Prevalência da baixa densidade mineral óssea em mulheres na pós-menopausa tratadas de câncer de mama

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em mulheres na pós-menopausa tratadas de câncer de mama.MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 115 mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama atendidas em Hospital Universitário do Sudeste do Brasil. Foram incluídas mulheres com amenorreia há 12 meses ou mais e 45 anos ou mais de idade, tratadas de câncer de mama e livres de doença há pelo menos 5 anos. A DMO foi mensurada pelos raios-X de dupla energia em coluna lombar (L1 a L4) e colo de fêmur. Considerou-se baixa DMO quando valores de T-score de coluna total e/ou colo de fêmur <-1,0 Score de Delphi (DP) (osteopenia e osteoporose). Por meio de entrevista, foram avaliados fatores de risco para baixa DMO. Na análise estatística, empregaram-se os testes do χ2ou Exato de Fisher.RESULTADOS: A média de idade das pacientes foi 61,6±10,1 anos e o tempo de menopausa, 14,2±5,6 anos, com tempo médio de seguimento de 10,1±3,9 anos. Considerando coluna e colo de fêmur, 60% das mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama apresentavam baixa DMO. Avaliando os fatores de risco para baixa DMO, foi encontrada diferença significativa na distribuição percentual quanto à idade (maior porcentagem de mulheres com mais de 50 anos e baixa DMO), história pessoal de fratura prévia (11,6% com baixa DMO e nenhuma com DMO normal) e índice de massa corpórea. Maior frequência de obesidade foi observada entre mulheres com DMO normal (63%) quando comparadas àquelas com baixa DMO (26,1%; p<0,05).CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres na pós-menopausa tratadas de câncer de mama apresentaram elevada prevalência de baixa DMO (osteopenia e/ou osteoporose).

Análise filogenética de papilomavírus bovino associado com lesões cutâneas em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná

A infecção pelo papilomavírus bovino (BPV) causa lesões hiperplásicas no epitélio cutâneo dos animais. De acordo com a localização e as características morfológicas das lesões, os seis tipos de BPV são classificados em dois sub-grupos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar os tipos de BPV presentes em lesões cutâneas em bovinos de rebanhos do Estado do Paraná. Os primers degenerados FAP59 e FAP64 foram utilizados para a amplificação de um fragmento com 478 pb do gene L1 do BPV bovino em nove amostras de papilomas cutâneos obtidos de seis animais provenientes de quatro rebanhos bovinos do Estado. Em todas as amostras foi possível a amplificação de um produto com a massa molecular esperada. Por meio da análise filogenética das seqüências dos amplicons foi possível identificar o BPV-2 em três amostras, o BPV-1 em uma e o BPV-6 em cinco amostras de papilomas. O BPV-6 foi encontrado tanto em papilomas localizados no teto quanto em outras partes do corpo. Em um dos animais, do qual foram colhidas mais de uma amostra, foi detectada infecção concomitante do BPV-1 com o BPV-2. As cinco amostras positivas para o BPV-6 apresentaram 100% de identidade de nucleotídeos com a amostra padrão disponível no GenBank. No entanto, foram identificadas diferenças entre as amostras do BPV-2 e BPV-1 e aquelas depositadas neste banco de dados. Esse estudo demonstrou a diversidade de tipos do BPV circulantes em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná.

Identification of the recently described new type of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-8) in a Brazilian beef cattle herd

Bovine papillomavirus type 8 (BPV-8) was first detected and described in teat warts as well as in healthy teat skin from cattle raised in Japan. The entire viral genome was sequenced in 2007. Additionally, a variant of BPV-8, BPV-8-EB, was also identified from papillomatous lesions of a European bison in Slovakia. In Brazil, despite the relatively common occurrence of BPV infections, the identification and determination of viral types present in cattle is still sporadic. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the recently described BPV-8 in Brazil. The virus was identified in a skin warts obtained from a beef cattle herd located in Parana state, southern Brazil. The papilloma had a macular, non-verrucous gross aspect and was located on the dorsal thorax of a cow. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using generic primers for partial amplification of L1 gene. The obtained amplicon (480bp) was cloned and two selected clones were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was compared to existing papillomaviral genomic sequences, identifying the virus as BPV type 8. This study represents the first report of BPV-8 occurrence in Brazil, what suggests its presence among Brazilian cattle.

A musculatura epaxial e a fibrose epidural na compressão medular em cães submetidos à laminectomia dorsal modificada

O objetivo deste experimento foi isolar a musculatura epaxial da medula espinhal de cães submetidos à laminectomia dorsal modificada (LDM) e averiguar se os músculos influenciaram na formação da fibrose epidural, na compressão medular e no aparecimento dos sinais neurológicos. Para isso, dez cães hígidos foram submetidos à LDM entre as vértebras T13 e L1 e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos denominados controle (I) onde a medula espinhal permaneceu exposta sem a presença de implante, e tratado (II)onde foi colocado um im-plante a base de alumínio entre a musculatura epaxial adjacente e a medula espinhal exposta pela LDM. As avaliações constaram de exames neurológicos diários até 180 dias de pós-operatório (PO); mielografia, decorridos 15, 30 e 60 dias de PO; e avaliação macroscópica mediante a reintervenção cirúrgica. Não houve diferença durante as avaliações neurológicas. Aos 15 dias de PO, foi verificado na mielografia, que o grau de compressão da linha de contraste foi maior no grupo tratado (P<0,05) quando comparado ao grupo controle, não havendo diferença dos demais tempos estudados. Na avaliação macroscópica, pode-se observar que no Grupo II, a musculatura epaxial adjacente à medula espinhal não estava em contato com a fibrose epidural, diferentemente do grupo controle. O implante pôde ser removido facilmente e apresentava discreto grau de deformidade crânio-dorsal. Pode-se concluir que a musculatura epaxial adjacente é isolada da medula espinhal pelo implante à base de alumínio em cães submetidos à LDM, e esta não influencia na formação da fibrose epidural, compressão medular e no aparecimento dos sinais neurológicos.

Topografia do cone medular da preguiça

A anestesia caudal foi proposta pela primeira vez em 1926 e diversas técnicas foram desenvolvidas para anestesiar os nervos espinhais lombares e sacrais. Os métodos para anestesia epidural exigem conhecimento da anatomia da região envolvida. Desta forma, objetivou-se determinar a topografia do cone medular da preguiça (Bradipus variegatus), para fornecer recursos aos profissionais da área clínica para que, desta forma, seja possível a realização de anestesia epidural nesta espécie silvestre de nossa fauna. Foram dissecados quatro exemplares adultos de preguiça, dois machos e duas fêmeas que foram a óbito por causas naturais e obtidos junto ao Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém/Pará. Após a dissecação observou-se que o cone medular encontra-se entre as vértebras L3 e S1 com comprimento médio de 2,7cm, e a intumescência lombar apresentou comprimento médio de 1,0cm, estando localizada entre L1 e L3 nos quatro animais estudados. Desta forma, conclui-se que o melhor local para a realização de anestesia epidural na preguiça está entre as vértebras L1 e L3

Spinal cord compression in cattle after the use of an oily vaccine

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy in cattle associated with the improper use of an oil vaccine is described. Neurological signs were observed in 25 out of 3,000 cattle after 60 days of being vaccinated against foot and mouth disease. The clinical picture was characterized by progressive paralysis of the hind limbs, difficulty in standing up, and sternal recumbency during the course of 2-5 months. A filling defect between the L1 and L3 vertebrae was seen through myelography performed in one of the affected animals. A yellow-gray, granular and irregular mass was observed in four necropsied animals involving the spinal nerve roots and epidural space of the lumbar (L1-L4) spinal cord; the mass was associated with a whitish oily fluid. This fluid was also found in association with necrosis of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Microscopic changes in the epidural space, nerve roots, and spinal musculature were similar and consisted of granulomas or pyogranulomas around circular unstained spaces (vacuoles). These spaces were located between areas of severe diffuse hyaline necrosis of muscle fibers and resembled the drops of oil present in the vaccine.

Os ramos colaterais da aorta abdominal em jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis)

A jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) é uma das espécies de felino silvestre que pouco foi investigada quanto a sua morfologia. Assim, o estudo objetivou detalhar a origem e distribuição dos ramos colaterais da aorta abdominal deste animal. Avaliou-se dois exemplares, sendo um macho e uma fêmea, jovens, provenientes de Paragominas-PA, doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex pigmentado de vermelho e os cadáveres foram preservados com solução de formaldeído tamponado a 10%. A aorta abdominal do L. pardalis teve origem entre T12 e L1, sendo a artéria celíaca o primeiro ramo visceral no sentido crânio-caudal, resultando nas artérias hepática, gástrica esquerda e esplênica. A artéria mesentérica cranial surgiu como segundo ramo da aorta abdominal, originando as artérias jejunais. Na sequência localizamos artéria pancreáticoduodenal caudal, artérias ileais, artérias ileocólicas, artérias renais direita e esquerda, artérias adrenais direita e esquerda e artérias ováricas ou testiculares direita e esquerda. Parietalmente, a aorta abdominal originou em média seis ramos lombares, bem como a artéria frenicoabdominal, as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas e artérias ilíacas externa e interna. A aorta abdominal gerou ainda a artéria mesentérica caudal, a qual dividiu-se em artérias cólica esquerda e retal cranial. A artéria cólica esquerda seguiu cranialmente paralela ao cólon descendente irrigando-o, originando em média 18 ramos, e anastomosando-se com a artéria cólica média. A artéria retal cranial seguiu em direção caudal distribuindo oito ramos à porção final do cólon descendente e ao reto, e uniu-se com a artéria retal média. Por fim, a aorta abdominal emitiu como ramo terminal a artéria sacral mediana. A vascularização arterial abdominal desta espécie é bastante semelhante ao descrito em felinos domésticos e demais mamíferos, com diferenças quanto ao número de artérias jejunais e origem das artérias renais.

Identification of canine papillomavirus type 1 (CPV1) DNA in dogs with cutaneous papillomatosis

Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), also known as Canine Papillomavirus type 1 (CPV1), induces papillomas at the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and at the haired skin of dogs. The classification of Papillomavirus (PV) types is based on the L1 capsid protein and nucleotide sequence; so far, 14 CPV types have been described in several countries, but the molecular characterization of CPV in Brazil is lacking. This study investigated the presence of the PV in seven papillomas from four mixed breed dogs from Londrina/PR, Southern Brazil, by partial sequencing of the L1 gene. Seven exophytic cutaneous lesions were surgically removed and processed for histopathological and molecular characterization. Histopathology confirmed the lesions as viral papillomas due to typical histological features. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay using the FAP59 and FAP64 primers targeted the L1 gene followed by sequence analysis of the amplicons identified CPV1 in all evaluated papilloma samples. This study represents the first description of CPV1 DNA associated with canine papillomatosis in Brazil.

Caracterização molecular de DNA de Delta papillomavirus bovino (BPV1, 2 e 13) em sarcoides equinos

Resumo:Sarcoides são tumores fibroblásticos, considerados os tumores de pele mais comuns em pele de equinos e que raramente apresentam regressão espontânea. Papilomavírus bovino (BPV) tipos 1 e 2 são relacionados com a patogenia do sarcoide e, provavelmente, o BPV tipo 13 (BPV13), recentemente descrito, também pode estar associado com a formação dessa lesão. Neste estudo, 20 amostras de lesões cutâneas, sendo 12 constituídas por tecidos frescos e 8 amostras de tecido fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina, provenientes de 15 cavalos foram utilizadas para a identificação do DNA de BPV. A análise histopatológica (HE) confirmou todas as lesões como sarcoide. Para a amplificação do DNA de papilomavírus (PV) foram realizadas três reações de PCR. Como triagem, os primers IFNR2/IDNT2 foram utilizados para amplificar um fragmento da ORF L1 do PV. O segundo par de primersutilizado é complementar a sequência dos genes E5 e L2 de BPVs 1, 2 e 13. O terceiro par de primers(FAP59/FAP64) utilizado tem o gene L1 como alvo. A primeira e a segunda PCRs permitiram amplificar produtos em todas as amostras avaliadas. Entretanto, na terceira reação, na qual foram utilizados os primers FAP, foi possível amplificar produtos com tamanho molecular esperado somente nas amostras constituídas por tecidos frescos. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos e as análises filogenéticas realizadas nos fragmentos E5L2 resultaram na identificação de BPV1, 2 e 13 em 14 (70%), 2 (10%) e em 4 (20%) amostras de sarcoides, respectivamente. As amostras de sarcoides de um dos animais continha somente o DNA de BPV1. Entretanto, nas amostras provenientes do segundo cavalo foi possível identificar o DNA de três tipos de Deltapapillomavirus bovino (BPV1, 2 e 13) em lesões distintas. Este estudo ratifica a presença do DNA de BPV1, 2 e 13 em lesões de sarcoides em equinos, além de identificar três tipos de BPVs em um mesmo animal e descrever pela primeira vez no Brasil a presença de BPV1 e 2 nesse tipo de lesão.

Oestrus ovis infection of grazing sheep during summer in southern Chile

Abstract: Oestrus ovis is a botfly whose larvae cause nasal myiasis, an environmental-dependent disease in small ruminants, generating acute and chronic injuries in the cranial cavities of sheep. Chile is a country of the southernmost worldwide distribution of this parasite, and there is few information about. Whence, the objective of this study was to approximate the epidemiological situation of O. ovis infection in Chilean sheep. From December 2009 to March 2010, a total of 87 samples were obtained by necropsy for skull inspection. The larvae were collected, and microscopically identified. The prevalence in the sampled sheep was 60.9%. From those that were infected, 85.7% (18/21) of sheep were 1 to 3 years old, constituting the stratum with the highest prevalence. The difference of infection in females and males was not significant. The high risk of infection seems to be dependent upon the environmental conditions of this southern region, especially during summer when the first larval stage (L1) could be found as the evidence. Therefore, the disease should be considered as a significant problem for this kind of livestock production.

Sinningia allagophylla(Gesneriaceae): in vitro cultivation of a native plant of the Brazilian cerrado

We used axillary buds as initial explants for hormone interaction studies required for in vitro cultivation of S. allagophylla. Callus production was achieved on gelled Murashige & Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA= 0.1 and 0.5 mg.l­1 alone or combined with 6 benzylaminopurine) (BA= 0.01 and 0.1 mg.l-1). A hormone balance between IAA and BA that would encourage shoot bud development was not found. Nodal segments from axenic cultures grown in the presence of cytokinin (0.1 mg.1­1 of BA) without any auxin on MS medium with half-strength macronutrients were used as a standard explant source for subsequent experiments on optimum mineral culture media composition for S. allagophylla in vitro cultivation. We found that explants kept in vitro on gelled Gamborg et al. (B5) mineral composition culture medium showed better shoot and specially root growth than on MS medium. Comparisons of the ammonium and nitrate ratios of MS and B5 media indicate that B5 medium has a substantial reduced ammonium ion when compared to MS medium, as well as a lower total nitrogen level. The growth response pattern obtained in vitro may be evidence of the adaptation of this species to soils of poor mineral composition as found in the Brazilian cerrado, as well as an indication that nitrogen levels play a key role for S. allagophylla growth.

Induction of Fos protein immunoreactivity by spinal cord contusion

The objective of the present study was to identify neurons in the central nervous system that respond to spinal contusion injury in the rat by monitoring the expression of the nuclear protein encoded by the c-fos gene, an activity-dependent gene, in spinal cord and brainstem regions. Rats were anesthetized with urethane and the injury was produced by dropping a 5-g weight from 20.0 cm onto the exposed dura at the T10-L1 vertebral level (contusion group). The spinal cord was exposed but not lesioned in anesthetized control animals (laminectomy group); intact animals were also subjected to anesthesia (intact control). Behavioral alterations were analyzed by Tarlov/Bohlman scores, 2 h after the procedures and the animals were then perfused for immunocytochemistry. The patterns of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) which were site-specific, reproducible and correlated with spinal laminae that respond predominantly to noxious stimulation or injury: laminae I-II (outer substantia gelatinosa) and X and the nucleus of the intermediolateral cell column. At the brain stem level FLI was detected in the reticular formation, area postrema and solitary tract nucleus of lesioned animals. No Fos staining was detected by immunocytochemistry in the intact control group. However, detection of FLI in the group submitted to anesthesia and surgical procedures, although less intense than in the lesion group, indicated that microtraumas may occur which are not detected by the Tarlov/Bohlman scores. There is both a local and remote effect of a distal contusion on the spinal cord of rats, implicating sensory neurons and centers related to autonomic control in the reaction to this kind of injury.

Epidemiological and functional implications of molecular variants of human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus genomes are classified into molecular variants when they present more than 98% of similarity to the prototype sequence within the L1 gene. Comparative nucleotide sequence analyses of these viruses have elucidated some features of their phylogenetic relationship. In addition, human papillomavirus intratype variability has also been used as an important tool in epidemiological studies of viral transmission, persistence and progression to clinically relevant cervical lesions. Until the present, little has been published concerning the functional significance of molecular variants. It has been shown that nucleotide variability within the long control region leads to differences in the binding affinity of some cellular transcriptional factors and to the enhancement of the expression of E6 and E7 oncogenes. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies revealed differences in E6 and E7 biochemical and biological properties among molecular variants. Nevertheless, further correlation with additional functional information is needed to evaluate the significance of genome intratypic variability. These results are also important for the development of vaccines and to determine the extent to which immunization with L1 virus-like particles of one variant could induce antibodies that cross-neutralize other variants.

Behavioral and physiological methods for early quantitative assessment of spinal cord injury and prognosis in rats

Methods for reliable evaluation of spinal cord (SC) injury in rats at short periods (2 and 24 h) after lesion were tested to characterize the mechanisms implicated in primary SC damage. We measured the physiological changes occurring after several procedures for producing SC injury, with particular emphasis on sensorimotor functions. Segmental and suprasegmental reflexes were tested in 39 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g divided into three control groups that were subjected to a) anesthesia, b) dissection of soft prevertebral tissue, and c) laminectomy of the vertebral segments between T10 and L1. In the lesion group the SC was completely transected, hemisected or subjected to vertebral compression. All animals were evaluated 2 and 24 h after the experimental procedure by the hind limb motility index, Bohlman motor score, open-field, hot-plate, tail flick, and paw compression tests. The locomotion scale proved to be less sensitive than the sensorimotor tests. A reduction in exploratory movements was detected in the animals 24 h after the procedures. The hot-plate was the most sensitive test for detecting sensorimotor deficiencies following light, moderate or severe SC injury. The most sensitive and simplest test of reflex function was the hot-plate. The hemisection model promoted reproducible moderate SC injury which allowed us to quantify the resulting behavior and analyze the evolution of the lesion and its consequences during the first 24 h after injury. We conclude that hemisection permitted the quantitation of behavioral responses for evaluation of the development of deficits after lesions. Hind limb evaluation scores and spontaneous exploration events provided a sensitive index of immediate injury effects after SC lesion at 2 and 24 h. Taken together, locomotion scales, open-field, and hot-plate tests represent reproducible, quantitatively sensitive methods for detecting functional deficiencies within short periods of time, indicating their potential for the study of cellular mechanisms of primary injury and repair after traumatic SC injury.

Impact of marked weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on bone mineral density and remodeling

Data about the impact of bariatric surgery (BS) and subsequent weight loss on bone are limited. The objective of the present study was to determine bone mineral density (BMD), bone remodeling metabolites and hormones that influence bone trophism in premenopausal women submitted to BS 9.8 months, on average, before the study (OGg, N = 16). The data were compared to those obtained for women of normal weight (CG, N = 11) and for obese women (OG, N = 12). Eight patients in each group were monitored for one year, with the determination of BMD, of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and osteocalcin, and of urinary calcium and deoxypyridinoline. The biochemical determinations were repeated every three months in the longitudinal study and BMD was measured at the end of the study. Parathyroid hormone levels were similar in the three groups. IGF-I levels (CG = 332 ± 62 vs OG = 230 ± 37 vs OGg = 128 ± 19 ng/mL) were significantly lower in the operated patients compared to the non-operated obese women. Only OGg patients presented a significant fall in BMD of 6.2% at L1-L4, of 10.2% in the femoral neck, and of 5.1% in the forearm. These results suggest that the weight loss induced by BS is associated with a significant loss of bone mass even at sites that are not influenced by weight overload, with hormonal factors such as IGF-I being associated with this process.