157 resultados para Processos governamentais


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most versatile analytical techniques for chemical, biochemical and medical applications. Despite this great success, NMR is seldom used as a tool in industrial applications. The first application of NMR in flowing samples was published in 1951. However, only in the last ten years Flow NMR has gained momentum and new and potential applications have been proposed. In this review we present the historical evolution of flow or online NMR spectroscopy and imaging, and current developments for use in the automation of industrial processes.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A multi-commuted flow system was developed to determine propylthiouracil (PTU) based on the reaction of its thiol form with iminoquinone radical generated by the oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in an alkaline medium. PTU can be found in tautomeric forms and the tautomeric equilibrium was displaced to enhance the thiol form. However, the reaction product is unstable and its residence time in the flow path was carefully investigated. The proposed procedure showed good precision (< 1.5%) and a limit of detection (3s) of 0.11 mg L-1. High recoveries were obtained in the validation test. The procedure was employed for propylthiouracil determination in medications.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A review of most of the reported studies on the use of iron oxides as catalyst in specific processes, namely Haber-Bosch reaction, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Fenton oxidation and photolytic molecular splitting of water to produce gaseous hydrogen, was carried out. An essential overview is thus presented, intending to address the fundamental meaning, as well as the corresponding chemical mechanisms, and perspectives on new technological potentialities of natural and synthetic iron oxides, more specifically hematite (α-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), in heterogeneous catalysis.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Arrabidaea chica (H&B) Verlot is a plant popularly known as Pariri and this species is a known source of anthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins. This report describes an approach involving enzymatic treatment prior to extraction procedures to enhance A chica crude extract anticancer activity. Anticancer activity in human cancer cell lines in vitro using a 48 h SRB cell viability assay was performed to determine growth inhibition and cytotoxic properties. The final extraction yield without enzyme treatment was higher (24.28%) compared to the enzyme-treated material (19.03%), with an enhanced aglycones anthocyanin ratio as determined by HPLC- DAD and LC-MS with direct infusion.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Simple and sensitive procedures for the extraction/preconcentration of molybdenum based on vortex-assisted solidified floating organic drop microextraction (VA-SFODME) and cloud point combined with flame absorption atomic spectrometry (FAAS) and discrete nebulization were developed. The influence of the discrete nebulization on the sensitivity of the molybdenum preconcentration processes was studied. An injection volume of 200 µL resulted in a lower relative standard deviation with both preconcentration procedures. Enrichment factors of 31 and 67 and limits of detection of 25 and 5 µg L-1 were obtained for cloud point and VA-SFODME, respectively. The developed procedures were applied to the determination of Mo in mineral water and multivitamin samples.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Biomass gasification is a technology that has attracted great interest in synthesis of biofuels and oxo alcohols. However, this gas contains several contaminants, including tar, which need to be removed. Removal of tar is particularly critical because it can lead to operational problems. This review discusses the major pathways to remove tar, with a particular focus on the catalytic steam reforming of tar. Few catalysts have shown promising results; however, long-term studies in the context of real biomass gasification streams are required to realize their potential.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Flumequine degradation by electrochemical and photo-electrochemical processes was evaluated in this study. The antimicrobial activity of the solutions subjected to the electrochemical processes was monitored during the assays. The experiments were carried out using DSA® (dimensionally stable anode) electrode. The influence of current density was investigated for the 7.5 to 45 mA cm-2 range. The photo-electrochemical process was more efficient for degrading flumequine (85%) and reducing solution antimicrobial activity. For both processes, the residual antimicrobial activity decreased as flumequine degradation increased. The reaction intermediate m/z 244 (5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid) was identified.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this review, the presence of quinolones in the environment, their risks and the available processes for water decontamination were addressed. Their occurrence in surface waters and also in soil raises concerns about the risk of the development of resistant bacteria and other potential chronic effects. AOPs (UV/H2O2, Fenton, photo-Fenton, and UV/TiO2) and ozonation proved effective for degrading these emerging contaminants due to hydroxyl radical formation, surpassing the efficacy of conventional methods. In addition, the main degradation mechanisms of these drugs as well as data on residual biological activity were analyzed.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The aim of this study was to produce membranes using the adapted cuprammonium method. The cellulose utilized was obtained from recycled agroindustrial residues: sugarcane bagasse, corn stover and soybean hulls. The levels of Cu (II) ions in regenerated cellulose membranes produced with cellulose from bagasse, corn stover and soybean hulls were 0.0236 wt%, 0.0255 wt% and 0.0268 wt%, respectively. These levels were approximately 15 times lower than those observed in previous studies (0.3634 wt%). Cellular viability data show that membranes produced from bagasse cellulose do not present toxicity to the cellular cultures studied. These results demonstrate an evolution in production of regenerated cellulose membranes from agroindustrial residues mainly due to a decrease in the Cu (II) ions level, showing the possibility of application of these systems with improved membranes processing.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Cyclic voltammetry has become one of the most useful tools in modern electrochemistry, but the use of digital potentiostats should be treated with caution by users. Staircase Voltammetry utilizes some parameters to build up the potential ramp. However, for some electrochemical processes, the signal response can be different compared with that acquired using true linear sweep (analogic signal). In this work, the role of SCV parameters in current response during the hydrogen electrochemical adsorption/desorption reaction on a platinum surface was studied. In addition, the transient current in each step comprising the ramp was investigated. The results showed that with a step height of 2 mV, the SCV response matches that recorded by linear sweep voltammetry. From the transient current study, two kinds of capacity were identified: non-faradaic and faradaic charge.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Técnicas de Microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram utilizadas para acompanhar o desenvolvimento de Phakopsora pachyrhizi desde a inoculação de urediniósporos até a formação de soros urediniais em folíolos de soja. Gotas com 50 µL de suspensão com 3x10(4) urediniósporos.mL-1 foram depositadas sobre folíolos destacados de sete cultivares e duas PIs (PI 230970 e PI459025), que foram acondicionados em bandejas e incubados em BOD a 23 ± 2 ºC. Foram retiradas amostras em tempos de 4 a 240h após a inoculação (h.a.i.). Amostras foram submetidas ao clareamento em ácido acético/etanol absoluto (1:1, v/v), e a preparação para MEV. Nas PI 429025 e PI 230970 observou-se as mais baixas porcentagens de germinação de urediniósporos (20 a 35 %) e formação de apressórios (11 a 23,5 %), respectivamente. Nestes genótipos, a formação de apressório iniciou-se com 6 horas, enquanto nos demais, com 4 horas. Na cultivar BRS 154 observou-se a maior porcentagem de germinação (85,5 %) e maior porcentagem de formação de apressórios (66,5 %). Nas outras cultivares, as taxas de germinação encontradas variaram de 42 a 73,5 % e as de formação de apressório de 21,5 a 60,5 %. Em MEV foi possível observar vários dos eventos de pré e pós-penetração os quais apresentaram diferenças, em relação às informações já observadas na literatura.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Investigou-se o comportamento eletroquímico dos dímeros ciclopaladados [Pd(dmba)(mi-X)]2 [X = Cl (1), NCO (2), NCS (3), CN (4)] (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina) e do monômero [Pd(dmba)(MeCN)2][NO3] (MeCN = acetonitrila). Os resultados experimentais mostraram redução de Pd(II) para Pd(I) para os compostos 1-3, enquanto que somente para 1 observou-se a redução de Pd(I) para Pd(0) em uma única etapa. O complexo 5 mostrou redução de Pd(II) para Pd(0). Observou-se que a estabilidade eletroquímica destes compostos diminuem na seguinte ordem: [Pd(dmba)(mi-CN)]2 (4) > [Pd(dmba)(mi-NCO)]2 (2) > [Pd(dmba)(mi-SCN)]2 (3) > [Pd(dmba)(MeCN)2][NO3] (5) > [Pd(dmba)(mi-Cl)]2 (1).

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Os óxidos de nitrogênio e a amônia são os mais importantes compostos gasosos nitrogenados emitidos para a atmosfera e possuem grande interesse ambiental. Na atmosfera, esses compostos podem sofrer diversas reações resultando em mudanças nas propriedades químicas e físicas da atmosfera. Atividades humanas, principalmente relacionadas com produção de alimentos, energia e uso de fertilizantes têm aumentado as emissões dessas espécies nitrogenadas para o ambiente, causando distúrbios no seu ciclo natural. Com o objetivo de avaliar as variações dos níveis de concentração e inferir sobre os processos de remoção de compostos de nitrogênio da atmosfera na região de Araraquara, foram feitas determinações em paralelo de amônia (NH3) e dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2). Os resultados de concentração mostraram a estreita correlação entre esses compostos na atmosfera, que sugerem diferentes processos de remoção em diferentes épocas do ano.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Este trabalho trata do emprego do ciclometalado [Pd(dmba) (NCO)(PPh3)] (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina; PPh3 = trifenilfosfina) em processos catalíticos em fase homogênea, envolvendo a reação entre p-toluidina e p-nitrotolueno, produzindo N,N'-bis(4-metilfenil)uréia. A reação foi realizada a 140 0C, sob pressão inicial de CO de 60 bar. Empregou-se também o mesmo composto em reações de carbonilação na presença dos álcoois metílico e etílico, obtendo-se os alcoxicarbonil complexos [Pd(NCO)(CO2R)(PPh3)2] (R=Me ou Et). Constatou-se que o emprego do [Pd(dmba)(NCO)(PPh3)] nos referidos processos, propiciou a formação dos produtos com bons rendimentos.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Tendo em vista o desacordo entre os comentadores contemporâneos acerca do modo pelo qual o intelecto teorético conhece no "Kitāb al-nafs" de Avicena, investigo se esta atividade se realiza por um sentido interno que é auxiliado pelo intelecto a fim de abstrair a forma material ou se é uma atividade exclusiva do intelecto que não depende das formas materiais, mas apenas da intuição das formas inteligíveis. Contudo, algumas passagens das seções V.5 e V.6, nas quais são descritas a atividade conjunta entre intelecto e os sentidos internos e a sua atividade própria, conduzem à conclusão segundo a qual são necessários dois elementos para que o conhecimento seja realizado: a unificação da multiplicidade e a multiplicação da unidade; em outras palavras, não é suficiente que o intelecto, em conjunto com as faculdades estimativa e cogitativa, conceitualize os termos menor e maior do silogismo, mas ele também precisa intuir o termo médio.