Determinação das propriedades catalíticas em meio aquoso e orgânico da lipase de Candida rugosa imobilizada em celulignina quimicamente modificada por carbonildiimidazol

Microbial lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized by covalent binding on wood cellulignin (Eucaliptus grandis) chemically modified with carbonyldiimidazole. The immobilized system was fully evaluated in aqueous (olive oil hydrolysis) and organic (ester synthesis) media. A comparative study between free and immobilized lipase was carried out in terms of pH, temperature and thermal stability. A higher pH value (8.0) was found optimal for the immobilized lipase. The optimal reaction temperature shifted from 37 °C for the free lipase to 45 °C for the immobilized lipase. The pattern of heat stability indicated that the immobilization process tends to stabilize the enzyme. Kinetics tests at 37 °C following the hydrolysis of olive oil obeyed the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. Values for Km = 924.9 mM and Vmax = 198.3 U/mg were lower than for free lipase, suggesting that the affinity towards the substrate changed and the activity of the immobilized lipase decreased during the course of immobilization. The immobilized derivative was also tested in the ester synthesis from several alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Estatinas hipolipêmicas e novas tendências terapêuticas

Statins are the most used drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in primary and secondary prevention, with the aim of decreasing the levels of plasmatic cholesterol- lipoproteins. Owing to their structural similarity to the substrate HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA), they inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, disrupting the cholesterol biosynthesis. Currently, six therapeutic statins are available: lovastatin (Mevacor) and pravastatin (Pravachol), which are natural, sinvastatin (Zocor), a semi-synthetic derivative, and the totally synthetic statins, fluvastatin (Lescol), atorvastatin (Lipitor) and rosuvastatin (Crestor). Recent investigations have showed other important effects of statins, such as antineoplastic action and improvement in endothelial function.

Síntese de complexo ferro(II)-nitrogênio: abordagem dos conceitos de reatividade e retro-doação para alunos de graduação em química

There has been a considerable interest in coordination complexes of molecular nitrogen (N2), partly due to a possible relationship between such complexes and the nitrogen activation process in nature. The present paper describes the synthesis and infrared spectroscopic characterization of an iron-nitrogen derivative with ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (edta) as an experiment for an undergraduate course. The topics covered here include synthesis, reactivity and spectroscopy.

Síntese e avaliação da propriedade reguladora de crescimento vegetal de compostos indólicos derivados do safrol

The present work describes the use of piperonal, a derivative of the secondary metabolite safrole, for the synthesis of new 5,6-methylenedioxysubstituted indole carboxylic acids structurally related to the indol-3-yl-acetic acid (AIA, I). The route comprises six steps beginning with piperonal with an overall yield of 19%. Compound IX was tested towards its plant growth regulator properties in bioassays specific for auxine activity. The in vitro assays were performed in a germination chamber and were of two types: root growth in germinated seeds of Lactuca sativa, Cucumbis sativus and Raphanus sativus and peciole biotest using Phaseolus vulgaris.

Identification of acetates in elasmopalpulus lignosellus pheromone glands using a newly created mass spectral database and kóvats retention indices

Based on a specially created mass spectral database utilizing 23 tetradecenyl and 22 hexadecenyl acetate standards along with Kóvats retention indices obtained on a very polar stationary phase [poly (biscyanopropyl siloxane)] (SP 2340), (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-8-hexadecenyl acetate were identified in active pheromone extracts of Elasmopalpus lignosellus. This identification was more efficient than our previous study using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a dimethyl disulfide derivative where we could only identify the first two acetates. The acetate composition of the pheromone gland differed from region to region in Brazil and from that from the Tifton (GA, USA) population, suggesting polymorphism or a different sub-species.

Dissolution test for glibenclamide tablets

The aim of this work is to develop and validate a dissolution test for glibenclamide tablets. Optimal conditions to carry out the dissolution test are 500 mL of phosphate buffer at pH 8.0, paddles at 75 rpm stirring speed, time test set to 60 min and using equipment with six vessels. The derivative UV spectrophotometric method for determination of glibenclamide released was developed, validated and compared with the HPLC method. The UVDS method presents linearity (r² = 0.9999) in the concentration range of 5-14 µg/mL. Precision and recoveries were 0.42% and 100.25%, respectively. The method was applied to three products commercially available on the Brazilian market.

Comparison of GC and HPLC for quantification of organic acids in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit varieties

Gas chromatography (GC) with trimethylsilyl derivative formation was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantification of organic acids (OAs) in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit (pulp and pericarp) varieties (Sabará and Açu Paulista). Succinic and citric acids were the major OAs found in all the samples analyzed. Besides being much more tedious, the results obtained with GC were significantly lower than HPLC (p<0.05) when the data (acids, variety, two parts and flowering days) were considered together. The presence of both acids was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Desenvolvimento de abordagem objetivando a síntese da 3-desidroxi-4-metoxi-tubastrina

We report the synthesis of amino(2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamino)methaniminium (14) as a direct precursor of a tubastrine derivative (3-dehydroxy-4-methoxytubastrine). The synthetic steps involved functional group interconversions starting from 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone to obtain the guanidine-protected derivative 13. Tentative dehydration of 13 with SiOH-adsorbed CuSO4 resulted in guanidine deprotection only. This was an unexpected result, since there are no reports of CuSO4.SiOH as Boc-deprotecting of guanidines. The product 14 was obtained in five steps and 5.4 % overall yield, and constitutes a direct precursor of 3-dehydroxy-4-methoxytubastrine.

Síntese, avaliação biológica e modelagem molecular de arilfuranos como inibidores da enzima tripanotiona redutase

Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes a severe disease (Chagas'disease) in Central and South America. The currently available chemotherapeutic agents against this disease are still inadequate. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered a validated molecular target for the development of new drugs against this parasite. In this regard, a series of arylfurans based on 2,5-bis-(4-acetamidophenyl)furan was synthesized and tested for their in vitro inhibitory activity against TR. Molecular modeling studies of putative enzyme-inhibitor complexes revealed a possible mechanism of interaction. From synthesized compounds, a benzylaminofuran derivative was found to be more active than the lead compound.

Avaliação da estabilidade do marcador plasmático do estresse oxidativo: malondialdeído

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the lipid peroxidation products widely used as indicator of cellular injury. However, the short-term and the long-term stability of this biomarker remain unclear. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of plasmatic MDA at -20 ºC, utilizing thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as derivative in spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis. The results showed that MDA was stable for 24 h after blood collection, was not stable when stored after alkaline hydrolysis, remained stable for 30 days after TBA derivatization and was stable for 3 days when stored after n-butanol extraction, all at -20 ºC.

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of oxidized di-caffeoylquinic acids generated by metalloporphyrin-catalyzed reactions

This paper reports an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS investigation on the oxidation of 3,5- and 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid using iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride as catalyst. Two major mono-oxidised products of the quinic acid moiety have been identified for both compounds. However, only the 4,5-derivative afforded two different tri-oxo products. Thus, it seems that the oxidation pattern depends on the number and positions of the caffeic acid moieties present in caffeoylquinic acid molecules.

Atividade biológica do lapachol e de alguns derivados sobre o desenvolvimento fúngico e em germinação de sementes

The natural quinones lapachol, α-lapachone and β-lapachone, and the synthetic derivative β-lapachone-3-sulfonic-acid were assayed for inhibition of fungal growth (Fusarium oxysporum) and germination of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.). β-Lapachone has the strongest activity as a germination inhibitor and lapachol shows no effect. β-Lapachone, followed by lapachol, are the most active in reducing fungal growth.

Síntese e modificações de derivados heterocíclicos de D-arabinose: potenciais inibidores de glicose-6-fosfato isomerase e de glicosamina-6-fosfato sintase

The synthesis of -5-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)tetrazole and -2-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetra-acetoxybutyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole from D-arabinose is described. Attempts at removing the protecting groups of the oxadiazole derivative were unsuccessful, leading to products resulting from the opening of the oxadiazole ring. The unprotected tetrazole derivative was selectively phosphorylated at the primary hydroxyl group with diethylphosphoryl chloride. The resulting 5-[D-arabino-4-(diethylphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutyl]tetrazole is a protected form of a potential inhibitor of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and glucosamine synthase.

Estrategias en el desarrollo de métodos analíticos para la determinación simultánea de compuestos orgánicos por espectrofotometría derivada

In this work is proposed, a simple experiment for the simultaneous determination of losartan (L) and hydrochlorothiazide (H) in synthetic and real samples by derivative spectrophotometry technique. For the students it is relevant to know this technique for simultaneous determinations of drugs, allowing that the students recognize that this technique is simple, rapid and applicable to quality control. This experimental work, it is proposed in order to being applied to undergraduates into laboratories of analytical chemistry. Furthermore, it is given the integration of the theoretical knowledge with the experimental work; this correlation is of interest for the students.

Combined application of continuous wavelet transform-zero crossing technique in the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of perindopril and indapamid in tablets

Signal processing methods based on the combined use of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and zero-crossing technique were applied to the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of perindopril (PER) and indapamide (IND) in tablets. These signal processing methods do not require any priory separation step. Initially, various wavelet families were tested to identify the optimum signal processing giving the best recovery results. From this procedure, the Haar and Biorthogonal1.5 continuous wavelet transform (HAAR-CWT and BIOR1.5-CWT, respectively) were found suitable for the analysis of the related compounds. After transformation of the absorbance vectors by using HAAR-CWT and BIOR1.5-CWT, the CWT-coefficients were drawn as a graph versus wavelength and then the HAAR-CWT and BIOR1.5-CWT spectra were obtained. Calibration graphs for PER and IND were obtained by measuring the CWT amplitudes at 231.1 and 291.0 nm in the HAAR-CWT spectra and at 228.5 and 246.8 nm in BIOR1.5-CWT spectra, respectively. In order to compare the performance of HAAR-CWT and BIOR1.5-CWT approaches, derivative spectrophotometric (DS) method and HPLC as comparison methods, were applied to the PER-IND samples. In this DS method, first derivative absorbance values at 221.6 for PER and 282.7 nm for IND were used to obtain the calibration graphs. The validation of the CWT and DS signal processing methods was carried out by using the recovery study and standard addition technique. In the following step, these methods were successfully applied to the commercial tablets containing PER and IND compounds and good accuracy and precision were reported for the experimental results obtained by all proposed signal processing methods.