FIRST REPORT OF ACUTE CHAGAS DISEASE BY VECTOR TRANSMISSION IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Chagas disease (CD) is an endemic anthropozoonosis from Latin America of which the main means of transmission is the contact of skin lesions or mucosa with the feces of triatomine bugs infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. In this article, we describe the first acute CD case acquired by vector transmission in the Rio de Janeiro State and confirmed by parasitological, serological and PCR tests. The patient presented acute cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade. Together with fever and malaise, a 3 cm wide erythematous, non-pruritic, papule compatible with a "chagoma" was found on his left wrist. This case report draws attention to the possible transmission of CD by non-domiciled native vectors in non-endemic areas. Therefore, acute CD should be included in the diagnostic workout of febrile diseases and acute myopericarditis in Rio de Janeiro.

FIRST CASE OF HUMAN INFECTION BY Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891) Stunkard,1940 (Cestoda; Anoplocephalidae) IN BRAZIL

SUMMARY Cestodes of the Bertiella genus are parasites of non-human primates found in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Species Bertiella studeri and Bertiella mucronatacould, accidentally, infect human beings. The infection occurs from ingestion of mites from the Oribatida order containing cysticercoid larvae of the parasite. The objective of this report is to register the first case of human infection by Bertiella studeri in Brazil. Proglottids of the parasite, found in the stool sample of a two-and-a-half-year-old child, were fixed, stained and microscopically observed to evaluate its morphological characteristics. Eggs obtained from the proglottids were also studied. The gravid proglottids examined matched the description of the genus Bertiella. The eggs presented a round shape, with the average diameter of 43.7 µm, clearly showing the typical pyriform apparatus of B. studeri. The authors concluded that the child was infected with Bertiella studeri,based on Stunkard's (1940) description of the species. This is the fifth case of human Bertiellosis described in Brazil through morphometric analysis of the parasite, the third in Minas Gerais State and the first diagnosed case of Bertiella studeriin Brazil.

CHAGASIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN AN HIV INFECTED PATIENT WITH MODERATE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: PROLONGED SURVIVAL AND CHALLENGES IN THE HAART ERA

The reactivation of Chagas disease in HIV infected patients presents high mortality and morbidity. We present the case of a female patient with confirmed Chagasic meningoencephalitis as AIDS-defining illness. Interestingly, her TCD4+ lymphocyte cell count was 318 cells/mm3. After two months of induction therapy, one year of maintenance with benznidazol, and early introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the patient had good clinical, parasitological and radiological evolution. We used a qualitative polymerase chain reaction for the monitoring of T. cruzi parasitemia during and after the treatment. We emphasize the potential value of molecular techniques along with clinical and radiological parameters in the follow-up of patients with Chagas disease and HIV infection. Early introduction of HAART, prolonged induction and maintenance of antiparasitic therapy, and its discontinuation are feasible, in the current management of reactivation of Chagas disease.

Contribuição à epidemiologia das uretrites gonocócicas no Estado da Guanabara

Foram estudados 263 casos de uretrites gonocócicas no sexo masculino, casos constantes dos arquivos do Centro Médico Sanitário da III Região Administrativa do Estado da Guanabara e selecionados ao acaso, sendo escolhidos os casos de tratamento encerrado. Todos os casos foram diagnosticados por bacterioscopia e ocorreram entre janeiro de 1968 e junho de 1969. A maioria dos casos ocorreu nos pacientes mais jovens (20 a 24 anos) e solteiros, de ocupações variadas, porém de classe sócio-econômica inferior. O tempo de incubação mais encontrado foi de 4 dias (58,9%) e o modo de contágio mais freqüente foi evidentemente o contato sexual (250 casos). Cêrca de 90% dos casos curaram-se antes de 2 meses, sendo que o medicamento mais usado no combate da blenorragia foi a penicilina, tendo havido porém 49 casos que não responderam bem a êste antibiótico, tendo sido curados com outros medicamentos. Ocorreu uma complicação comprovada da uretrite gonocócica, que foi uma orquite, e ressaltou-se a associação da gonorréia com outras doenças, especialmente com o cancro de Ducrey, o que ocorreu em 6 casos (2,2%).

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis: comparative study of RSV groups A and B infected children

The grouping characteristics of 29 respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) present in nasopharyngeal cells collectedfrom hospitalized children with bronchiolitis during the 1990RSVseason in Porto Alegre, RS, were analysed. Twenty-two were grouped as belonging to group A and 7 to group B. Cyanosis, oxigen therapy, cough, lenght of hospitalization and atelectasis were observed to be more frequently found within group B infected children. Other clinical signs and symptoms were similarly found in both groups.

Control of parasitic infections among school children in the peri-urban area of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil

Tide prevalence of intestinal parasitosis ivas investigated in a primaiy school located in Rubiâo Júnior, a peri-urban district of Botucatu, São Paulo slate, Brazil, in order to assess the effect of treatment and practical measures of prophylaxis in the control of parasitic infections among 7-to- 18-year-old school children of a low socio-economic status. The first series of parasitological examinations included 219 school children, ef which 123 (56.1 %) were found to be infected with one or more parasite species. Eighty- four children canying pathogenic parasites were submitted to various anti-parasitic treatment schedules. We re-evaluated 15 (89 %) students after 4 to 6 months post- chemotherapy. The results indicate that the combination of treatment with prophylactic measures has been successful in the control of parasitic infections, since reinfection rates were generally low (< 5-3 %), except for Giardia lamblia infections (18.6 %), and a marked reduction oti the prevalence rates was obsewed with a significant percentage of cure (> 73-1 %) in children infected with most parasite species. The reasons for the apparent failure in the control of infections caused by Hymenolepis nana and Strongyloides stercoralis are discussed.

Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in São Paulo, Brazil

Ticks were collected from vegetation and animals at monthly intervals during one year (1993-1994) in an endemic area of Brazilian spotted fever in the County of Pedreira, State of São Paulo. Six species of ticks were identified Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma cooperi, Amblyomma triste, Anocentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus microplus. Only the first species was sufficiently numerous to permit a quantitative study with seasonal activity, although the distribution and source of capture of other species were observed and are reported. This information is correlated with the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsiosis.

Serum cytokines in chronic Chagas' disease

We studied the serum levels of IL-2, IFN-g and TNF in different clinical forms of Chagas' disease and in patients clinically compensated and decompensated. Cytokines measured in 91 patients with the chronic form of the disease did not differ from those of 13 normal individuals, suggesting the absence of activation of the TH1 pattern of lymphocyte response. There were no statistical differences among the 17 patients in the indeterminate form of the disease, the patients presenting either early (n = 4) or well-developed signs of cardiomyopathy (n = 62), the digestive (n = 4) or the mixed (n = 4) forms of the disease. Serum TNF was undetectable and IFN-g levels did not differ between clinical forms and severities of Chagas' disease. However, we found IL-2 higher levels in the 25 non-controlled patients than in the 66 controlled individuals (p < 0,001). We suggest that IL-2 dosage may be useful as an indicator of the need for more aggressive procedures.

Filariose bancroftiana em áreas urbanas do Estado de Alagoas, nordeste do Brasil: estudo em população geral

Com objetivo de estudar a situação da filariose linfática em Alagoas, foi realizado um inquérito hemoscópico na população geral de áreas urbanas das três diferentes regiões fisiográficas do estado. Dos 101 municípios, foram pesquisados aleatoriamente 10, sendo a bancroftose detectada somente na capital, Maceió. Em um estudo seccional feito com a população geral de 4 bairros desta cidade foram examinados 10.973 indivíduos sendo detectados 226 microfilarêmicos, com prevalências nos bairros variando de 0 a 5,4%. Tanto a prevalência de microfilarêmicos como a microfilaremia média foram significativamente maiores em indivíduos do sexo masculino. Entre os examinados não nascidos em Maceió, o tempo de residência na área endêmica foi significativamente maior entre microfilarêmicos que entre amicrofilarêmicos. Baseado nestes dados, medidas de controle já foram implementadas visando a eliminação da filariose linfática na região.

Acometimento cardíaco em pacientes com doença de Chagas aguda em microepidemia familiar, em Abaetetuba, na Amazônia Brasileira

Os autores mostram os principais achados clínicos relativos ao acometimento cardíaco, em pacientes portadores de doença de Chagas aguda em mais um episódio de microepidemia familiar na Amazônia brasileira. Foram estudados 13 pacientes com doença de Chagas aguda, procedentes do município de Abaetetuba-PA e submetidos à avaliação clínica e cardiológica, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. As extra-sístoles supraventriculares e/ou ventriculares ocorreram em 38,5% dos casos. Bloqueios de ramo direito e bloqueios átrio-ventriculares de 1º e 2º graus, foram encontrados em 30,8% dos doentes. Chamam atenção dois achados no ecodopplercardiograma: derrame pericárdico e imagem sugestiva de formação aneurismática em dois pacientes respectivamente. Os achados revelam comprometimento cardíaco agudo, com evidências de miocardiopatia e alterações no sistema de condução do coração, havendo similaridade com a descrição da doença em áreas endêmicas.

Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central em paciente sem evidência de imunossupressão: relato de caso

O quadro clínico da toxoplasmose adquirida em pacientes imunocompetentes habitualmente não inclui manifestações neurológicas focais, o que é freqüente em pacientes imunodeprimidos, como aqueles com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma paciente adulta que apresentou abscessos cerebrais por Toxoplasma gondii, sem evidência de qualquer fator causador de imunossupressão.

Panstrongylus megistus em ecótopos artificiais de ilhas do Alto Rio Paraná

Em resposta a denúncias de triatomíneos em ilhas do Alto Rio Paraná foram investigados 145 ecótopos artificiais e 4 (2,8%) deles encontravam-se infestados: residência, "clube", ex-escola e monte de madeira. Foram analisados 17 de 35 P. megistus coletados; 12 (70,6%) apresentavam-se infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi. Ave e roedor constituíram as fontes alimentares mais comuns. Todos os exames sorológicos (56 de humanos, 18 de cães e 10 de gatos) foram negativos.

Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among children in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Although acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of child morbidity and mortality in Southern Brazil, little information is available on their seasonality and viral etiology. This study was conducted on children under 5 years of age with ARI to assess viral etiology in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, from 1990 to 1992. A total of 862 nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples were tested using indirect immunofluorescence. The results showed that 316 (36.6%) NPS samples were positive: 26.2% for RSV, 6% for adenovirus, 1.7% for influenzaviruses, 1.5% for parainfluenzaviruses, and 1.2% for mixed infection. The mean viral prevalence rates in out-patient services, emergency wards, and in-patient hospital wards were 26.7%, 53% and 42.3%, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus accounted for 91.4 % of the viral diagnoses. RSV was more frequent in children under one year of age at the three levels of health care and was prevalent in infants under six months. Adenovirus was the most prevalent pathogen in hospitalized children, in 1992. Influenza A virus showed an increased prevalence with age among out-patient children. This study shows the annual occurence of viral respiratory infections in the coldest months, with a significant annual variation in the frequency of RSV infection.

In vitro evaluation of verapamil and other modulating agents in Brazilian chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates

Verapamil, was assayed to record its modulating effect upon Brazilian Plasmodium falciparum isolates resistant to chloroquine. Other cardiovascular drugs known to be modulating agents in resistant malaria and/or multidrug-resistant neoplasias, including nifedipine, nitrendipine, diltiazem and propranolol, were also evaluated. Concentrations similar to those for cardiovascular therapy were used in the in vitro microtechnique for antimalarial drug susceptibility. Intrinsic antiplasmodial activity was observed from the lowest concentrations without a significant modulating action. Other reported modulating agents, such as the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine and the antidepressants desipramine and imipramine, demonstrated similar responses under the same experimental conditions. Results suggest a much higher susceptibility of Brazilian strains, as well as an indifferent behaviour in relation to modulating agents.