SUSCETIBILIDADE DE CLONES DE LIMA ÁCIDA ‘TAHITI’ À PODRIDÃO FLORAL DOS CITROS

RESUMO A podridão floral dos citros (PFC), causada por Colletotrichum acutatum Simmons e C. gloeosporioides, é a doença fúngica mais importante em limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’, pois, leva à queda prematura de flores e frutos, acarretando a redução da produção. Avaliou-se a suscetibilidade à PFC dos clones de lima-ácida ‘Tahiti’ “IAC 5”, “IAC 5-1”, “CNPMF/EECB”, “CNPMF 2000” e “CNPMF 2001”, em Bebedouro-SP. Todos os clones são suscetíveis à doença. A maior incidência de PFC em plantas do clone “IAC 5-1” indica que este clone apresenta maior suscetibilidade. Mesmo com sintomas, plantas do clone “CNPMF/EECB” apresentam maior fixação de frutos.

Extração líquido-líquido em sistemas de fluxo

This review deals with principles of the liquid-liquid extraction, when performed in flow systems. This approach is frequently used for sample treatment to improve the selectivity and/or sensitivity in analytical measurements. The advances in this area are reported, including the use of monosegmented flow systems to perform metal extraction through both two-phase and single phase processes.

Processo químico industrial de extração de óleo vegetal: um experimento de química geral

In this study we describe an experimental procedure based on a chemical industrial process of soya-bean oil extraction applied in general chemistry for undergraduate students. The experiment was planned according to the Science, Technology and Society (STS) approach to teach basic chemical concepts and provide grounding in the management of environmental care. The use of real life chemistry problems seems to salient the relevance of chemistry to our students and enhances their motivation to learn both the practical and theoretical components of the discipline.

Extração e pré-concentração de compostos orgânicos voláteis por permeação em membrana para análise cromatográfica

This work discusses sample preparation processes for gas chromatography (GC) based on the technique of extraction through membrane permeation (MPE). The MPE technique may be easily coupled to GC via a relatively simple device, which is a module that holds the membrane and is directly connected to the GC column. The possibility of operational errors due to sample handling is substantially reduced in an MPE-GC system because the sample preparation and the chemical analysis are accomplished as a one-step process. The MPE technique is of relatively wide application as it can be used for aqueous samples, solid samples and gaseous samples. Depending on the type of sample the extraction is performed with the membrane in direct contact with the sample or in contact with its headspace. The MPE-GC technique is very useful in trace analysis, due to the time-dependent enrichment of the analyte. A typical application of MPE-GC is the analysis of VOCs present in water that may be accomplished with detection limits at the low ppb (mugL-1) level.

Extração de ferro de esmectita brasileira com emprego do método ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato

A natural clay from Campina Grande region (Paraíba, Brazil), with 8.57% of Fe2O3, was used to study the most appropriate condition to carry out the iron extraction, without altering the clay structure in a significant way. Samples were treated with the Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate method (DCB) for 30 and 120 minutes (pH=9.1), and also with citric acid (pH=1.8; time=15min), at 75°C. Conductivity measurements, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectrometry, electron-diffraction with transmission electron microscopy and textural evaluation by nitrogen adsorption were done. The treatment in a basic medium was more selective for iron removal than in acid condition. The time of 30 minutes, with 1.6 g Na2S2O4/10 g clay, was the best condition for the iron extraction.

Substâncias húmicas de turfa: estudo dos parâmetros que influenciam no processo de extração alcalina

This study reports the parameters which influence on extraction of humic substances (HS) from peat. The yield, organic and inorganic contend, E4/E6 ratio and elemental composition (C,H,N) of the extracted HS have been determined. The functional groups were identified by Fourier-transform infrared espectroscopy. The results showed influence of the extractor type, concentration, time, temperature and granular texture of the sample in the extraction. This work contributes to better understanding of the extraction process showing the necessity of the standard method to extract humic substances from soil

Métodos de extração e/ou concentração de compostos encontrados em fluidos biológicos para posterior determinação cromatográfica

When organic compounds present in biological fluids are analysed by chromatographic methods, it is generally necessary to carry out a prior sample preparation due the high complexity of this type of sample, especially when the compounds to be determinated are found in very low concentrations. This article describes some of the principal methods for sample preparation in analyses of substances present in biological fluids. The methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and extraction using solid and liquid membranes. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed.

Extração em fase sólida (SPE) e micro extração em fase sólida (SPME) de piretróides em água

The pyrethroids bifenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The analysis were performed on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Octadecil Silano-C18, Florisil and Silica stationary phases were studied for SPE. Better results were obtained for Florisil which gave recoveries from 80% to 108%. Pyrethroids extraction by SPME showed a linear response and a detection limit of 10 pg ml-1. Although the data showed that the two extraction methods were able to isolate the pesticide residues from water samples, the best results were obtained by using SPME which is more sensitive, faster, cheeper, being a more useful technique for the analysis of pyrethroids in drinking water.

Influência da catálise ácida e básica na preparação da sílica funcionalizada pelo método sol-gel

Some aspects of the chemistry involved in the preparation and characterization of functionalized silicon oxide by sol-gel method are considered in this work. The synthesis was performed with different silicon alcoxide precursors and the influence of the acid and basic catalyst was investigated. Characterization was performed by infrared absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis and 29Si NMR. Infrared data show Si-C and -CH2- vibrational modes at 1250 to 1280 and 2920 to 2940 cm-1, respectively. The elemental analysis confirmed the presence of organic groups in the inorganic silica network. 29Si NMR results show different hydrolisys depending on the acid or base catalysis.

Extração por fluido supercrítico de alguns inseticidas carbamatos em amostras de batata, com determinação por HPLC/fluorescência e confirmação por HPLC/espectrometria de massas

Six supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods were tested, by varying the following operational parameters: CO2 pressure, time and temperature of extraction, type and proportion of static modifier, and Hydromatrix®/sample rate into cell. Firstly, insecticide carbamates were extracted from spiked potatoes samples (fortification level of 0,5 mg.Kg-1) by using SPE procedures, and then final extracts were analyzed HPLC/fluorescence. Good performance was observed with SFE methods that operated with values of temperature and CO2 pressure of 50 ºC and 350 bar, respectively. Best efficiency was obtained when it was used acetonitrile as a modifier (3% on the cell volume), and Hydromatrix®/sample rate of 2:1. Static time was of 1 min; total extraction time was of 35 min; dynamic extraction was performed with 15 mL of CO2, and it was used methanol (2 mL) for the dissolution of the final residue. In such conditions, pesticide recoveries varied from 72 to 94%, depending on the analyzed compound. In higher extraction temperatures, a rapid degradation was observed for some compounds, such as aldicarb and carbaryl; presence of their metabolites was further confirmed by HPLC-APCI/MS in positive mode. Detection limits for chromatographic analysis varied from 0,2 to 1,3 ng.

Métodos de extração e determinação do herbicida glifosato: breve revisão

This paper supplies a compact revision about the main extraction, clean-up and pre-concentration methods of the herbicide glyphosate for water and soil samples, as well as methods for its determination and quantification.

Pré-concentração de chumbo e cádmio em um sistema de micro extração líquido-líquido e determinação por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama

A method for determination of lead and cadmium in aqueous samples using solvent microextraction and dithizone as complexing agent with FAAS was developed. Solvent microextraction parameters were optimized. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction yields was studied. The extraction was carried out until the aqueous to organic phase ratio achieved a 250 fold preconcentration of metals. For preconcentration times of 4 min the 3sigma detection limits, relative standard deviations (n=7) and linear calibration ranges were 1.6 mug L-1, 5.8% and 10.0 -- 80.0 mug L-1 for lead and 11.1 ng L-1, 5.9% and 0.3 -- 3.0 mug L-1 for cadmium, respectively. The solvent microextraction procedure presented here was applied to the determination of lead and cadmium in natural waters.

A extração de cafeína em bebidas estimulantes: uma nova abordagem para um experimento clássico em química orgânica

Caffeine extraction procedures from water soluble and water insoluble materials for preparing stimulating beverages are described. Water soluble materials used were instant tea and coffee and water insoluble materials were, among others, guaraná powder and maté leaves. The extraction of caffeine from water soluble materials, especially instant tea, is more suitable for an organic chemistry teaching laboratory than the classic experiment using tea leaves, due to the economy of time and a larger amount of extracted caffeine. The procedure is time-saving and requires only a four-hour period. The experiments illustrate the extraction process as used in undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories.

Pré-concentração de nitrosaminas a partir de amostras aquosas por extração em fase sólida e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar

This paper describes the development of a methodology for solid phase extraction (SPE) and pre-concentration of nitrosamines from aqueous samples using granular activated charcoal as stationary phase. micelar electrokinetic capillary Chromatography (MEKC) was used for the separation and identification of the nitrosamines in the extracts. Using a sample with 50 µg l-1 of each nitrosamines standards (dimethylnitrosamine, DMN; diethylnitrosamine, DEN; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, NPYR; N-nitrosopiperidine, NPIP; N-nitrosomorpholine, NMOR), the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 29 to 107% with a linear zone between 10 and 500 µg l-1. The developed methodology can be applicable to the determination of these analytes in different aqueous samples.