Aproveitamento tecnológico do "mel de cacau" (Theobroma cacao L) na produção de geleia sem adição de açúcar

O "mel de cacau" é uma denominação regional do líquido transparente extraído da polpa do cacau, que cobre as sementes, antes do processo de fermentação do cacau. Este material é atrativo do ponto de vista de seus aspectos sensorial e tecnológico; entretanto, seu uso para o consumo ainda é restrito. O propósito deste estudo foi produzir geleia dietética usando o "mel de cacau" e realizar a caracterização química e sensorial dos produtos. Para a preparação das geleias, foram usados os seguintes ingredientes: pectina de baixo grau de metoxilação, polidextrose, sorbitol, maltitol, fosfato tricálcico, sorbato de potássio e cacau em pó. As geleias dietéticas estudadas foram: F1 (0,0015% taumatina e 0,005% sucralose); F2 (0,0015% taumatina e 0,002% acessulfame-k); F3 (0,005% sucralose e 0,002% acessulfame-k). Foi produzido, também, um tratamento-controle (com 40,0% de sacarose). Os dados químicos e sensoriais foram analisados por ANOVA, teste de Tukey e Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O tratamento F3 (sucralose e acessulfame-k) foi a geleia dietética preferida dos consumidores. Esta diferiu significativamente (p<0.05) dos tratamentos F1 (taumatina e sucralose) e F2 (taumatina e acessulfame-k) em relação aos atributos cor, aroma de chocolate, gosto doce, gosto ácido, sabor de chocolate e consistência; obteve, também, maior nota para intenção de compra. O uso do adoçante taumatina mostrou-se inadequado por não prover doçura à geleia de "mel de cacau". Os resultados indicaram a viabilidade do aproveitamento tecnológico do "mel de cacau" como matéria-prima na preparação de geleia dietética, que apresentou boas características sensoriais e nutricionais.

AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE PÃO COM ADIÇÃO DE FARINHA E PURÊ DA BANANA VERDE

RESUMO Banana, Musa sp,. é uma das frutas mais consumidas em todo o mundo, e o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais. A farinha de banana verde apresenta os maiores teores de amido resistente, quando comparada à banana madura. Estas características tornam a farinha de banana verde (FBV) e purê de banana verde (PBV) excelentes matérias-primas, capazes de aumentar o conteúdo de fibra alimentar (FA) nos alimentos adicionados, aumentando o apelo funcional. No presente estudo, pães foram preparados com diferentes percentuais de farinha e purê de banana verde (10%, 20% e 30%), em substituição à farinha de trigo e avaliada a qualidade do pão em função da altura, volume, rendimento, tempo de fermentação, a percentagem de umidade, cor da crosta/miolo e reologia do produto final. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativaentre o rendimento e o teor de umidade das formulações. Pães que foram preparados com FBV e PBV resultaram em produtos mais escuros em relação ao padrão, e a luminosidade (L*) diminuiu com o aumento do nível de substituição. Pães com 10% de FBV e até 20% de PBV não diferiram estatisticamente do padrão em relação à dureza. Estes resultados sugerem a viabilidade da aplicação dessas matérias-primas (FBV e PBV) em pães, o que, em função das caracteristicas já demonstradas em pesquisas, poderá elevar o valor nutricional desse tradicional alimento.

Influência da adição de defloculante, ligante e partículas de alumina no comportamento reológico de suspensões a base de frita e caulim

Enamel suspensions were characterized according to their rheological behavior. The suspensions presented a pseudoplastic behavior, yield stress and thixotropy, with or without the presence of deffloculant. Added carboxymethylcellulose increases the apparent viscosity of enamel suspensions and interacts complexly with the deffloculant, here sodium silicate. Addition of crystalline particles of two types of alumina, used to improve the wear resistance of ceramic glazes, also change strongly the rheological behavior of the suspensions. Added high specific area, irregular alumina particles produce a higher increase of the apparent viscosity of enamel suspensions compared to rounded ones.

Efeito da adição de Na2O na viscosidade e devitrificação do vidro obtido a partir de cinzas volantes e Li2O

Glass-ceramic materials can be produced by the addition of LiO2 to fly ashes disposible in Southern Brazil. These glass-ceramics are based on the Al2O3-SiO2-Li 2O system. The high viscosity of the obtained glasses, however, makes forming useful articles with these materials difficult. In this study we investigate the effect of adding low cost Na2CO3 on the melt viscosity and on the nature of the developed crystalline phases. It was intended that the ultimate crystalline phase (LiAlSi3O8) should not be altered. With additions up to 3 wt. % Na2CO3, the viscosity was apparently lowered and no new crystalline phase were detected.

Aspectos mecanísticos da adição de Michael

The Michael addition reaction has been reported as a conventional nucleophilic process. However, more recently, alternative mechanisms involving electron transfer between acceptor and donnor species have been proposed.

Estudo microestrutural do catalisador Ni/gama-Al2O3: efeito da adição de CeO2 na reforma do metano com dióxido de carbono

The carbon dioxide reforming of methane was carried out over nickel catalysts supported on the gamma-Al2O3/CeO2 system prepared by wet impregnation. With the increase of the CeO2 weight in the catalyst, a higher stability was observed in the catalytic activity, together with an excellent resistance to carbon deposition and a better Ni dispersion. The catalysts were characterized by means of surface area measurements, TPR, H2 chemisorption, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS and TEM. An interaction between Ni and CeO2 was observed to the Ni/CeO2 sample after activation in a H2 atmosphere above 300 ºC. Such behavior has a significantly influence on the catalytic activity.

Aspectos regio- e estereoquímicos da adição de Michael assimétrica via iminas quirais com centros estereogênicos pré-existentes

The asymmetric Michael addition reactions using chiral imines, under neutral conditions (deracemizing alkylation process), constitute one of the main methods for the stereocontrolled elaboration of quaternary carbon centers. This protocol is based on the conjugate addition of secondary chiral enamines to electron-deficient alkenes. The focus of this report deals with the discussion of regio- and stereochemical aspects of the deracemizing alkylation process concerning enamines bearing a resident chiral center.

Digestão de óleo lubrificante encapsulado em forno de microondas com radiação focalizada por adição de amostra ao reagente pré-aquecido

The applicability of the recently proposed procedure based on gradual sample addition to microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated acid is limited by the sample viscosity. In this work, lubricating oil samples with high viscosity were encapsulated and manually added to the microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated digestion mixture. The procedure was applied for determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, W, and Zn in lubricating oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Determined and certified values for Ca, Mg, P, and Zn in lubricating oil were in agreement at a 95% confidence level.

Influência da adição de plastificante do processo de reticulação na morfologia, absorção de aguá e propriedades mecânicas de filmes de alginato de sódio

The effects of sorbitol and formaldehyde on the morphology, water absorption and mechanical properties of sodium alginate films were analyzed. The morphology of the films indicated the presence of small aggregates in the surface of uncrosslinked films, which disappeared with the crosslinking process. The water uptake and percentage of elongation increased with the addition of sorbitol in uncrosslinked films. At the same time, a decrease in tensile strength and Young's modulus occurred. The swelling ratio and water uptake of crosslinked alginate/sorbitol films decreased with an increase in sorbitol content suggesting an enhanced crosslinking density due to the presence of plasticizer.

Indução assimétrica 1,5-Anti na adição de enolatos de boro de metilcetonas beta-oxigenadas a aldeídos

High levels of substrate-based 1,5-stereoinduction are obtained in the boron-mediated aldol reactions of beta-oxygenated methyl ketones with achiral and chiral aldehydes. Remote induction from the boron enolates gives the 1,5-anti adducts, with the enolate pi-facial selectivity critically dependent upon the nature of the beta-alkoxy protecting group. This 1,5-anti aldol methodology has been strategically employed in the total synthesis of several natural products. At present, the origin of the high level of 1,5-anti induction obtained with the boron enolates is unclear, although a model based on a hydrogen bonding between the alkoxy oxygen and the formyl hydrogen has been recently proposed.

Reação entre fenilnitrometanos e enoato derivado do D-manitol na presença de TBAF ou DBU: adição conjugada sin-seletiva e reação de NEF consecutiva

A tandem syn-selective conjugate addition - Nef reaction was observed when phenylnitromethane and oxygenated derivatives were allowed to react with an enoate derived from D-mannitol at rt in the presence of TBAF or DBU. While nitro-adducts predominate after 4h of reaction, the corresponding ketones were the main products after 12-24h of reaction. The Nef reaction occurred without racemization of the stereogenic center generated in the conjugate addition step.

O ensino de reações orgânicas usando química computacional: I. reações de adição eletrofílica a alquenos

Basic concepts that play an important role in some organic reactions are revisited in this paper, which reports a pedagogical experience involving undergraduate and graduate students. A systematic procedure has been applied in order to use widespread available computational tools. This paper aims to discuss the use of computers in teaching electrophilic addition reactions to alkenes. Two classical examples have been investigated: addition to non-conjugated alkenes and addition to conjugated dienes. The results were compared with those normally discussed in organic textbooks. Several important concepts, such as conformational analysis and energy control (kinetic and thermodynamic) involved in reaction mechanisms can be taught more efficiently if one connects theoretical and practical tools.

Efeito da adição de precursores na produção de alcaloide anticancerígeno usando a técnica de planejamento experimental

The effect of precursors on the anticancer alkaloid production by submerged fermentation using M. anisopliae 3935 was studied, according to complete experimental design 2² with three central points. The results showed that lysine was the most important variable, however, when both lysine and glucose were added to the fermentation medium, the alkaloid production reached, approximately, 17 mg L-1 after 120 hours of fermentation. Then, the scale-up of the process was carried out and these results were confirmed. Finally, 35 mg L-1 of alkaloid at 192 h were attained after increment of added aminoacid lysine.

Efeitos da adição de átomos de Mn na rede do GaN via métodos de estrutura eletrônica

A computational method to simulate the changes in the electronic structure of Ga1-xMn xN was performed in order to improve the understanding of the indirect contribution of Mn atoms. This periodic quantum-mechanical method is based on density functional theory at B3LYP level. The electronic structures are compared with experimental data of the absorption edge of the GaMnN. It was observed that the indirect influence of Mn through the structural parameters can account for the main part of the band gap variation for materials in the diluted regime (x<0.08), and is still significant for higher compositions (x~0.18).

Propriedades reológicas e efeito da adição de sal na viscosidade de exopolissacarídeos produzidos por bactérias do gênero Rhizobium

Viscosity of some polysaccharide solutions supports that these molecules can be applied in food sectors. Four exopolysaccharides (R1, R2, R3, R4) produced by different Rhizobium strains were selected. Sugar composition and differences in the uronic acid contents suggests that chemical structure of these molecules can vary when different culture conditions and strains are analyzed. The Power Law was the rheological model used to represent the experimental data of shear stress versus shear rate. All exopolysaccharides showed non-Newtonian behavior, with pseudoplastic characteristics. R1, R2 and R4 showed a slight increase in viscosity in the presence of 0,2 M NaCl.