Caracterização e classificação do resíduo sólido "pó do balão", gerado na indústria siderúrgica não integrada a carvão vegetal: estudo de um caso na região de Sete Lagoas/MG

This research was developed by considering that the solid waste produced in the process of pig iron production represents the loss of raw materials and the increase in environmental problem. The charcoal based mini blast-furnace off gases dust named CHARCOK was collected from SIDERPA ¾ Siderúrgica Paulino Ltda, located in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The Charcok was characterized and classified according to ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) standard. The results showed that the Charcok should be classified as Class I Wastes ¾ "Hazard Wastes" because of its high concentration of phenols (54.5mg C6H5OH/kg). The Charcok had high concentration of iron and charcoal which can be used as energy source.

Comportamento de cristalização de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir de gordura de palmiste e óleo de peixe

The aim of this study is to evaluate the crystal structure of binary mixtures of palm kernel fat and fish oil, before and after chemical and enzymatic interesterification. The crystal structure was analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The addition of fish oil didn't change the palm kernel fat crystallization characteristics, spherullites of types A and B being observed. However, due to chemical and enzymatic interesterification, smaller crystals were obtained. There was no difference between chemical and enzymatic interesterification, probably as a function of acyl migration in discontinuous processes catalyzed by lipases.

Construção e aplicação de biossensores usando diferentes procedimentos de imobilização da peroxidase de vegetal em matriz de quitosana

Biosensors were developed by immobilization of gilo (Solanum gilo) enzymatic extract on chitosan biopolymers using three different procedures: glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide/glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin/glutaraldehyde. The best biosensor performance was obtained after the immobilization of peroxidase on chitosan with epichlorohydrin/glutaraldehyde. Linear analytical curves for hydroquinone concentrations from 2.5x10-4 to 4.5x10-3 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.0x10-6 mol L-1 and recovery of hydroquinone ranging from 95.1 to 105% were obtained. The relative standard deviation was < 1.0 % for a solution of 3.0x10-4 mol L-1 hydroquinone and 2.0x10-3 mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide in 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 (n=8). The lifetime of this biosensor was 6 months (at least 300 determinations).

Síntese e avaliação da propriedade reguladora de crescimento vegetal de compostos indólicos derivados do safrol

The present work describes the use of piperonal, a derivative of the secondary metabolite safrole, for the synthesis of new 5,6-methylenedioxysubstituted indole carboxylic acids structurally related to the indol-3-yl-acetic acid (AIA, I). The route comprises six steps beginning with piperonal with an overall yield of 19%. Compound IX was tested towards its plant growth regulator properties in bioassays specific for auxine activity. The in vitro assays were performed in a germination chamber and were of two types: root growth in germinated seeds of Lactuca sativa, Cucumbis sativus and Raphanus sativus and peciole biotest using Phaseolus vulgaris.

Composição centesimal do leite humano e caracterização das propriedades físico-químicas de sua gordura

Human milk fat is essential for development of newborn infants. Many studies detail chemical characteristics of human milk fat; however there are no studies about its physical properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the centesimal composition of human milk and to compare the calculated energy value with the estimated energy by the creamatocrit method. Chemical composition and physical properties of human milk lipids and Betapol - a structured lipid - were also studied. The results showed that energy values of human milk estimated by creamatocrit and calculated by the centesimal composition didn't present significant correlation. Human milk lipids and Betapol presented distinct physico-chemical properties.

Lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da mistura de gordura de frango, sua estearina e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média: I- Composição em ácidos graxos e em triacilgliceróis

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interactions that occur in binary and ternary fat blends between medium and long chain triacylglycerols and their structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification through the analysis of their physico-chemical properties. The synthesized structured triacylglycerols presented from 14.8 to 58.4% medium chain fatty acids, from 15.7 to 37.2% saturated fatty acids, from 19.2 to 47.5% monounsaturated fatty acids, and from 6.7 to 15.2% essential fatty acids. Chemical interesterification modified the behavior of binary and ternary mixtures and new types of triacylglycerol groups were formed.

Lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da mistura de gordura de frango, sua estearina e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média: II- pontos de amolecimento e fusão

The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of blending and chemical interesterification reactions on the softening and melting behavior of chicken fat, its stearin and medium chain triacylglycerols, and blends thereof in various ratios. Chemical interesterification is a promising alternative to the current processes of modifying the physical properties of fats. In the experimental design 7 samples corresponding to 7 different blend proportions were used. The results were represented in triangular diagrams. The addition of stearin influenced the softening and melting points. The mixture response surface methodology proved to be an extremely useful tool for the optimization of the fat mixtures.

Lipídios modificados obtidos a partir de gordura do leite, óleo de girassol e ésteres de fitosteróis para aplicação em spreads

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the modifications in milkfat properties with the addition of sunflower oil (SO) and phytosterol esters (PE) and chemical interesterification. Fatty acid composition, softening point and consistency were determined. The saturation degree of milkfat decreased with the addition of SO and PE. Consequently, milkfat presented lower softening point and consistency. Chemical interesterification caused an increase in softening point due to the formation of higher amounts of trissaturated triacylglycerols with rearrangement. The incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids from SO and PE by milkfat triacylglycerols after chemical reaction caused linearization of consistency curves.

Métodos de extração e qualidade da fração lipídica de matérias-primas de origem vegetal e animal

Methodologies of extraction of lipids from chicken breast and oats flakes were evaluated: Soxhlet, Folch et al., Bligh & Dyer and Hara & Radin. For chicken breast, the methods Soxhlet, Folch et al. and Bligh & Dyer presented the highest yields in total lipids. With oat flakes, the methods Soxhlet and Bligh & Dyer presented higher yields than the Hara & Radin and Folch et al. The Soxhlet method affected the quality of the lipid fraction in both samples. Extracted lipid components were separated by thin layer chromatography, the chloroform-methanol based was more efficient to extract the neutral and polar lipids.

Lipídios estruturados: alternativa para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano

Human milk has characteristics of great importance for the newborn. Its composition shows all nutrients in quantity and quality needed, in addition to providing protection against infections and allergies and stimulating the immune system. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution in the triacylglycerols are targets of studies on infant formula, and the triacylglycerols of human milk fat should serve as a model for the lipid components. This review aims to report studies of technology in lipids in order to produce structured lipids as substitutes of human milk fat.

Peptídeos cíclicos de biomassa vegetal: características, diversidade, biossíntese e atividades biológicas

Natural peptides are outstanding as the most promising macromolecules in the search for new drugs, especially those of cyclic nature. The higher plants revealed a very peculiar composition of their cyclic peptides, which distinguish themselves by a "head-to-tail" cyclization. It is possible to define two groups of cyclic peptides from plant biomass. Those called in this review as Eucyclopeptides formed by 2-12 amino acid, and Cyclotides considered as circular polypeptides, composed of 29-37 amino acid that retain three disulfides bridges in an arrangement known as cyclic cystine knot. Searching for plant peptides should form into a subject for scientific research in the forefront of great importance for bioprospecting natural products macromolecular.

Metabólitos secundários de origem vegetal: uma fonte potencial de fármacos antitrombóticos

Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for the largest number of deaths among humans worldwide, including heart attacks, strokes, and thrombosis. The treatment of thrombosis is generally through the administration of anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet drugs, which have some clinical limitations. Plants synthesize a wide variety of bioactive metabolites in response to different stimuli. This review focuses on a number of molecules of vegetal origin belonging to different chemical classes, with significant anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects. Their promising antithrombotic profile confirms the potential of natural products as a source of lead molecules for drug development in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis.

Modificação bioquímica da gordura do leite

Recent advances for improving physicochemical and nutritional properties of lipids are reviewed, with emphasis on products attaining by biochemical processing of natural fats and oils. Enzymatic interesterification provides an important route to modify physical and nutritional properties of milkfat without generating trans isomers. This process makes use of lipases, a versatile class of enzyme that is able to perform efficiently the target modification in both solvent and solvent free systems. The present review covers important features of lipases, lipase-catalyzed interesterification reactions and their effects on the composition and texture of the resulting product.

Caracterização cromatográfica de compostos orgânicos presentes nos resíduos sólidos provenientes de indústria de reciclagem de papel e sua aplicação na produção de briquetes de carvão vegetal

Recycling of paper in industrial scale has become an established practice worldwide. In this work, organic compositions of three different kinds of sludge generated in recycle paper industry were studied, and the incorporation of one of those sludge in briket was also investigated. The characterization of organic compounds in sludge samples and briket was performed using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry after a Soxhlet extraction. Different chemical classes were identified in each type of sludge, but just the sludge composed by cellulose residue did not presented polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Four formulations of sludge incorporated with charcoal for briket production were evaluated.

Produção de concentrados de ácidos graxos por hidrólise de óleos vegetais mediada por lipase vegetal

The aim of this work was to verify the ability of enzymatic crude extract from dormant castor bean seeds to yield concentrated fatty acids by hydrolysis of polyunsaturated vegetable oils such as corn and sunflower. The enzymatic extract exhibited higher activity towards corn oil, which was selected for further studies to determine optimum hydrolysis conditions by factorial design. Maximum hydrolysis percentage (≈84%) was reached at 60% wt. oil:buffer acetate 100 mM pH 4.5, 33 ºC and 5.0% wt. of crude extract after 70 min of reaction. These results suggest that the use of low-cost lipase from castor bean seeds has potential for oil hydrolysis.