representing the process. Model parameters were estimated by non-linear regression method. This approach was able to give a good description of the process.

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In this work, we report a new method for obtaining racemic β-hydroxyesters by reduction of β-ketoesters. The use of glycerol as a reactional medium in selective reduction of β-ketoesters into the corresponding alcohols was shown to be a viable and more efficient alternative compared with the conventional methodology, taking into account green chemistry prerogatives.

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Composites strengthened with nanocellulose have been developed with the aim of improving mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of materials. This improvement is primarily due to the nanometric size and the high crystallinity of the incorporated cellulose. Cassava starch films plasticized with glycerol and incorporated with nanocellulose from coconut fibers were developed in this study. The effect of this incorporation was studied with respect to the water activity, solubility, mechanical properties, thermal analysis, and biodegradability. The study demonstrated that the film properties can be significantly altered through the incorporation of small concentrations of nanocellulose.