161 resultados para Smart material interfaces


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The use and characterization of the first Certified Reference Material (CRM) of Brazilian coal for analytical quality control are presented. All results were determined within the limits of repeatability and reproducibility allowed under the standards. Notable among the characterization parameters was the mineral matter content (45.39%) obtained by an alternative procedure showing a low relative error (-2.1%) compared to the standard technique (low ashing temperature). The possible expanded application of this CRM application in national laboratories, beyond the certificated and reference parameters, has advantages such as lower cost and easy availability, but round robin tests must be performed.

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Compulsory in Brazil, toy certification aims to prevent possible risks in toy use. The Brazilian National Institute of Metrology (INMETRO) establishes the maximum concentration of toxic elements (TE) that may be present in toys. This study evaluates the presence of TE in different crayons, gouache and modeling clays using X-ray fluorescence. This technique is fast, has low operating cost and minimum sample pretreatment, resulting in a clean procedure without reagent consumption and waste generation. Bromine (in gouache) and Barium (in crayons) were the only potentially TE identified in the samples studied.

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In this work, the preparation and characterization of materials such as zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and phosphotungstic acid promoted zirconium oxide (ZrO2-H3PW12O40) is presented. Physico-chemical characterization results showed that addition of H3PW12O40 acted as both a textural and chemical promoter of zirconium oxide. The incorporation of phosphotungstic acid into the ZrO2 matrix delayed the sintering of the material and stabilized ZrO2 in the tetragonal phase. ZrO2 acidity was also enhanced, developing strong acid sites on its surface. The Pt/ZrO2-H3PW12O40 catalyst was active for n-pentane isomerization at 250 °C, exhibiting high selectivity to iso-pentane (95%). This result is probably due to its suitable acidity.

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Fresh water sponge was used as a silica source for the synthesis of MCM-41 via the hydrothermal process. The silica was extracted from the sponge by washing with nitric acid and piranha solution. Synthesis of MCM-41 was performed at 100 °C for 5 days and the procedure was optimized, with modifications made to the leaching temperature of the silica and the synthesis of mesoporous material, which was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and adsorption of N2. The optimal result was achieved at a temperature of 135 °C for 3 days, showing ordered mesoporous material with a surface area of 1080 m² g-1.

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The use of a battery of three mass metrics (atomic economy - AE, reaction mass efficiency - RME, and mass intensity - MI) for systemic evaluation of the material greenness of synthesis reactions is presented. Material greenness is discussed in terms of materialization/dematerialization of the reaction system and also according to the first two Principles of Green Chemistry, and is shown to involve two components: atomic greenness (incorporation of the atoms provided by reagents into the product, evaluated by AE and RME); and massic greenness (global mass of reagents and non-stoichiometric materials, evaluated by MI, related to the production of residues).

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Resulting from ion displacement in a solid under pressure, piezoelectricity is an electrical polarization that can be observed in perovskite-type electronic ceramics, such as PbTiO3, which present cubic and tetragonal symmetries at different pressures. The transition between these crystalline phases is determined theoretically through the bulk modulus from the relationship between material energy and volume. However, the change in the material molecular structure is responsible for the piezoelectric effect. In this study, density functional theory calculations using the Becke 3-Parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr hybrid functional were employed to investigate the structure and properties associated with the transition state of the tetragonal-cubic phase change in PbTiO3 material.

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In 2002, a review article was published in which molybdenum disulfide properties were discussed. The last sentence of the article read as follows: "Based on that described above, we can conclude that in spite of the vast applications of molybdenum disulfide in several industrial branches, many of the potential applications need to be investigated in the future". Since 2002, novel properties of molybdenum disulfide have been described which promise to revolutionize science. The objective of the present review paper was to provide an overview of the processes of 2H-MoS2 exfoliation and properties of the single layers, reported mainly in the last decade.

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Nutrient levels in water reservoirs have been increasing over the years worldwide and fish farming is one of the activities with the potential to cause negative impacts on these environments. Thus, the sedimentation of the main nutrients was evaluated in a reservoir as well as the contribution of aquaculture in raising these rates. The results indicated a significant difference for all nutrients, with higher concentrations in areas near the fish farming, and lower levels in more distant regions. Therefore, assessments that focus only on the water column do not reflect the true impact of this activity.

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A potentiometric Nickel sensor was prepared using 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene-N-cyanoacetohydrazone as electro-active material and epoxy resin as a binding material. A membrane composed of 40% Schiff's base and 60% epoxy resin exhibited the best performance. The membrane showed excellent response in the concentration range of 0.15 ppm to 0.1 mol L- 1 Ni+2 ions with non-Nernstian slope of 22.0 mV/decade, had a rapid response time (less than 10 s), and can be used for three months without any considerable loss of potential. The sensor was useful within the pH range of 1.3 to 9.6, and was able to discriminate between Ni2+ and a large number of alkaline earth and transition metal ions. The practical utility of the sensor has been demonstrated by using it successfully as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Ni2+ with EDTA and oxalic acid.

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The obtention of silica and cyclodextrin hybrid materials was accomplished by refluxing them in xylol using citric acid as a binding agent. The materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. Evidence for the docking of cyclodextrins α and γ was substantiated based on the variation in band intensity for groups such as ≡Si-OH. Additional docking evidence includes the displacement of some of the bands that are related to cyclodextrin such as the deformation of the C-H axial bond. The α and γ-CDSi materials were characterized as amorphous compounds. The products obtained in the synthesis showed changes in the decomposition temperatures of their isolated constituents, in which the mass of α and γ-CD docked to the silica surface gave the estimated values of 41% and 47%, respectively. The elemental constituents were shown to be consistent and close to their relative theoretical values. ​Thermogravimetric analysis showed that a reduction in the percentage of the hybrids was proportional to the amount of lost mass. This new material is an improvement over synthesized organosilane materials because the operator and the environment benefit from a less toxic methodology. In addition, the material has several potential applications in complexation systems with cyclodextrin.

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Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) estão associados ao aumento da incidência de diversos tipos de cânceres no homem. Essas moléculas são formadas principalmente na queima incompleta de matéria orgânica, sendo encontradas em todos os compartimentos ambientais. Órgãos regulamentadores das áreas ambiental e de saúde ocupacional consideram 17 HPAs como contaminantes atmosféricos prioritários. Este trabalho apresenta um método para análise simultânea destes HPAs utilizando-se a cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas operando no modo tandem (GC-MS/MS). Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método mostraram-se até 5 vezes inferiores aos obtidos no método GC-MS (SCAN). O método mostrou-se seletivo para análise de HPAs em extratos de amostras de material particulado atmosférico. Uma análise comparativa de dois sistemas de solventes (diclorometano/metanol 4:1 v/v e hexano/acetona 1:1 v/v) para a extração de HPAs, utilizando amostras de material particulado atmosférico, revelou que ambas as misturas de solventes possuem poder de extração semelhante. Os resultados sugerem que é possível realizar extração de HPAs de material particulado atmosférico em ultra-som com a mistura hexano/acetona (1:1), que é menos tóxica em relação à mistura diclorometano/metanol (4:1), bastante utilizada nestas análises, sem perdas significativas na exatidão do método.

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Cinzas leve de carvão tratadas pelo método hidrotérmico foram usadas como adsorvente de baixo custo para a remoção de íons metálicos e corante de solução aquosa. As isotermas de adsorção das cinzas leve tratadas foram estudadas e os resultados foram ajustados pelos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. A isoterma de Freundlich descreveu melhor o processo de adsorção do azul de metileno. Os dados de equilíbrio para a adsorção dos íons zinco e cádmio se ajustaram melhor á equação de Langmuir. O valor máximo de capacidade de adsorção obtido foi de 0,78 (mg g-1)(L mg)1/n para o azul de metileno, 38,1 mg g-1 para o Zn2+ e 67, 5 mg g-1 para o Cd2+. Os materiais sintetizados exibiram capacidades de adsorção muito maiores do que as das cinzas leves usadas como matéria-prima. O estudo mostrou que o material zeólitico pode efetivamente adsorver azul de metileno e íons metálicos com eficiências de remoção na faixa de 82-99%.

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Discutem-se os efeitos de Internet sem fio, câmeras de vigilância, telas enormes de televisão em estações de metrô e tocadores de mp3 sobre a freqüentação dos espaços públicos, por meio da análise de alguns resultados do uso desses aparatos no cotidiano (e mesmo nas estratégias de planejamento) das cidades. Quando à experimentação do espaço arquitetônico (visível) faz-se somar uma rede (invisível) reconfiguradora de relações individuais e coletivas com os lugares, e o conceito de participação chega a uma condição limítrofe, exigindo perguntar até que ponto a materialidade da arquitetura é um componente necessário à transformação da experiência que está em curso.

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Nos últimos anos, inúmeros problemas surgiram na área da saúde em decorrência, sobretudo, dos avanços ocorridos no campo das biotecnociências. Percebendo-se a exigüidade de espaço, no atual currículo médico, para a discussão de muitas dessas questões, alunos e professores da Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos (FESO) propuseram a criação do Núcleo de Estudos em Filosofia e Saúde (NEFISA), espaço destinado a fomentar o debate, o ensino e a pesquisa sobre os assuntos que tenham sua emergência na interface da Filosofia com a Medicina e a Saúde. O escopo do presente artigo é apresentar o trabalho desenvolvido no NEFISA-FESO.

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A degradação ambiental vem modificando nosso cenário de forma acelerada, interferindo negativamente no processo saúde-doença. É essencial discutir a temática saúde ambiental com profissionais de saúde, sendo o Programa PET-Saúde um facilitador, e as unidades de Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) um excelente cenário. Propõe-se analisar a percepção de profissionais de saúde e usuários sobre a temática em duas unidades de ESF (Botucatu/SP) e sensibilizá-los por meio de discussões teóricas e vivências. Foram entrevistados 45 profissionais e 36 usuários, sendo 21 indicados pelos agentes comunitários de saúde como tendo boa relação com o meio ambiente e 15 indicados por não apresentarem boa relação com o mesmo. Aplicou-se o referencial da metodologia qualitativa, utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Todos demonstraram ter consciência dos problemas ambientais e de saúde e o que poderia ser feito para melhorar a situação, mas são raras as ações realizadas nas unidades. Reforça-se a necessidade de capacitar equipes em Saúde Ambiental, estimulando a adoção de práticas transdisciplinares que superem as práticas assistencialistas e caminhem no sentido da promoção, além de empoderar a população para lutar e ser responsável por um meio ambiente mais equilibrado, melhorando a qualidade de vida.