Mucosectomia esofágica no tratamento do megaesôfago avançado: análise de 60 casos

A ressecção do esôfago sem toracotomia vem sendo utilizada com maior freqüência, nos últimos anos, para as afecções benignas, sobretudo no megaesôfago avançado. A vantagem dessa via de acesso é a de evitar o comprometimento da dinâmica pulmonar, mas, entretanto, podendo haver abertura da pleura, com o conseqüente hemopneumotórax, além da potencial agressão a outros órgãos mediastinais com morbidade pós-operatória muitas vezes expressiva. Por sua vez, no megaesôfago avançado, a esofagite de estase predispõe à instalação de carcinoma. Com base nessas considerações, foi proposta, previamente em animais e cadáver humano, a retirada da mucosa-submucosa do esôfago, mediante sua invaginação completa, sem toracotomia. Os resultados satisfatórios estimularam a continuação nessa linha de pesquisa, iniciando-se a experiência na área clínica. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo demonstrar o resultado do pós-operatório imediato, a técnica de retirada da mucosa do esôfago pelo descolamento submucoso, conservando a túnica muscular intacta no mediastino. O procedimento foi realizado pela via cervicoabdominal em 60 pacientes portadores de megaesôfago graus III ou IV. Efetuou-se a reconstrução do trânsito grastrintestinal transpondo o estômago pelo mediastino posterior, por dentro da túnica muscular esofágica ou pela via retroesternal. O estudo permitiu concluir: 1) a ressecção da mucosa pelo plano submucoso, mediante a invaginação, mostrou ser de execução simples e viável em 98,4% dos casos; 2) ausência de sangramento, no intra ou no pós-operatório imediato, cuja origem fosse do leito da túnica muscular esofágica remanescente ao nível mediastinal; 3) baixa incidência de complicações pleuropulmonares - 5,0%.

Esofagectomia transhiatal laparoscópica para o tratamento do megaesôfago avançado: análise de 60 casos

OBJETIVO: Utilizamos esta pesquisa para estudar e demonstrar que a esofagectomia subtotal através do acesso laparoscópico e transmediastinal para o preparo do estômago, dissecção do esôfago, abdominal e torácico, e cervicotomia esquerda para retirada da peça e anastomose esôfago-gástrica é facultativa e segura no tratamento do megaesôfago avançado. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas 60 esofagectomias transhiatais por laparoscopia de setembro de 1996 até dezembro de 2006 (10 casos com preservação dos nervos vagos). A idade média dos pacientes foi 56,4 anos (18 - 76) e antes da operação foram submetidos à sorologia para T. cruzi, esofagograma, endoscopia digestiva de alta resolução, eletromanometria, ultrassom de vesícula biliar e pHmetria de 24 horas, avaliação nutricional, fisioterapia respiratória e suporte nutricional através de sonda nasoenteral. As indicações para o tratamento cirúrgico foram: megaesôfago avançado, diagnosticado radiologicamente e manometricamente, recidiva de megaesôfago após operação envolvendo a junção esôfago-gástrica e associação com disfagia acentuada e/ou neoplasia. O acompanhamento foi de 6 a 118 meses. RESULTADOS: Não houve mortalidade, o tempo médio das operações foi de 160 minutos (110 - 325) e houve melhora de todos os parâmetros avaliados. Doze dos 60 pacientes (20%) apresentaram complicações. Ocorreram oito casos de hemopneumotórax (13,34%), três casos de estase gástrica (5%), quatro casos de fístula cervical (6,67%) com resolução clínica e nove casos de disfonia (15%). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados observados na esofagectomia transhiatal laparoscópica foram satisfatórios. Demonstraram que a técnica é segura e traz excelentes resultados pós-operatórios.

Comparative study of the different degrees of risk of gastrointestinal stromal tumor

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability of the main categories of risk and morphological factors in the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. METHODS: we retrospectively studied fifty-four cases of GIST, assessing the main prognostic factors of this neoplasis: risk levels, topography, size, mitotic index, necrosis, histological subtype and immunophenotype. We also verified their association and the reduction of overall survival. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that tumors with mitoses number greater than 5 per 50CGA (high-power fields), the presence of necrosis and a high risk for both the systems proposed by Fletcher and Miettinen had a significant association with reduced survival (p = 0.00001, 0.0056, 0.03 and 0.009, respectively). The remaining analyzed factors (size, histological subtype, topography and immunophenotype) had no such association. Multivariate analysis (Jacard index) showed that the Miettinen degree of risk was the one that best correlated with prognosis. CONCLUSION: the risk criteria of Fletcher and Miettinen are important in assessing the prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, especially the latter, which adds to the mitotic index and the presence of tumor necrosis.

Profile of hip arthroplasty patients in a teaching hospital

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing hip replacement, primary or revisional. METHODS: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive study, including hip arthroplasties performed from January 2009 to June 2012 in a Belo Horizonte teaching hospital, Minas Gerais State - MG, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: orthopedic procedures represented 45% of the operations at the hospital in the period, 1.4% hip arthroplasties. There were 125 hip replacements, 85 total, 27 partial and 13 reviews. Among the patients, 40% were male and 60% were female. Age ranged between 20 and 102 years, mean and median of 73 and 76 years, respectively. The most frequent diagnosis (82%) was femoral neck fracture by low-energy trauma caused by falling form standing position. In 13 revision operations, 12 required removal of the prosthesis. The infectious complication led to revision in 54% of the time, followed by dislocation (15%), peri-prosthetic fracture (15%) and aseptic loosening (15%). The infection etiologic agent was identified in 43% of occasions. The average length of the prosthesis to a revision operation was eight months. CONCLUSION: patients undergoing hip arthroplasty are elderly, with femoral neck fracture caused by falling form standing position, affecting more women. The incidence of hip prosthesis loosening was 10%. The main cause of the infection was loosening. The incidence of revisional hip arthroplasty was 10% and the incidence of hospital mortality in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty was 7.2%.

Atividade física e qualidade de vida em mulheres com 60 anos ou mais: fatores associados

OBJETIVO: avaliar o nível de atividade física, a qualidade de vida e os fatores associados em mulheres com 60 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 271 mulheres frequentadoras de um centro de lazer e de mulheres atendidas no Ambulatório de Menopausa em Campinas (SP). As mulheres foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa, que foi realizada com o uso de entrevistas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), versão 8, modificado para a população idosa para avaliar o nível de atividade física, e o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde, específico para este grupo (WHOQOL-OLD), para avaliar o escore de qualidade de vida. Os resultados do IPAQ foram avaliados por meio de tercis, e a associação entre resultados do WHOQOL-OLD e IPAQ e características das mulheres pelos testes t de Student/Mann-Whitney e de análises múltiplas. RESULTADOS: a média etária das mulheres foi de 67,4±5,3 anos. Destas, 33% foram classificadas como pouco ativas. A análise de cada domínio da atividade física mostrou que 60,8% do tempo foi gasto em atividade sentada (1.701,6±986,1 minutos/semana). Ser frequentadora de um centro de lazer, ter maior idade, sem companheiro, maior escolaridade e boa autopercepção do estado de saúde, sem antecedentes de doenças e maior renda foram características que se associaram significativamente à prática de exercícios físicos de intensidade moderada/vigorosa. A análise múltipla evidenciou que frequentar um centro de lazer em Campinas (SP) e ter 70 anos ou mais aumentaram a chance de praticar exercícios físicos de intensidade moderada ou vigorosa, respectivamente, em 11,4 vezes e 2,8 vezes. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 66,9±11,7. O maior valor foi observado no domínio referente às habilidades sensoriais (72,0±18,8), e o menor no que se refere à autonomia (60,3±16,2). A regressão linear mostrou que a boa autopercepção da saúde aumentou o escore de qualidade de vida em 7,3 pontos; o uso de maior número de medicamentos diminuiu em 4,4 pontos; e a prática de exercícios físicos moderados ou vigorosos aumentou em 4,8 pontos o referido escore. CONCLUSÕES: as mulheres despendem muito tempo na posição sentada. Evidenciou-se a importância da prática de exercícios físicos de intensidade moderada/vigorosa contribuindo para a obtenção de uma boa qualidade de vida.

Acetabular deepening in the treatment of severe canine hip dysplasia

A technique to restore acetabular anatomy by deepening the acetabular cavity and reconstructing the femoral head ligament and the joint capsule was tested on nine large breed dogs with severe hip dysplasia and acute subdislocation or dislocation. The technique consisted of two phases. First, all dogs were submitted to bilateral pectinotomy. In a second surgical intervention on the same dogs the acetabulum was approached and deepened, and the femoral head ligament and the joint capsule were reconstructed. In general, within 30 days of the surgery dogs could stand on the operated member to walk. Except for two dogs, all the others recovered pelvic member locomotive ability within 60-90 days after surgery. It is concluded that acetabuloplasty is a good alternative for treatment of severe canine hip dysplasia.

Spontaneous poisoning by Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) in cattle

The aim of this study is to report cases of spontaneous poisoning of cattle by Ricinus communis (castor beans) in Paraíba, a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cases were observed in 2 herds on neighboring properties in 2013. Clinical signs developed within 6-24 h and consisted of weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, depression, instability, cramps, permanent lateral recumbency and death within 48-72 h. Of the 60 cattle at risk, 19 were affected and 14 died. Five fully recovered after the course of 12 days. Three animals were necropsied. The main gross lesions were hemopericardium, hemothorax, pulmonary edema, petechial hemorrhages in the epicardium and endocardium, ecchymoses at the papillary muscles and suffusions on the intercostal muscles. Hemorrhages were also observed in the abdominal cavity, spleen and mucosa of the abomasum and small intestine. The rumen content was liquid with a large amount of castor bean seeds. There were circular, whitish and focally diffuse areas in the liver parenchyma. The main microscopic lesions consisted of multifocal coagulative myocardial necrosis with the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and varying degrees of bleeding between cardiac muscle fibers. The abomasum and small intestine mucosae and submucosa had mild edema and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory cell infiltration. The diagnosis of R. communis was based on the history of plant consumption, clinical signs, pathology of the disease and the presence of large amounts of castor bean seeds in the forestomachs.

Long term dietary deficiency in steers: vital functions and T3 and IGF-1 relationships

To evaluate the influence of diets with different degrees of energy deficiency on the hormonal profile and vital functions, 12 steers were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals. For 140 days, each group received (G1) a diet to promote a weight gain of 900gr/day (17.7 Mcal/d DE and 13% CP), (G2) 80% of the maintenance requirements (5.8 Mcal/d DE and 7% CP), or (G3) 60% of the maintenance requirements (4.7 Mcal/d DE and 5% CP). In G2 and G3, the energy deficit caused a marked decrease in the heart rate and respiratory rate and a reduction in the blood levels of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triiodothyronine (T3). The decrease in heart rate, respiratory movement and, to a lesser extent, reduction of the rectal temperature, reflected the low status of energy and was negatively impacted by the low levels of T3. There was a strong correlation between the hormones T3 and IGF-1 (r=0.833). There were also strong correlations between T3 and HR (r=0.701), T3 and RR (r=0.632), IGF-1 and HR (r=0.731), and IGF-1 and RR (r=0.679). There were intermediate correlations between T3 and TºC (r=0.484), T3 and insulin (r=0.506), IGF-1 and insulin (r=0.517), and IGF-1 and TºC (r=0.548). This study showed the influence of a long period of providing an energy-deficient diet on animal performance, correlating hormonal status and vital functions in growing cattle. The results indicated that the evaluated parameters represent an important tool for the early detection of dietary deficiency.

Covalidation of Integral Transforms and Method of Lines in Nonlinear Convection-Diffusion with Mathematica

The Mathematica system (version 4.0) is employed in the solution of nonlinear difusion and convection-difusion problems, formulated as transient one-dimensional partial diferential equations with potential dependent equation coefficients. The Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) is first implemented for the hybrid numerical-analytical solution of such classes of problems, through the symbolic integral transformation and elimination of the space variable, followed by the utilization of the built-in Mathematica function NDSolve for handling the resulting transformed ODE system. This approach ofers an error-controlled final numerical solution, through the simultaneous control of local errors in this reliable ODE's solver and of the proposed eigenfunction expansion truncation order. For covalidation purposes, the same built-in function NDSolve is employed in the direct solution of these partial diferential equations, as made possible by the algorithms implemented in Mathematica (versions 3.0 and up), based on application of the method of lines. Various numerical experiments are performed and relative merits of each approach are critically pointed out.

Predicting the range of inbreeding depression of inbred lines in cross-pollinated populations

The objectives of this paper were to derive the genetic variance of inbreeding depression ( ) and to predict the range of inbreeding depression (RID) in cross-pollinated populations. The variance of inbreeding depression is a function of the genetic variances related to dominance effects (, D2, and ), and of the inbreeding coefficients of the two generations in which inbreeding depression is measured (Ft and Fg). The results showed that the higher the level of dominance of a trait, the higher the variance of inbreeding depression. The magnitudes of were expected to be lower in improved (mean gene frequencies = > 0.6) and in unimproved ( < 0.4) populations, than in composite populations ( » 0.5). Data from a maize population used to illustrate the study showed that the range of inbreeding depression in the S¥ generation of selfing was from 48.7% to 85.3% for grain yield, and from 13.9% to 24.5% for plant height. A mating design outlined to estimate the genetic variance of inbreeding depression, the range of inbreeding depression, and of the range of inbred lines is presented.

JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines

Mutant cell lines B3 and B10, which are unresponsive to both interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma, and line B9, which does not respond to IFN-gamma stimulation, are described. The mutants were submitted to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from a cellular pool, which was obtained from the parental cell line 2C4 after several rounds of mutagenesis. The unresponsiveness to IFN stimulation was observed both in terms of expression of cell surface markers (CD2, class I and II HLAs) and mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), 9-27, and guanylate binding protein (GBP)). Genetic crossing of B3, B9 and B10 with U3 (STAT1-), gamma2a (JAK2-) and U4 (JAK1-) mutants, respectively, did not restore IFN responsiveness to the hybrid cell lines. However, when these cell lines were crossed with the same mutants, but using the pairwise crosses B3 x U4, B9 x U3 and B10 x U3, the cell hybrids recovered full IFN responsiveness. The present genetic experiments permitted us to assign the mutant cell lines B3, B9 and B10 to the U3, gamma2 and U4 complementation groups, respectively. These conclusions were supported by the analysis of IFN-stimulated genes in the mutants.

Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by tumor necrosis factor and butyrolactone, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases

Induction of apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is modulated by changes in the expression and activity of several cell cycle regulatory proteins. We examined the effects of TNF (1-100 ng/ml) and butyrolactone I (100 µM), a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) with high selectivity for CDK-1 and CDK-2, on three different cancer cell lines: WEHI, L929 and HeLa S3. Both compounds blocked cell growth, but only TNF induced the common events of apoptosis, i.e., chromatin condensation and ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation in these cell lines. The TNF-induced apoptosis events were increased in the presence of butyrolactone. In vitro phosphorylation assays for exogenous histone H1 and endogenous retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in the total cell lysates showed that treatment with both TNF and butyrolactone inhibited the histone H1 kinase (WEHI, L929 and HeLa) and pRb kinase (WEHI) activities of CDKs, as compared with the controls. The role of proteases in the TNF and butyrolactone-induced apoptosis was evaluated by comparing the number and expression of polypeptides in the cell lysates by gel electrophoresis. TNF and butyrolactone treatment caused the disappearance of several cellular protein bands in the region between 40-200 kDa, and the 110- 90- and 50-kDa proteins were identified as the major substrates, whose degradation was remarkably increased by the treatments. Interestingly, the loss of several cellular protein bands was associated with the marked accumulation of two proteins apparently of 60 and 70 kDa, which may be cleavage products of one or more proteins. These findings link the decrease of cyclin-dependent kinase activities to the increase of protease activities within the growth arrest and apoptosis pathways induced by TNF.

The effect of porphyrins on normal and transformed mouse cell lines in the presence of visible light

Photodynamic therapy consists of the uptake of a photosensitizing dye, often a porphyrin, by tumor tissue and subsequent irradiation of the tumor with visible light of an appropriate wavelength matched to the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizing dye. This class of molecules produces reactive oxygen species when activated by light, resulting in a direct or indirect cytotoxic effect on the target cells. Photodynamic therapy has been used in the treatment of cancer but the technology has a potential for the treatment of several disease conditions mainly because of its selectivity. However, it is not clear why the porphyrins are retained preferentially by abnormal tissue. This paper describes a study of the effect of the association of porphyrin and visible light on two mouse fibroblast cell lines: A31, normal cells and B61, an EJ-ras transformed variant of A31. Two water-soluble porphyrins were used, a positively charged one, tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin chloride, and a negatively charged one, tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin-Na salt (TPPS4) in order to assess the effect on cell survival. The results suggest that the B61 cell line is more sensitive to incubation with the anionic porphyrin (TPPS4) followed by light irradiation and that the anionic porphyrin is more efficient in killing the cells than the cationic porphyrin.

Fingerprinting of cell lines by directed amplification of minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD)

The development of in vitro propagation of cells has been an extraordinary technical advance for several biological studies. The correct identification of the cell line used, however, is crucial, as a mistaken identity or the presence of another contaminating cell may lead to invalid and/or erroneous conclusions. We report here the application of a DNA fingerprinting procedure (directed amplification of minisatellite-region DNA), developed by Heath et al. [Nucleic Acids Research (1993) 21: 5782-5785], to the characterization of cell lines. Genomic DNA of cells in culture was extracted and amplified by PCR in the presence of VNTR core sequences, and the amplicons were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. After image capture with a digital camera, the banding profiles obtained were analyzed using a software (AnaGel) specially developed for the storage and analysis of electrophoretic fingerprints. The fingerprints are useful for construction of a data base for identification of cell lines by comparison to reference profiles as well as comparison of similar lines from different sources and periodic follow-up of cells in culture.

TRAP-silver staining, a highly sensitive assay for measuring telomerase activity in tumor tissue and cell lines

Measurement of telomerase activity in clinically obtained tumor samples may provide important information for use as both a diagnostic marker and a prognostic indicator for patient outcome. In order to evaluate telomerase activity in tumor tissue without radiolabeling the product, we developed a simple telomeric repeat amplification protocol-silver-staining assay that is less time-consuming, is safe and requires minimal equipment. In addition, we determined the sensitivity of the silver-staining method by using extracts of telomerase-positive thyroid carcinoma cell lines which were serially diluted from 5,000 to 10 cells. Telomerase activity was also assayed in 19 thyroid tumors, 2 normal controls and 27 bone marrow aspirates. The results indicate that the technique permits the detection of telomerase activity from 5000 to as few as 10 cells. We propose that it could be immediately applicable in many laboratories due to the minimal amount of equipment required.