Efeito de substâncias empregadas para remoção de cobre sobre o teor de compostos secundários da cachaça

High copper content is of great concern among producers of sugar-cane spirits who frequently use filters instead of cleaning the stills. This study compared the efficiency of activated carbon, ion-exchange-polymeric resin, and activated-carbon/iron-oxide magnetic composite for copper reduction without removing excessive organic compounds that are important for the beverage's quality. Resin was the most efficient copper adsorbent, removing fewer organic compounds. The composite also removed copper; however, it also removed large amounts of organic compounds. Activated carbon didn't remove sufficient copper to reduce its concentration to less than 5 g L-1, and it removed large amounts of higher alcohols and esters.

Influência das características das substâncias húmicas aquáticas na eficiência da coagulação com o cloreto férrico

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of the apparent molecular size of aquatic humic substances on the effectiveness of coagulation with ferric chloride. Coagulation-filtration tests using jar test and bench-scale sand filters were carried out on samples of water with true color of approximately 100 Hazen units, prepared with aquatic humic substances of different molecular sizes (F1: < 0.45 µm, F2: 100 kDa - 0.45 µm, F3: 30 - 100 kDa and F4': < 30 kDa). For the water samples with lower apparent molecular size fractions, greater dosages of coagulant was needed to remove the color around 5.0 Hanzen units, mainly because these water samples contain higher concentrations of fulvic acids, which exhibited a larger number of negatively-charged groups.

Exposição humana a substâncias químicas potencialmente tóxicas na dieta e os riscos para saúde

Humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals from the consumption of food, including undesirable compounds such as pesticides and mycotoxins. Chemical human risk assessment is a process intended to estimate the risk to a given population from the exposure to a chemical (or to a chemical group having the same mechanism of action). The process consists of four steps, namely hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chemical dietary risk assessment is an essential procedure to establish safe food standards. In this review the tools and data sources currently used in the risk assessment process will be discussed.

Flavonoides e outras substâncias de Lippia sidoides e suas atividades antioxidantes

The chemical investigation of the ethanol extracts of stems, roots and leaves of Lippia sidoides led to the isolation of: steroid β-sitosterol, naphthoquinone tecomaquinone, monoterpene carvacrol, flavonoid 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (naringenin), 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone flavonoids mixture, and 3,4,4',6'-tetrahydroxydihydrochalcone-2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 4,4',6'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone-2'-O- β-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochalcones mixture. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectral data, mainly ¹H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectra. The ethanol extract and isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidative properties using the method of inhibition of free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).

Caracterização estrutural das substâncias húmicas aquáticas extraídas dos rios itapanhaú e ribeira de iguape

The knowledge of the structure characteristic of the Organic Matter is important for the understanding of the natural process. In this context aquatic humic substances (principal fraction) were isolated from water sample collected from the two distinct rivers, using procedure recommended for International Humic Substances Society and characterized by elemental analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The results were interpreted using principal component analysis (PCA) and the statistical analyses showed different in the structural characteristics of the aquatic humic substances studied.

Química forense: perspectivas sobre novos métodos analíticos aplicados à documentoscopia, balística e drogas de abuso

In this review recent methods developed and applied to solve criminal occurences related to documentoscopy, ballistic and drugs of abuse are discussed. In documentoscopy, aging of ink writings, the sequence of line crossings and counterfeiting of documents are aspects to be solved with reproducible, fast and non-destructive methods. In ballistic, the industries are currently producing ''lead-free'' or ''nontoxic'' handgun ammunitions, so new methods of gunshot residues characterization are being presented. For drugs analysis, easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) is shown to provide a relatively simple and selective screening tool to distinguish m-CPP and amphetamines (MDMA) tablets, cocaine and LSD.

Drogas de abuso em águas naturais e residuárias urbanas: ocorrência, determinação e aplicações forenses

Drugs of abuse are commonly used outside medical or legal settings where their production, marketing and consumption are subject to legal summons and/or intervention. Classified as emerging contaminants, these substances have been recently detected in samples of environmental concern, such as waters and wastewaters. This review presents the state-of-the-art on the methodological approaches used in sample preparation, the main techniques applied in analytical determination at trace levels, as well as the use of information related to the drug or its metabolite concentration in sewage samples to empirically estimate the consumption of drugs of abuse in a city or region.

Solubilidade das substâncias orgânicas

The solubility of organic compounds is a topic of great importance in chemistry and of interest in several areas, such as materials, drugs and the environment. In this paper, the solubility of these species is discussed in terms of their properties, such as the predominant type of chemical bond, molecular structure, polarity and types of intermolecular interactions. Examples of biological processes fundamental for sustainability of life and related with the solubility of chemical species are presented and discussed.

Frações da matéria orgânica e propriedades redox de substâncias húmicas em sedimentos de oceanos profundos

Previous studies have verified that free radicals such as quinone moieties in organic matter participate in the redox reactions in natural systems. These functional groups were positively correlated with the increase in aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the humic substances. As an alternative to relatively complex and expensive spectroscopic methods, the redox properties of the humic substances, determined by potentiometric titrations, have been used to evaluate organic carbon stability in soil and sediments. The present study aimed to perform organic matter fractionation and isolation of humic substances from deep oceans in different isobaths (750; 1,050; 1,350; 1,650; 1,950 m) to determine their redox properties by iodimetric titrations under an inert atmosphere and specified conditions of pH and ionic strength. Sediment samples were collected to the North and South of platforms of petroleum exploration located in the North of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Fractions of organic carbon and redox properties of humic substances varied with origin and depth of the samples and with position North and South of the petroleum exploration area.

Caracterização potenciométrica de substâncias húmicas extraídas de solos da Antártica Marítima

Monitoring of soil carbon storage may indicate possible effects of climate change on the terrestrial environment and it is therefore necessary to understand the influence of redox potential and chemical characteristics of humic substances (HS) of Antarctic soil. Five soils from King George Island were used. HS were extracted, quantified and characterized by potentiometry and the content of total carbon and nitrogen determined. HS of these soils had greater aliphatic character, low content of phenolic groups, lower acidity and lower formal standard electrode potential, compared to HS of soils from other regions, suggesting they are more likely to be oxidized.

Resgatando um método eficiente para determinação do ponto de ebulição de substâncias orgânicas: percolador versus Siwoloboff

The aim of this paper was to revive the accurate determination of the boiling point of organic compounds using the percolator technique developed in the 1960s. Although this method is simple, fast and efficient it is omitted from current textbooks. This method has several advantages over Siwoloboff such as high reproducibility and direct measurement of the boiling point of the sample obtained by observing the temperature of the vapor-liquid equilibrium. The experiments were performed in the organic chemistry laboratory but allow interdisciplinary integration with other disciplines of several academic areas.

Influência das substâncias húmicas de sedimentos na biodisponibilidade de metais para o sistema aquático

In rivers, sediments act as sinks for retaining contaminants. This study evaluated the influence of sediment humic substances (HS) on the bioavailability of metals. The levels of metals in sediments and HS indicated that most are complexed with HS. Characterization of HS showed a high degree of humification. The complexation capacity of HS for metals established the affinity order:Pb2+demonstrated a correlation between the structural characteristics of HS and complexation capacity of metals.

RESSONÂNCIA MAGNÉTICA NUCLEAR DE SUBSTÂNCIAS ORGANOFLUORADAS: UM DESAFIO NO ENSINO DE ESPECTROSCOPIA

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a technique that is widely used for elucidating and characterizing organic substances. Organofluorine substances have applications in many areas from drugs to liquid crystals, but their NMR spectra are often challenging due to fluoride coupling with other nuclei. For this reason, NMR spectra of this class of substances are not commonly covered in undergraduate and graduate chemistry courses and related fields. Thus, the aim of this work was the presentation and discussion of 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectra of eleven organofluorine substances which, in the case of 1H and 13C nuclei, showed classic patterns of first-order coupling and the effects of the fluorine nucleus in different chemical and magnetic environments. In addition, the observation of long distance coupling constants was possible through the use of apodization functions in the processing of the spectra. It is expected that the examples presented herein can be utilized and discussed in undergraduate and graduate NMR spectroscopy disciplines and thus improve the teaching and future research of organofluorine compounds.

Redução de crômio hexavalente por substâncias húmicas aquáticas imobilizadas em aminopropil sílica

Estudou-se a redução de Cr(VI) à Cr(III) utilizando-se um novo suporte preparado pela ativação de aminopropil sílica com substâncias húmicas aquáticas (ATPS-SiO2-SHA). Coletaram-se amostras de água no Corrégo Itapitangui localizado no município de Cananéia-SP e extraíram-se as SHA utilizando-se procedimento recomendado pela Sociedade Internacional de Substâncias Húmicas. Após purificação por diálise, fez-se a imobilização das SHA na aminopropil sílica (APTS-SiO2) em pH 7,0, sob agitação mecânica por 48 horas à temperatura ambiente. Adicionaram-se 150 mg de APTS-SiO2-SHA à 150 mL de soluções 9,5 mimol L-1 de Cr(VI), fixou-se o pH em 2,5, 4,5 e 6,0 e mantiveram-se as misturas sob agitação mecânica à temperatura ambiente. Coletaram-se alíquotas em função do tempo (0-72 horas) e as concentrações de Cr(VI) foram determinadas por espectrofotometria baseada na reação com 1,5-difenilcarbazida. A porcentagem de redução de Cr(VI) por APTS-SiO2-SHA foi de 50, 4 e 0 % em pH 2,5, 4,5 e 6,0, respectivamente. Dobrando a massa do suporte APTS-SiO2-SHA verificou-se em pH 2,5, a redução de 70 % de Cr(VI). Esses resultados preliminares mostram forte influência do pH e da quantidade de APTS-SiO2-SHA no processo de redução do Cr(VI). Após outros estudos, a utilização do suporte APTS-SiO2-SHA pode ser uma alternativa viável a ser aplicada para o tratamento de resíduos e/ou estudos de especiação de crômio.

Caracterização das frações das substâncias húmicas de diferentes tamanhos moleculares

Neste trabalho realizou-se a extração das substâncias húmicas (SH) provenientes da turfa coletada às margens do rio Mogi-Guaçu, segundo metodologia descrita por Rosa et al., 2000. As SH foram fracionadas em um equipamento de ultrafiltração em três faixas de tamanhos moleculares 30 - 100 KDa, <30 KDa e >100 KDa. As frações foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas analíticas, infravermelho (IV), análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta/visível (UV/Vis) e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR). Verificou-se que as frações de menor tamanho molecular (30 - 100 KDa e <30 KDa) possuem um maior número de moléculas com oxigênio ligados, enquanto que a fração de maior tamanho molecular (>100 KDa) apresentou um maior número de moléculas aromáticas. Através dos resultados das análises elementares e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, constatou-se que a fração <30 KDa apresentou uma menor porcentagem de carbono, nitrogênio e hidrogênio e uma menor quantidade de radicais livres em relação as demais, indicando que esta fração possui um menor número de anéis aromáticos conjugados. Já nas análises por IV foram observadas bandas características das SH.