Potencial de redução do consumo de energia elétrica pela utilização de aquecedores solares no Estado de Goiás

O presente trabalho analisa a viabilidade técnica da redução do uso de energia elétrica pela substituição dos chuveiros elétricos por aquecedores solares e apresenta uma análise da redução do custo mensal de energia elétrica para os diferentes municípios de Goiás. Por meio do processamento de dados climatológicos e com o auxílio do aplicativo de informações geográficas SPRING®, foram calculados os valores de irradiâncias (MJ m-2 anual-1) e do número de horas anuais de brilho solar sobre a superfície da Terra e no topo da atmosfera, respectivamente, para os municípios do Estado de Goiás. Com base em dados censitários, calcularam-se o consumo médio de energia elétrica mensal por domicílio (kWh mês-1) e o total anual (kWh ano-1). Analisou-se a redução do custo mensal de energia elétrica por domicílio pela substituição de chuveiros elétricos com diferentes potências comerciais por aquecedores solares. Analisaram-se, ainda, a redução da vazão que passa na turbina (m³ s-1) da principal usina hidrelétrica de Goiás e a relação entre a redução da potência total anual (kW) e a potência gerada por essa usina (kW). Procedeu-se, finalmente, à análise econômica, avaliando-se a relação custo/benefício da substituição proposta. Os resultados mostraram redução média mensal da conta de energia de R$ 36,92 e média de 13 meses para o retorno do capital investido. Pôde-se concluir pela viabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental da substituição dos chuveiros elétricos pelos sistemas aquecedores/reservatórios térmicos.

Raw water use charge reduction for the rural sector in the PCJ Watershed

The deficient environmental preservation on agricultural properties has reflected in great soil losses for erosion and the high rate of sedimentation. Therefore, this work brings the application of software to demonstrate that planters can get benefits by the conservationist practices. The benefits will be obtained from the environment aspect (erosion and sedimentation control), as well as economical aspect (financial incentives). A proposal has been created by the Technical Chamber of Rural Water Use and Conservation (CT-Rural) to estimate the reduction in raw water use charge for the rural water users of the PCJ Watershed - this reduction is being possible since January 2007, at the PCJ Committee. The software develops a simple relationship, so that if the rural conservationist action goes more efficient, such as if the conserved rural area goes larger, then the reduction value will bring better benefits for the rural water users. Within the purposes of this study, there is the idealization of mechanisms that may support specific management matters related to the water users of federal rivers from the rural sector of PCJ Watershed.

Comparação de bancadas simuladoras do processo de semeadura em milho

No sistema de disco perfurado horizontal, há cerca de 180 opções para a distribuição das peneiras de milho disponibilizadas pelas empresas produtoras de semente. A utilização de bancadas simuladoras do processo de semeadura tem sido a ferramenta empregada por empresas produtoras de sementes e discos para indicar a melhor opção para cada lote de sementes de milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bancada simuladora do processo de semeadura em dois formatos, revestida com feltro e revestida com graxa. Os tratamentos foram efetuados com base no projeto de norma da ABNT (1996) e foram montados com as combinações das velocidades 3; 5; 7 e 9 km h-1; densidades 4,0; 4,8 e 5,6 sementes por metro e nível de sementes cheio, médio e ¼ do reservatório. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições; cada repetição conteve o total de 75 sementes. O experimento foi dividido em duas partes: na primeira, todas as variáveis foram analisadas com esteira de borracha revestida de feltro; em seguida, a esteira foi revestida com uma camada de graxa para nova avaliação das variáveis. Foram avaliados os percentuais de espaçamentos falhos, múltiplos, aceitáveis e o coeficiente de variação. Concluiu-se que não houve diferença na utilização dos dois formatos de bancada simuladora do processo de semeadura.

Test of a microlysimeter for measurement of soil evaporation

Quantifying soil evaporation is required on studies of soil water balance and applications aiming to improve water use efficiency by crops. The performance of a microlysimeter (ML) to measure soil evaporation under irrigation and non-irrigation was evaluated. The MLs were constructed using PVC tubes, with dimensions of 100 mm inner diameter, 150 mm depth and 2.5 mm wall thickness. Four MLs were uniformly distributed on the soil surface of two weighing lysimeters conducted under bare soil, previously installed at Iapar, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The lysimeters had 1.4 m width, 1.9 m length and 1.3 m depth and were conducted with and without irrigation. Evaporation measurements by MLs (E ML) were compared with measurements by lysimeters (E L) during four different periods in the year. Differences between E ML and E L were small either for low or high atmospheric demand and also for either irrigated or non-irrigated conditions, which indicates that the ML tested here is suitable for measurement of soil evaporation.

Influence of irrigation on wheat crop

The use of irrigation has been increased significantly in wheat crops in Brazil. This study aims to evaluate the effect of irrigation on the productivity, on flour technological quality and on the wheat root system. In a field experiment conducted at IAPAR, in Londrina -state of Paraná (PR), Brazil, the IPR 118 cultivar was grown under sprinkler irrigation (Irrigated Treatment) and without irrigation (Non-irrigated Treatment). The productivity was determined by harvesting three samples of 25 m² per treatment. The same samples were used to evaluate the flour technological quality, considering, among other parameters, gluten strength (W). The evaluation of the root system was performed after the harvest, considering a profile of 0 to 45 cm of soil depth, and sampling eight plants per treatment. The profile wall method was used to determine the roots number (RN) and the monolith method to determine the root dry mass (RDM). Irrigation increased wheat productivity in three times, while W was reduced in the flour. Nevertheless, the value of W found in the Irrigated Treatment (249 10-4 J) was sufficient to keep wheat classification as bread type, the same as IPR 118 cultivar is classified. The measured values of RN and RDM were similar or higher for the Non-irrigated Treatment.

Soil water evaporation under densities of coverage with vegetable residue

This study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) in Londrina, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil (latitude 23º18'S, longitude 51º09'W and average altitude of 585 m). The local climate, according to the classification of Köeppen, is Cfa type, i.e., humid subtropical climate, with rain in all seasons and can occur dry seasons during the winter. It was determined soil evaporation (E) under different coverage densities with residue from the wheat crop. The treatments were installed in weighting lysimeters of 2.66 m² and 1.3 m deep, which allows to determine E by the mass difference with measuring precision of 0.1mm at one hour intervals. Treatments consisted of 0; 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1 of wheat crop residues, placed evenly over each lysimeter. In the first cycle (September 22nd to October 20th, 2008), the reduction of E, as compared to a bare soil, was 4; 15 and 24%, while in the second cycle (December 1st to 30th, 2008), the reduction was of 15; 22 and 25%, respectively, for the treatments of 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1.

Software for calculation of reservoir active capacity with the sequent-peak algorithm

It is presented a software developed with Delphi programming language to compute the reservoir's annual regulated active storage, based on the sequent-peak algorithm. Mathematical models used for that purpose generally require extended hydrological series. Usually, the analysis of those series is performed with spreadsheets or graphical representations. Based on that, it was developed a software for calculation of reservoir active capacity. An example calculation is shown by 30-years (from 1977 to 2009) monthly mean flow historical data, from Corrente River, located at São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. As an additional tool, an interface was developed to manage water resources, helping to manipulate data and to point out information that it would be of interest to the user. Moreover, with that interface irrigation districts where water consumption is higher can be analyzed as a function of specific seasonal water demands situations. From a practical application, it is possible to conclude that the program provides the calculation originally proposed. It was designed to keep information organized and retrievable at any time, and to show simulation on seasonal water demands throughout the year, contributing with the elements of study concerning reservoir projects. This program, with its functionality, is an important tool for decision making in the water resources management.

Alternative methodology for calculating the modulus of elasticity of wooden beams of structural dimensions

This study aims to present an alternative calculation methodology based on the Least Squares Method for determining the modulus of elasticity in bending wooden beams of structural dimensions. The equations developed require knowledge of three or five points measured in displacements along the piece, allowing greater reliability on the response variable, using the statistical bending test at three points and non-destructively, resulting from imposition of measures from small displacements L/300 and L/200, the largest being stipulated by the Brazilian norm NBR 7190:1997. The woods tested were Angico, Cumaru, Garapa and Jatoba. Besides obtaining the modulus of elasticity through the alternative methodology proposed, these were also obtained employing the Brazilian norm NBR 7190:1997, adapted to the condition of non-destructive testing (small displacements) and for pieces of structural dimensions. The results of the modulus of elasticity of the four species of wood according to both calculation approaches used proved to be equivalent, implying the good approximation provided by the methodology of calculation adapted from the Brazilian norm.

Characterization and treatment of sisal fiber residues for cement-based composite application

Sisal fiber is an important agricultural product used in the manufacture of ropes, rugs and also as a reinforcement of polymeric or cement-based composites. However, during the fiber production process a large amount of residues is generated which currently have a low potential for commercial use. The aim of this study is to characterize the agricultural residues by the production and improvement of sisal fiber, called field bush and refugo and verify the potentiality of their use in the reinforcement of cement-based composites. The residues were treated with wet-dry cycles and evaluated using tensile testing of fibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compatibility with the cement-based matrix was evaluated through the fiber pull-out test and flexural test in composites reinforced with 2 % of sisal residues. The results indicate that the use of treated residue allows the production of composites with good mechanical properties that are superior to the traditional composites reinforced with natural sisal fibers.

Efeito da água disponível do solo no desenvolvimento de dois cultivares de mamona, nos primeiro e segundo ciclos

A mamoneira é uma oleaginosa de relevante importância econômica e social, de grande relevância para a economia da região Nordeste, por fixar mão de obra, evitando a evasão de divisas. Foram estudados diferentes aspectos do manejo da cultura da mamona, visando à otimização do uso da água e do rendimento da mamona, no primeiro e segundo ciclos de produção, sendo este último obtido após uma drástica poda da planta no final do primeiro ciclo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no campo em Lagoa Seca-PB. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, constituído com duas cultivares de mamona (BRS 149 - Nordestina e o BRS 188 - Paraguaçu) e quatro níveis de água disponível no solo (40; 60; 80 e 100%), distribuídos em três blocos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância F. A altura da planta, o diâmetro do caule, a área foliar e a fitomassa da parte aérea foram avaliados. O acréscimo da disponibilidade hídrica no solo aumentou todos os índices de crescimento e/ou desenvolvimento das plantas. O segundo ciclo da cultura apresentou comportamento semelhante ao do primeiro ciclo, demonstrando a viabilidade técnica de condução a um segundo ciclo da mamona.

Perfuração gástrica secundária a tricobezoar gigante: descrição de caso e revisão da literatura

Gastric bezoars are impactations offoreign material in lhe stomach. When they are caused by hail; they are named tricho- bezoars. The complications oftrichobezoars are very rare. In this papel; we describe a case of a 16-year-old girl that had a previous history oftricophagia, and had an acute abdominal pain with a pneumoperitoneum in the abdomen radiography. An operation was performed and a gastric perforation was founded associated with a giant trichobezoa7: The trichobezoar was removed by traction through a gastrostomy which was performed in order to remove lhe trichobezoa7: Some fragments of the ulcer were obtained to histological study. The gastrostomy was treated by a gastrorraphy confection. In lhe post- operative period a left subfrenic abscess was revealed and has been drained by laparatomy 15 days after the fisrt operation. After the second surgical procedure the patient had a good evolution, and left the hospital in good health conditions.

Linfangioma de cordão espermático

We describe a case of a 22-year-old man that had been submitted to a left herniorraphy 11 years previously to the present admission. He returned to our hospital with another mass in the same side of the groin. At operation, several small cysts linked to the spermatic cord were demonstrated. At this time, an histological exam demonstrated the presence of conective tissue. The final histology report confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangioma of the spermatic cord in the groin region. The patient was discharged from the hospital in a good health, with no complications.

Anomalias branquiais: revisão de 23 casos

A anomalia branquial é a doença congênita mais comum vista pelo cirurgião de cabeça e pescoço. Vinte e três pacientes portadores de anomalias branquiais tratados no período de 1994 a 1997 foram revisados. O diagnóstico clínico foi documentado por ultra-sonografia e comprovado pelo exame histopatológico. Encontramos seis anomalias de primeiro arco (26%); 16 do segundo arco (69,5%); e uma do terceiro (4,5%). Não houve anomalia do quarto arco. Após um seguimento que variou de três a 43 meses, não houve caso de recidiva. A prevalência de anomalias do segundo arco é compatível com a literatura, porém, foi alta a incidência do primeiro arco. O emprego da técnica cirúrgica adequada, com a ressecção de todo o trajeto fistuloso, mostrou-se eficaz.

Metástases de adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica

The cancer of the gallbladder unless rare, has been found in about 1% of all cholecistectomies for chronic cholecistitis. The preoperative diagnosis is difficult to be done because there are not particular symptoms. In the present paper the authors relate a case of a patient submitted to a laparoscopic cholecistectomy for acute cholecistitis. The pathologist reported a concomitant tubular adenoma in the specimen. At the 6th postoperative month the patient had intense abdominal pain, and at the 7th month, metastasis of an adenocarcinoma was detected in the port sites. The first specimen was reviewed and showed a primay adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. The patient was submitted to chemotherapy but with few response, dying in the 9th postoperative month. The authors conclude that unless difficult, the preoperative diagnosis of cancer of the gallbladder is essential for a more appropriate therapy, mainly in the patients aging more than 50 year when the neoplasm appears with greater prevalence. Despite the videolaparoscopic access for the surgery provides low morbidity and mortality, it is not indicated for the gallbladder cancer when the conventional access by laparotomy is obligatory.

Incidentaloma gigante de adrenal em paciente jovem

Incidental adrenal tumors are lesions occasionally observed during abdominal US or CT scans. These tumors have been observed in patients without clinical or laboratorial signs of adrenal disease. The authors report a case of a 18 - years - old young man who was admitted to the Franco da Rocha Hospital, São Paulo, with abdominal pain and a palpated mass in the epigastrium which began one month ago. These findings were preceeded by a blunt trauma at the epigastrium three months earlier. First clinical hypothesis was of a traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst. However, investigation and laparotomy showed a large left adrenal solid mass, weighting 700 g. The mass was removed and histology was performed. There was no evidence of malignant neoplasm, then the diagnostic of incidental adenoma of adrenal was confirmed. The authors hope to stimulate surgeons for early detection of these lesions in order to prevent the complications and improve the prognosis.