Health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, state of Rio de Janeiro, II: selected health characteristics in children

As part of the health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, a 25 percent random sample of households was identified and a health guestionnaire completed at 236 households. These households contained 536 children, of whom 239 were under age six. Prenatal care had been obtained by 70 percent of the mothers during the pregnancies of the youngest children and 83 percent of these children had been born in hospital. The use of available health facilities was reported more frequently for the younger children in comparison to the older children. Over 90 percent of the children had been vaccinated against one or more diseases but only 50 to 60 percent of the children had complete vaccination against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. Almost two-thirds of the stool specimens from the children revealed evidence of parasites and were most commonly found in children two to three years of age. Low hemoglobin values were found commonly under age three and hemoglobin leveis ábove 12 grams were not commonly found until age six. Compared with a North American standard for height and weight, proportionately more children on the Ilha da Conceição were found below the 25th and 3rd percentiles. These findings suggest that an improved health status for the children on the Ilha da Conceição would result from a household health record maintained at the island clinic including current information on vaccination status of all children, and a health education program focused on expectant mothers and the well baby clinic program.

A parasitological and serological malária survey in Amazonas, 1971

Thick blood films and malaria indirect fluorescent antibody test (P. falciparum and P. vivax) were done in four different regions in Amazonas. There was a very low prevalence of parasites anã the antibody rates suggest a small amount of transmission and that P. vivax was the predominant parasite. The calculation of probability of being infected per year was about 8% in Tefé. Coari, Colonia Fernanão Costa and Labrea and 0.8% in Anori.

Helminthiases in Montes Claros. Preliminary survey

A preliminary survey was conducted for the presence of helminths in the city of Montes Claros, M. G., Brazil. Three groups of persons were examined by the direct smear, Kato thick film and MIFC techniques; one group by direct smear and Kato only. General findings were: a high prevalence of hookworm, followed by ascariasis, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis and very light infections with T. trichiurá. E. vermicularis and H. nana were ranking parasites at an orphanage, with some hookworm and S. mansoni infections as well. At a pig slaughter house, the dominant parasites were hookworm and S. mansoni. Pig cysticercosis was an incidental finding worth mentioning for the health hazard it represents for humans as well as an economic loss. From the comparative results between the Kato and the MIF the former proved itself again as a more sensitive and reliable concentration method for helminth eggs, of low cost and easy performance.

Estudo radiológico longitudinal do esôfago, em área endêmica de doença de Chagas, em um período de 13 anos

Foi realizado estudo radio lógico longitudinal do esôfago abrangendo um período de 13,2 anos, na população do município de Mambaí no estado de Goiás. Os exames foram realizados na sede municipal, com aparelho de abreugrafia, usando filme de 70 milímetros. Foram examinados 731 indivíduos dos quais 382 (52,3%) eram soropositivos. Em relação ao sexo 350 (47,9%) eram do sexo masculino e 381 (52, 1%) do sexo feminino. A incidência de megaesôfago na população estudada foi 7,9% e entre os soropositivos 14,2 %. A progressão da esofagopatia entre os soropositivos do sexo masculino foi 21,7% e no sexo feminino 16,6%.

Comportamento da parasitemia pelo Trypanosoma cruzi em chagásicos crônicos durante 13 anos

Foi estudada a parasitemia de 202 chagásicos crônicos por um período médio de 13 anos, através de repetidos xenodiagnósticos convencionais. Os pacientes tinham média de idade de 41,4 anos, residiam em área endêmica, sendo 124 do sexo feminino e 78 do sexo masculino. Foi observado que o nível de parasitemia aumentou em 14 indivíduos, diminuiu em 42 e permaneceu inalterado em 146. Porém, no geral, a parasitemia declinou. Os percentuais de chagásicos xenopositivos que foram 37,6%, 48,5%, 51% no primeiro, segundo e terceiro xenodiagnósticos, respectivamente, em 1976/78, passaram a ser 30,2% em 1988/91 (p = 0,00003). Os percentuais de pools positivos que foram 15,2%, 20,9%, 20,8% no primeiro, segundo e terceiro xenodiagnósticos, respectivamente, em 1976/78, passaram a ser 10,4% em 1988/91, (p = 0.00000001). Houve 62 pacientes que tiveram todos os xenodiagnósticos negativos e 23 que apresentaram todos os exames positivos. Os percentuais de chagásicos com alta, média e baixa parasitemias que, em 1976/78, foram, respectivamente, 9,4%; 20,8% e 69,8% passaram a ser, em 1988/91, respectivamente, 4,4%, 12,9% e 82,7%.

Estudo clínico durante 13 anos de 190 chagásicos crônicos de Mambaí, Goiás, Brasil

Foram estudados prospectivamente 190 chagásicos, do ponto de vista clínico, eletrocardiográfico e abreugráfico do esôfago, no período médio de 13 anos, sendo encontrados 108 (56,8%) com a forma clínica inalterada, 72 (37,9%) com doença progressiva e 10 (5,3%) nos quais houve normalização do eletrocardiograma. Nos 72, em que a doença progrediu, 39 desenvolveram cardiopatia ou agravaram a já existente, 32 evoluíram para, ou pioraram o megaesôfago prévio e, 12 evoluíram para colopatia ou agravaram a já existente. Dentre os 72, 11 tinham formas clínicas associadas. A evolução da cardiopatia foi maior no sexo masculino 29,6% (21/71) que no feminino 15,1% (18/119), p = 0,015. Houve 19 casos novos de cardiopatia e 20 agravaram a cardiopatia prévia. A incidência de megaesôfago foi 14,9% (23/154) e nove agravaram o megaesôfago já existente. A evolução da colopatia foi maior no sexo feminino 9,2% (11/119), que no masculino 1,4% (1/71), p =0,026.

Seroprevalence of human Trypanosoma cruzi infection in diferent geografic zones of Chiapas, Mexico

A serologic survey was carried out in four different geographic zones of Chiapas, Mexico. A total of 1,333 samples were collected from residents of thirteen communities located on the Coast, Central Mountain, Lacandon Forest and a zone called Mesochiapas. One hundred and fifty one seropositive individuals (11.3%) were identified. Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection was influenced by geography. In the Lacandon Forest and Central Mountains there was a higher seroprevalence 32.1 and 13.8% respectively, than on the coast (1.2%). In Mesochiapas there were no seropositive individuals among the 137 persons tested. An active transmission is probably continuing because seropositive cases (13.8%) were detected in children under 10 years of age. The vector recognized on the Coast was Triatoma dimidiata while in the Lacandon Forest it was Rhodnius prolixus.

Using epidemiological survey data to infer geographic distributions of leishmaniasis vector species

An important aspect of tropical medicine is analysis of geographic aspects of risk of disease transmission, which for lack of detailed public health data must often be reduced to an understanding of the distributions of critical species such as vectors and reservoirs. We examine the applicability of a new technique, ecological niche modeling, to the challenge of understanding distributions of such species based on municipalities in the state of São Paulo in which a group of 5 Lutzomyia sandfly species have been recorded. The technique, when tested based on independent occurrence data, yielded highly significant predictions of species' distributions; minimum sample sizes for effective predictions were around 40 municipalities.

Longitudinal clinical and serological survey of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Guaporé, southern Brazil, from 1995 to 1999

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a nematode with an intra-vascular location in the mesentery. Our objective was to address several aspects of the natural history of this parasitosis, in a longitudinal clinical and seroepidemiological study. A total of 179 individuals living in a rural area with active transmission in southern Brazil were followed for five years (1995-1999) resulting in yearly prevalence of 28.2%, 4.2%, 10%, 20.2% and 2.8% and incidences of 0%, 5.9%, 8% and 1.5%, respectively. Both men and woman were affected with higher frequencies at age 30-49 years. In 32 individuals serum samples were collected at all time points and IgG antibody reactivity detected by ELISA was variable and usually persisting not longer than one year. Some individual antibody patterns were suggestive of re-infection. There was no association with occurrence of abdominal pain or of other enteroparasites and there was no individual with a confirmed (histopathologic) diagnosis. Mollusks were found with infective third-stage larvae in some houses with an overall prevalence of 16% and a low parasitic burden. In conclusion, abdominal angiostrongyliasis in southern Brazil may be a frequent infection with low morbidity and a gradually decreasing serological reactivity.

Human papillomavirus genotypes in asymptomatic young women from public schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to survey HPV information from a random population of young women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included cervical samples from 241 female students. To determine human papillomavirus status, polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed. HPV typing was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Demographic data, life style, sexual and gynecological history were obtained through use of a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The average age of the women was 19.6 years-old (SD=3.4 years). HPV prevalence was 27.4%. Nineteen different HPV genotypes were detected, including 13 high risk types. HPV 16 was the most prevalent type (6.2%), followed by 31 (4.1 %) and 66 (3.7%). Most of the oncogenic types belonged to the A9 species (28/48). The frequency of women infected by at least one oncogenic type was significantly higher than those only infected by low risk types (18.7% versus 7.5%). Cervical changes were detected in 12.5% of the sample and were significantly linked to infection with HPV types of the A9 species. Demographic variables, sexual initiation, or number of sexual partners were not associated with HPV prevalence, variety of HPV genotypes or oncogenic types. CONCLUSIONS: The relative frequency of HPV genotypes other than vaccine types in young females should be taken into account when evaluating vaccination strategies. Due to the high prevalence of HPV infection among the population studied, implementation of sex education in schools, promotion of condom use and an organized screening program to prevent cervical cancer must be encouraged for this age group.

Malacological survey of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The increasing practice of ecotourism and rural tourism in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, highlights the importance of studies concerning the occurrence of potential intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. This study aimed to identify species of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real, an important Brazilian tourism project. METHODS: The specimens were collected in different water collections of 36 municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais. Biomphalaria species were characterized using both morphological and molecular approaches. The research was conducted between August 2005 and September 2009 and all the sites visited were georeferenced using GPS. RESULTS: Six Biomphalaria species were found in 30 of the 36 municipalities studied: glabrata, tenagophila, straminea, peregrina, occidentalis and schrammi. The first three species of Biomphalaria, recognized as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni, were present in 33.3%, 47.2% and 8.3% of the municipalities studied, respectively. The mollusks were found in different types of water collections and no infection by S. mansoni was detected. The highest occurrence of Biomphalaria concentration was verified in the area covered by the Caminho Novo route (Diamantina/MG to Rio de Janeiro/RJ). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the State of Minas Gerais and the socioeconomic repercussions involved in the Estrada Real Project, this work focuses on the vulnerability of water collections due to the presence of Biomphalaria mollusks and emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and educational measures integrated with the local community and tourism sectors.

A epidemia de AIDS em adolescentes de 13 a 19 anos, no município do Rio de Janeiro: descrição espaço-temporal

INTRODUÇÃO: o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a epidemia de AIDS em adolescentes no município do Rio de Janeiro para subsidiar políticas públicas de prevenção. A incidência de AIDS no Brasil está diminuindo entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), exceto entre 13 e 19 anos e a feminização é mais intensa entre adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo de dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) de casos diagnosticados, entre 13 e 19 anos até novembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 656 casos, com incidência crescente até 1998 e verificou-se que, desde 1996, ocorrem mais casos no sexo feminino do que no masculino. A categoria de exposição homo/bissexual é predominante nos rapazes (50,8%) e a heterossexual nas moças (88,9%). A distribuição geográfica dos casos no município por ano de diagnóstico revelou que houve proporcionalmente grande aumento da incidência na Área de Planejamento mais pobre da cidade e redução acentuada na mais rica. Observou-se uma tendência linear decrescente entre o ano de diagnóstico e o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo aponta a necessidade de investimento em serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva nas áreas mais pobres da cidade e ações de promoção de saúde direcionadas aos rapazes HSH e às adolescentes.

Serological survey for Chagas disease in the rural areas of Manaus, Coari, and Tefé in the Western Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Deforestation, uncontrolled forest, human population migration from endemic areas, and the large number of reservoirs and wild vectors naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi promote the endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon region. METHODS: We conducted an initial serological survey (ELISA) in a sample of 1,263 persons; 1,095 (86.7%) were natives of the State of Amazonas, 666 (52.7%) were male, and 948 (75.1%) were over 20 years old. Serum samples that were found to be reactive, indeterminate, or inconclusive by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) or positive with low titer by IFA were tested by Western blot (WB). Serologically confirmed patients (WB) were evaluated in terms of epidemiological, clinical, ECG, and echocardiography characteristics. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had serologically confirmed T. cruzi infection, and 12 of them were autochthonous to the state of Amazonas, for an overall seroprevalence of 1.2% and 0.9% for the state of Amazonas. Five of the 15 cases were males, and the average age was 47 years old; most were farmers with low education. One patient who was not autochthonous, having originated from Alagoas, showed right bundle branch block, bundle branch block, and anterosuperior left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 54%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study ratify the importance of monitoring CD cases in Amazonia, particularly in the state of Amazonas.

A retrospective serologic survey of hantavirus infections in the county of Cássia dos Coqueiros, State of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, hantavirus infections producing severe diseases have obtained an increased attention from public health authorities from the countries of Eurasia to the Americas. Brazil has reported 1,300 cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) from 1993 to 2010, with about 80 of them occurring in the northeast of the State of São Paulo, with 48% fatality rate. Araraquara virus was the causative agent of HCPS in the region. Considering that hantaviruses causing human disease in the Americas were unknown until 1993, we have looked for hantavirus infections in the population of Cássia dos Coqueiros county, northeast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, before this time. This county has about 2,800 inhabitants and an economy based on agriculture, including cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass. The grass seeds are an important rodent attraction, facilitating transmission of hantavirus to man. Four HCPS cases were reported so far in the county. METHODS: In this study, 1,876 sera collected from 1987 to 1990 were tested for IgG to hantavirus by IgG-ELISA, using the N recombinant protein of Araraquara virus as antigen. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in 89 (4.7%) samples, which were all collected in 1987. The positivity among urban inhabitants was 5.3%, compared with 4.3% among those living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that hantavirus infections occurred in Cássia dos Coqueiros, completely unrecognized, even before hantaviruses were described in the Americas.