176 resultados para Projeto de Lei
Resumo:
The use of natural products to demonstrate the silica gel column chromatography technique is proposed in the present article. It describes the separation of the triterpenes alpha- and beta-amirin from the diol breine and maniladiol, obtained from almécega resin (Protium heptaphyllum March.). The experiment uses an accessible material, was accomplished in 4 h, and can be applied with success an the experimental course of organic chemistry for undergraduate students.
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The discussion among teachers, students, and technicians about the destination of residues from chemistry laboratories led to a research project whose results were incorporated into a course in its daily practices. The treatment of the residues from argentimetric practices allowed us to establish cognitive relations of technological basis and of those related to the rising of the level of awareness about environmental aspects and social responsibility of chemistry professionals. The techniques and the results, from the economic point of view, namely that of value aggregation (metallic silver) and the conversion of the residue into input (potassium chromate solution) are shown.
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Thermodynamics of homogeneous processes, which corresponds to the very special situation in thermodynamics of continuous media, is used to discuss the first law. An important part of this work is the exposition of some typical mathematical errors, frequently found in the traditional presentation of thermodynamics. The concepts of state and process functions are discussed, as well as reverse and reversible processes, temporality and its implications on thermodynamics, energy reservoirs and symmetry. Our proposal is to present the first law by using a time dependent viewpoint coherent with mechanics and the foundations of that viewpoint.
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A synthesis of (+)-±-terpineol from (+)-limonene was proposed as a project for undergraduate organic laboratory course. Terpineol is a useful flavor and fragrance compound, and several aspects of this preparation are suited for experimental organic classes, including basic techniques for extraction and analyses of essential oils, different reaction types and the possibility of a high degree of student interest.
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This paper describes a project, construction and test of a low cost air pycnometer, developed to be used preferentially in pharmaceutical research. A complete discussion of the construction, test and calibration of this equipment is presented and some measurements are made using pharmaceutical powders and dry granulations. The equipment performance has been estimated through its calibration curve, and the obtained value to its volume resolution is about 1%. This equipment is accomplished at the Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory of University of Sorocaba (LAFINAU) in Sorocaba, SP, Brazil and it was denominated "Picnômetro a Ar Uniso - PICNAU".
Resumo:
Dibenzalacetone and other aldol condensation products are known sunscreens commonly used in cosmetics. This type of compounds can easily be prepared in an Organic Chemistry Lab by reaction of aldehydes with ketones in basic medium. These compounds can be incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate) and used as UV light absorbers, for example in sunglasses. This project has the advantage of using inexpensive reagents which are readily available in Chemistry Laboratories. This experiment can also be a base starting point for discussions of organic, polymer and photochemistry topics.
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This paper reports the development of an easy, fast and effective procedure for the verification of the ideal gas law in splitless injection systems in order to improve the response. Results of a group of pesticides were used to demonstrate the suitability of the approach. The procedure helps establish experimental parameters through theoretical aspects. The improved instrumental response allowed extraction with lower sample volumes, the minimization of time and costs and the simplification of sample preparation.
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Considering intrinsic characteristics of the system exclusively, both statistical and information theory interpretations of the second law are used to provide more comprehensive meanings for the concepts of entropy, temperature, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. The coherence of Clausius inequality to these concepts is emphasized. The aim of this work is to re-discuss the second law of thermodynamics in accordance to homogeneous processes thermodynamics, a temporal science which is the very special oversimplification of continuum mechanics for spatially constant intensive properties.
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A practical and didactic sequence of experiments was proposed to illustrate the stereochemistry concept, optically active compounds, resolution of racemates, and use of the NMR technique, including 2D-COSY for identification of organic compounds, on a laboratory course for undergraduate students. The sequence was: extractions of racemic ibuprofen and chiral naproxen from commercial tablets; syntheses of diastereoisomeric amides reacting chiral (S)-(-)-α-methylbenzylamine with (±)-ibuprofen; separation and determination of absolute configuration of amides by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and GC analysis, and hydrolysis of amides to obtain (+)- and (-)-ibuprofen.
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This paper presents and discusses governmental approaches to teacher training introduced in 1990, whose focus is the education of chemistry teachers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between legal aspects and background needs present in the Brazilian educational context, taking into account that the last two decades has seen a significant increase in the chemistry licensure courses offered by higher education institutions in Brazil. Discussing these aspects of chemistry teachers provides a reflection on the real background needs for this group of professionals.
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This article shows the genesis of the law of volumes of combining gases, formulated by Gay-Lussac in 1808, and how it allowed the expression of the composition of organic compounds in terms of whole numbers of volumes, thus leading to the first classification of organic compounds, formulated by Dumas and Boullay in 1828. It was from this work that Organic Chemistry began to shed its purely taxonomic nature, analogous to what prevailed in Natural History, and to then develop in a vigorous and continuous process, initiating what may be the most significant historical phenomenon in the History of Chemistry of the nineteenth century.
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As antocianinas, pigmentos da classe dos flavonóides, são os principais substâncias cromogênicas encontrados nas flores vermelhas, azuis e púrpuras. Uma das principais características das antocianinas, com aproveitamento didático é a sua mudança de coloração em função do pH do meio. Este trabalho se insere em um projeto mais amplo, que visa propor experimentos simples e de baixo custo para ensino, utilizando-se de vegetais facilmente encontrados no Brasil. Os corantes utilizados se prestam ao ensino desde conceitos básicos de equilíbrio químico para estudantes de ensino médio, de indicadores em titulação para cursos de química geral e até da Lei de Lambert-Beer e de Espectros de Absorção, para cursos de instrumentação. A espécie utilizada foi Solanum nigrum L (maria-preta), cujo extrato bruto foi utilizado como agente cromóforo. Usando o extrato bruto como indicador em titulações ácido-base, observaram-se erro relativos da ordem de 0,11-1,0%, quando comparado com os resultados potenciométricos. A mudança de cor observada foi de vermelho para amarelo, entre pH 4 e 10. Espectros de absorção na região do UV e do visível foram obtidos em diferentes pH, para determinação dos comprimentos de onda dos máximos de absorção, bem como para demonstração da mudança da forma destes espectros em função da acidez do meio.
Resumo:
Um dos problemas mais difíceis enfrentados pelos defensores de uma ética evolucionista é a falácia naturalista. Neste artigo, analisamos as soluções propostas por W. Rottschaefer e por R. Richards e verificamos não serem elas suficientes para eliminar o problema da falácia naturalista sem comprometer a especificidade da moral.
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O artigo distingue duas fórmulas do princípio do Direito em Kant; mostra que na primeira delas o Princípio Universal do Direito é formulado como um principium diiudicationis e na segunda a Lei Universal do Direito como um principium executionis das ações conforme ao Direito; examina as dificuldades suscitadas para ambas as formulações, quais sejam, a base para a definição do que é direito e a questão se as leis jurídicas têm e, caso tenham, qual é a sua força prescritiva; e, finalmente, propõe uma solução baseada na consideração de que as leis jurídicas constituem para Kant uma subclasse das leis morais e se baseiam no conceito de uma autorização ou faculdade moral de fazer o que é moralmente lícito ou obrigatório e de não fazer o que é moralmente proibido.
Resumo:
O artigo aborda o tema do realismo político no pensamento de Carl Schmitt, à luz de suas reflexões sobre o direito e a história da política internacional no mundo moderno. Para tanto, o texto analisa sua narrativa sobre a constituição da ordem das relações internacionais a partir do século XVI, apresentada no livro Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (O Nomos da Terra no Direito Internacional do Jus Publicum Europaeum). Essa análise busca pôr em evidência a maneira como Carl Schmitt concebe a relação entre direito e realidade na época moderna e, com isso, pretende apresentar uma imagem do seu realismo político que leve em conta algumas de suas premissas históricas e filosóficas.