Medidas prospectivas de sintomas depressivos entre idosos residentes na comunidade

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores sociodemográficos associados a padrões de incidência, remissão e estabilidade de sintomas depressivos entre idosos residentes na comunidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo em que foram entrevistados 310 idosos residentes na comunidade, em Juiz de Fora, MG, entre 2002 e 2004. O seguimento (T2) foi realizado 15,7 meses após a primeira entrevista (T1). Os sintomas de depressão foram avaliados pela escala do Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression. Os idosos foram classificados segundo a evolução dos sintomas de depressão e comparados quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas com o teste de qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças na prevalência de sintomas depressivos entre T1 e T2 (33,8%). Foram identificados quatro grupos segundo a evolução dos sintomas da primeira para a segunda medida: livres de depressão (50,9%); recorrência (19,7%); incidência (15,2%); remissão (14,2%). Ter pontuado para depressão em T1, ser do sexo feminino e possuir baixa escolaridade representaram riscos para a manifestação de sintomas depressivos em T2. CONCLUSÕES: Piores trajetórias de evolução em sintomatologia depressiva (incidência e recorrência) associaram-se ao gênero feminino.

Condiciones de salud y de trabajo informal en recuperadores ambientales del área rural de Medellín, Colombia, 2008

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las condiciones de trabajo, salud y riesgos ocupacionales de recuperadores ambientales del área rural de Medellín. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con cien recuperadores ambientales informales en cinco corregimientos de Medellín en 2008. La fuente de información fue primaria: una encuesta estructurada sobre condiciones de trabajo, salud, riesgos ocupacionales y morbilidad sentida, que permitió caracterizar los riesgos de la población mediante estadística descriptiva y un acercamiento a las relaciones y asociaciones de los riesgos con la morbilidad en la población. RESULTADOS: Ciento cuatro personas ejercían el reciclaje, y 100 de estos se incluyeron en el estudio: 34 personas agremiadas en organizaciones de base comunitaria y 66 personas que ejercían la labor independientemente. La afiliación a seguridad social, suplencia de necesidades básicas, satisfacción en la labor, recibir capacitaciones y suministro periódico de elementos para su trabajo presentaron diferencias según grupo (p < 0,05). Los riesgos biológicos, relacionados con postura corporal inadecuada, riesgos físicos y químicos, tuvieran frecuencia particular de exposición según grupo. El conocimiento y uso de las medidas de protección para los riesgos de la labor difirieron estadísticamente entre los grupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Los recuperadores son potencial apoyo para la gestión integral de residuos en áreas rurales de Medellín, aunque su carácter informal los expone a condiciones de trabajo que repercuten directamente en su salud y la de sus familias. El reconocimiento social del reciclaje va de la mano con la mejora de las condiciones laborales de las personas dedicadas a esta actividad. Los recuperadores ambientales, aun agremiados, tienen condiciones laborales y de salud precarias. La trasformación de estas condiciones debería ser una de las prioridades del Estado.

Tentativa de erradicação da himenolepíase em uma comunidade semifechada, empregando-se praziquantel

Duas semanas após o insucesso da terapêutica com mebendazol — 400 mg diários durante quatro dias consecutivos —, 101 indivíduos de uma comunidade semifechada, 50,5% infectados por Hymenolepis nana, em sua maioria crianças entre dois e seis anos de idade, foram tratados com praziquantel (*) em duas doses orais de 20 a 25 mg/kg, administradas com dez dias de intervalo. O diagnóstico da himenolepíase, bem como os controles de cura parasitológica realizados nos 7.º, 14.°, 21°, 30.°, 60.° e 90.° dias depois da administração da segunda dose de praziquantel, basearam-se em exames de fezes pelo método quantitativo de KATO/KATZ. A tolerância ao medicamento foi excelente e a negativação dos exames ocorreu independentemente da intensidade do parasitismo. Nos 7.° e 14° dias pós-tratamento encontraram-se ovos de H. nana, respectivamente em nove e em dois pacientes, mas esses ovos apresentavam-se distorcidos. No controle do 21.° dia todos os resultados mostraram-se negativos, traduzindo um índice de cura de 100%. A partir do 30.° dia verificou-se em três crianças a eliminação de ovos normais do parasita. Tendo em vista serem essas as únicas que viviam em regime de semi-internação nessa comunidade e a positividade tardia dos exames, esses casos foram considerados como reinfecção. Conclui-se, pelos resultados alcançados, que o esquema posológico empregado, fundamentado nas investigações experimentais conduzidas por CAMPOS & col. (1983), é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento da himenolepíase, em especial, quando se pretende tentar erradicá-la numa comunidade fechada.

Dinâmica da transmissão do Trypanosoma cruzi numa área rural da Argentina. 1 — Os cães como reservatórios: um perfil epidemiológico

Levou-se a cabo numa área rural da Argentina uma pesquisa epidemiológica dos cães associados ao domicílio, com vistas a caracterizar sua dinâmica populacional as infecções naturais pelo T. cruzi empregando técnicas sorológicas e xenodiagnóstico. A estrutura de idades da população mostrou que os indivíduos participam no ciclo doméstico da transmissão uma média de 4 anos; a proporção de sexos por grupos etários sugeriu uma mortalidade diferencial para as fêmeas, especialmente nas cadelas. Achou-se uma prevalência geral de infecção de 84%, crescendo desde 69% em cães 1 ano até 100% nos maiores de 3 anos, indicando alta eficiência de transmissão do T. cruzi aos cães na qual a infecção congênita ou pelo leite pode estar implicada. A sorologia mostrou concordância de 98% com os xenodiagnósticos positivos. A parasitemia não diminuiu com a idade em cães seropositives < 10 anos. Ao menos os 50% dos reservatórios achavam-se estreitamente associados as moradas da gente. A estreita associação trdfica entre os cães e T. infestans; a persistência da parasitemia nos reservatórios; a alta eficiência de transmissão do parasito a este; padrões de exposição do hospedeiro adequados; e altas taxas de recrutamento de indivíduos suscetíveis qualificam o cão como hospedeiro amplificador da doença de Chagas nas áreas rurais do centro e norte da Argentina. Os programas rurais de atenção primária da saúde vieram estimular a introdução de medidas dirigidas a diminuir o contacto cão-barbeiro para ser executadas em conexão à luta química contra os vetores na Argentina.

Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: III. Persistence of T. cruzi parasitemia among canine reservoirs in a two-year follow-up

A new cross-sectional survey of household- associated mongrel dogs as well as follow-up of previously parasitemic individuals was carried out in 1984 toy means of xenodiagnosis and serologic techniques to get a deeper insight into the relationship of T. cruzi parasitemia and age among canine hosts in a rural area of Argentina. Persistence of detectable parasitemia was age-independent, or at most, loosely related to age, confirming the pattern observed in 1982. Similarly no significant age-decreasing effect was recorded among seropositive dogs in: a) the probability of detecting parasites in a 2-year follow-up; b) their intensity of infectiousness (=infective force) for T. infestans 3rd-4th instar nymphs, as measured by the percentage of infected bugs observed in each dog xenodiagnosis. Moreover, not only was the infective force of seropositive dogs for bugs approximately constant through lifetime, but it was significantly higher than the one recorded for children in the present survey, and for human people by other researchers. Therefore, and since T. infestans field populations show high feeding frequencies on dogs, the latter are expected to make the greatest contribution to the pool of infected vectors in the rural household of Argentina. This characteristic should be sufficient to involve canine reservoirs definitely as a risk factor for human people residing in the same house. The increased severity of parasitemia observed among dogs in this survey may be related to the acute undernutrition characteristic of canine populations of poor rural areas in our country, which is expected to affect the ability of the host to manage the infection.

Water-contact patterns and schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural community in northeast Brazil

We evaluated the influence of water-related human activities, contaminative behaviour, house location, education and socio-economic status on endemic Schistosoma mansoni infection. The study was conducted in a hilry non-irrigated area of rural northeast Brazil amongst a defined population of subsistence farmers, of whom 93% were infected by age 20. The area was mapped, water bodies were surveyed, and a detailed questionnaire was performed on each household. Infection was assessed by duplicate stool examinations using the sensitive Bell technique to quantify egg excretion. For each household, and index of intensity of infection was computed by grouping individual log-transformed egg counts as an age-sex adjusted Z score. Few households had a sanitary installation or a domestic water supply. However, neither water-contact nor contaminative behavior were indiscriminate. The people made considerable effort to defaecate far from a water source, to obtain household drinking water from the cleanest source, and to bathe only at certain sites where privacy is assured. Land ownership and literacy correlated poorly with the household index of intensity of infection. The key influence on infection status was the relative location of the house and snail-free or snail colonized water sources. In this area, a safe domestic water supply is the critical input needed to achieve definitive control of endemic Schistosomiasis.

Parasitological and serological studies on amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in the rural sector around Recife, Northeast Brazil

Parasitological examinations were carried out during July to December, 1989, on 485 inhabitants of four villages in São Lourenço da Mata, 25 km northwest of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Approximately 99.6% of the inhabitants were infected with at least one species of intestinal parasites. A high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni (82.1%), hookworm (80.2%) Trichuris trichiura (69.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (61.9%) and Entamoeba coli (36.7%) infections were demonstrated. Test tube cultivation revealed that the most common species of hookworm in this region was Necator americanus (88.4%), and also that the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis was 5.8%. Three hundred and thirty-four sera were serologically examined for amoebiasis by the gel diffusion precipitation test (GDP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No positive reaction was observed in all sera as examined by GDP, while 24 sera were positive by ELISA.

Perfil alimentario de Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Triatominae) en ámbitos peridomiciliarios, de una localidad rural de Uruguay

En una localidad con población rural dispersa ("La Bolsa", 3ª seccional, dpto. de Artigas, Uruguay) se estudió, en ámbitos peridomiciliarios, el perfil alimentario de T. rubrovaria (triatomíneo silvestre y potencial vector secundario de colonización intradomiciliaria), utilizándose la técnica de doble difusión en agar, enfrentando contenido promesentérico frente a un panel de 13 sueros. Se pudo detectar en 120 insectos 251 identificaciones de fuente hematofágica con alimentación predominante en mamíferos (73%), pero marcado eclectismo alimentario (mamíferos, aves, reptiles y cucarachas), incluyendo hematofagia sobre seres humanos en un 8% de las identificaciones totales. La micropredación de hemolinfa lo ubicaría en una situación evolutiva primitiva, intermedia entre predator/entomófago y triatomineo/hematófago, que comparte con T. circunmaculata. Los mamíferos detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron dasipódidos y bóvidos, aunque la fuente hematofágica, salvo en los adultos alados, se constituye en un fenómeno de proximidad ocasional por cohabitación de un mismo habitat. La frecuencia de alimentación sobre hombre, hallada en un ambiente peridomiciliario, aporta un importante elemento a su capacidad vectorial potencial. En el análisis espacial de las dietas se muestra al peridomicilio como un área de interacción de hospederos domésticos, silvestres y sinantrópicos. La infección tripanosómica fue mínima comparada con las altas tasas de infección de ámbitos silvestres.

Domestic vectors of Chagas' disease in three rural communities of Nicaragua

A triatomine survey was conducted in three rural settlements of Nicaragua (Santa Rosa, Quebrada Honda and Poneloya) where Chagas' disease is endemic, to determine rates of house infestation, evaluate the housing condition and to asess the performance of the María sensor box in detection of domestic vectors. A total of 184 households were selected and vectors were sought by the methods of timed manual capture and by sensor boxes. The sole vectors species found in this study was Triatoma dimidiata. Of the examined bugs 50, 60 and 33%, in the respective communities, were infected with T. cruzi. The rates of house infestation as determined by manual capture and sensor boxes were respectively, 48.3% and 54.2% in Santa Rosa, 29.8% and 51.2% in Quebrada Honda and in Poneloya 3.8 and 5.9% with significant difference between the methods in Quebrada Honda. When compared with the manual capture, the Maria sensor box detected vectors in 71.4% of positive houses in two of the communities but also was able to detect bugs in 39.3% and 41.1% of houses where manual capture had been negative. Housing condition was evaluated according to three structural parameters, in this way, in the first community 79.2% of houses were classified as bad, 20.8% as regular; in the second one 42.5% were bad and 57.5% regular, whereas in the third 62.5% of the houses were regular. Rates of infestation did not differ greatly between the different housing conditions. Our results show that the sensor box is as efficient as manual capture and could be implemented in our country.

Water-contact patterns and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural village of Northeast Brazil

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the Serrano village, municipality of Cururupu, state of Maranhão, Brazil, is a widely spread disease. The PECE (Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis), undertaken since 1979 has reduced the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Nevertheless piped water is available in 84% of the households, prevalence remains above 20%. In order to identify other risk factors responsible for the persistence of high prevalence levels, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in a systematic sample of 294 people of varying ages. Socioeconomic, environmental and demographic variables, and water contact patterns were investigated. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed by the Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 24.1%, higher among males (35.5%) and between 10-19 years of age (36.6%). The risk factors identified in the univariable analysis were water contacts for vegetable extraction (Risk Ratio - RR = 2.92), crossing streams (RR = 2.55), bathing (RR = 2.35), fishing (RR = 2.19), hunting (RR = 2.17), cattle breeding (RR = 2.04), manioc culture (RR = 1.90) and leisure (RR = 1.56). After controlling for confounding variables by proportional hazards model the risks remained higher for males, vegetable extraction, bathing in rivers and water contact in rivers or in periodically inundated parts of riverine woodland (swamplands)

Serologic survey for hantavirus infections among wild animals in rural areas of São Paulo State, Brazil

A serosurvey was conducted in wild animals captured close to two areas where hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) occurred in São Paulo State, Brazil. Serum samples from a total of 43 mammals were tested for antibodies reactive with Sin Nombre (SN) hantavirus using a strip immunoblot assay. RNAs from the blood clots of the positive samples were submitted to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two rodents of the genus Oligoryzomys were positive for hantavirus antibodies. These animals were captured in the Iguape region and represented 16.7% (2/12) of the sera from rodents and 100.0% (2/2) of the Oligoryzomys captured in that area. RT-PCR failed to amplify any viral cDNA. These results are in agreement with other data that suggest that members of this genus are important reservoirs of hantaviruses in Brazil.

Frequency of serum anti-cysticercus antibodies in the population of a rural Brazilian community (Cássia dos Coqueiros, SP) determined by ELISA and immunoblotting using Taenia crassiceps antigens

Considering the impact of cysticercosis on public health, especially the neurologic form of the disease, neurocysticercosis (NC), we studied the frequency of positivity of anti-Taenia solium cysticercus antibodies in serum samples from 1,863 inhabitants of Cássia dos Coqueiros, SP, a municipal district located 80 km from Ribeirão Preto, an area considered endemic for cysticercosis. The 1,863 samples were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an antigenic extract from Taenia crassiceps vesicular fluid (Tcra). The reactive and inconclusive ELISA samples were tested by immunoblotting. Of the 459 samples submitted to immunoblotting, 40 were strongly immunoreactive to the immunodominant 18 and 14 kD peptides. Considering the use of immunoblotting as confirmatory due to its high specificity, the anti-cysticercus serum prevalence in this population was 2.1%.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic chagasic patients, and in the rural and urban population from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

As patients with chronic Chagas disease exhibit morphological and functional changes of the stomach (hypomotility and hypochlorhydria), malnutrition, immunological deficiency and high prevalence of peptic disease associated to Helicobater pylori infection, the purpose of this study was to evaluate if the prevalence of H. pylori infection in chronic chagasic is higher than in non-chagasic individuals in the urban and rural population from Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Serological determination of IgG antibodies to H. pylori was performed using a second-generation ELISA. Thus, 598 people were evaluated: 128 chagasic (CG), 222 non-chagasic living in urban area (U-NCG) and 248 non-chagasic living in rural area (R-NCG). Regarding the age range from 21 to 50 years, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the CG (85.1%) was significantly higher than in the U-NCG (56.3%, p < 0.01) and the R-NCG (67.4%, p < 0.05). In the patients over 50 years, the prevalence in the CG (86.4%) was similar to the U-NCG (78.8%) and R-NCG (86.1%). Similar results were also found between the U-NCG and R-NCG for all age ranges, with prevalence rates of 29.1% and 35.3% for the age range from 5 to 13 years, and 47.2% and 40% for that from 14 to 20 years, respectively. We conclude that chagasic patients showed a higher seroprevalence of H. pylori infection than non-chagasic individuals, in the age range from 21 to 50 years, and that the prevalence of this infection was similar in the studied urban and rural non-chagasic population.