HIV testing among pregnant women in Brazil: rates and predictors

OBJECTIVE: To assess rates of offering and uptake of HIV testing and their predictors among women who attended prenatal care. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among postpartum women (N=2,234) who attended at least one prenatal care visit in 12 cities. Independent and probabilistic samples were selected in the cities studied. Sociodemographic data, information about prenatal care and access to HIV prevention interventions during the current pregnancy were collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to assess independent effects of the covariates on offering and uptake of HIV testing. Data collection took place between November 1999 and April 2000. RESULTS: Overall, 77.5% of the women reported undergoing HIV testing during the current pregnancy. Offering of HIV testing was positively associated with: previous knowledge about prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; higher number of prenatal care visits; higher level of education and being white. HIV testing acceptance rate was 92.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate that dissemination of information about prevention of mother-to-child transmission among women may contribute to increasing HIV testing coverage during pregnancy. Non-white women with lower level of education should be prioritized. Strategies to increase attendance of vulnerable women to prenatal care and to raise awareness among health care workers are of utmost importance.

HIV rapid testing as a key strategy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of HIV rapid testing for pregnant women at maternity hospital admission and of subsequent interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: Study based on a convenience sample of women unaware of their HIV serostatus when they were admitted to delivery in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2000 and April 2002. Women were counseled and tested using the Determine HIV1/2 Rapid Test. HIV infection was confirmed using the Brazilian algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis. In utero transmission of HIV was determined using HIV-DNA-PCR. There were performed descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data, number of previous pregnancies and abortions, number of prenatal care visits, timing of HIV testing, HIV rapid test result, neonatal and mother-to-child transmission interventions, by city studied. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in women was 6.5% (N=1,439) in Porto Alegre and 1.3% (N=3.778) in Rio de Janeiro. In Porto Alegre most of women were tested during labor (88.7%), while in Rio de Janeiro most were tested in the postpartum (67.5%). One hundred and forty-four infants were born to 143 HIV-infected women. All newborns but one in each city received at least prophylaxis with oral zidovudine. It was possible to completely avoid newborn exposure to breast milk in 96.8% and 51.1% of the cases in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Injectable intravenous zidovudine was administered during labor to 68.8% and 27.7% newborns in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Among those from whom blood samples were collected within 48 hours of birth, in utero transmission of HIV was confirmed in 4 cases in Rio de Janeiro (4/47) and 6 cases in Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proved feasible in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. Efforts must be taken to maximize HIV testing during labor. There is a need of strong social support to provide this population access to health care services after hospital discharge.

Prevalence of syphilis in pregnancy and prenatal syphilis testing in Brazil: Birth in Brazil study

OBJECTIVE Determine the coverage rate of syphilis testing during prenatal care and the prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women in Brazil. METHODS This is a national hospital-based cohort study conducted in Brazil with 23,894 postpartum women between 2011 and 2012. Data were obtained using interviews with postpartum women, hospital records, and prenatal care cards. All postpartum women with a reactive serological test result recorded in the prenatal care card or syphilis diagnosis during hospitalization for childbirth were considered cases of syphilis in pregnancy. The Chi-square test was used for determining the disease prevalence and testing coverage rate by region of residence, self-reported skin color, maternal age, and type of prenatal and child delivery care units. RESULTS Prenatal care covered 98.7% postpartum women. Syphilis testing coverage rate was 89.1% (one test) and 41.2% (two tests), and syphilis prevalence in pregnancy was 1.02% (95%CI 0.84;1.25). A lower prenatal coverage rate was observed among women in the North region, indigenous women, those with less education, and those who received prenatal care in public health care units. A lower testing coverage rate was observed among residents in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions, among younger and non-white skin-color women, among those with lower education, and those who received prenatal care in public health care units. An increased prevalence of syphilis was observed among women with < 8 years of education (1.74%), who self-reported as black (1.8%) or mixed (1.2%), those who did not receive prenatal care (2.5%), and those attending public (1.37%) or mixed (0.93%) health care units. CONCLUSIONS The estimated prevalence of syphilis in pregnancy was similar to that reported in the last sentinel surveillance study conducted in 2006. There was an improvement in prenatal care and testing coverage rate, and the goals suggested by the World Health Organization were achieved in two regions. Regional and social inequalities in access to health care units, coupled with other gaps in health assistance, have led to the persistence of congenital syphilis as a major public health problem in Brazil.

HIV testing and clinical status upon admission to a specialized health care unit in Pará, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of HIV-infected individuals upon admission to a reference health care center.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between 1999 and 2010 on 527 individuals with confirmed serological diagnosis of HIV infection who were enrolled in an outpatient health care service in Santarém, PA, Northern Brazil. Data were collected from medical records and included the reason for HIV testing, clinical status, and count of peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes upon enrollment. The data were divided into three groups, according to the patient’s year of admission – P1 (1999-2002), P2 (2003-2006), and P3 (2007-2010) – for comparative analysis of the variables of interest.RESULTS In the study group, 62.0% of the patients were assigned to the P3 group. The reason for undergoing HIV testing differed between genders. In the male population, most tests were conducted because of the presence of symptoms suggesting infection. Among women, tests were the result of knowledge of the partner’s seropositive status in groups P1 and P2. Higher proportion of women undergoing testing because of symptoms of HIV/AIDS infection abolished the difference between genders in the most recent period. A higher percentage of patients enrolling at a more advanced stage of the disease was observed in P3.CONCLUSIONS Despite the increased awareness of the number of HIV/AIDS cases, these patients have identified their serological status late and were admitted to health care units with active disease. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Pará presents specificities in its progression that indicate the complex characteristics of the epidemic in the Northern region of Brazil and across the country.

The importance to update the guidelines for the use of genetic testing in noncancer patients in Brazil

The Brazilian National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans has recently published a technical note defining the criteria for the coverage of genetic testing to diagnose hereditary cancer. In this study we show the case of a patient with a breast lesion and an extensive history of cancer referred to a private service of genetic counseling. The patient met both criteria for hereditary breast and colorectal cancer syndrome screening. Her private insurance denied coverage for genetic testing because she lacks current or previous cancer diagnosis. After she appealed by lawsuit, the court was favorable and the test was performed using next-generation sequencing. A deletion of MLH1 exon 8 was found. We highlight the importance to offer genetic testing using multigene analysis for noncancer patients.

O Mastomys natalensis como modelo alternativo nos estudos da esquistossomose mansoni experimental

Foram estudados aspectos da infecção e da imunidade experimentais em um roedor — o Mastomys natalensis — inoculado com a cepa LE (Belo Horizonte) do Schistosoma mansoni, comparando os resultados com os do camundongo albino, animal tido como melhor modelo experimental. Os parâmetros estudados ofereceram resultados em tudo semelhantes aos encontrados em camundongos, com o M. natalensis se mostrando bastante sensível à infecção pelo S. mansoni, sendo de grande utilidade para os estudos da biologia do parasito e/ou observações da imu-nologia advinda da infecção. Somando-se a tal fato a grande reprodutividade do animal em cativeiro, a criação fácil, o manejo e a manutenção simples em laboratório, sugere-se que seja o M. natalensis usado como modelo experimental alternativo nos diversos estudos da esquistossomose mansoni.

Suppression of humoral immunity and lymphocyte responsiveness during experimental trypanosoma cruzi infections

C3H/He and C57B1/6 mice were inoculated with 500 Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (Strain Y). During the acute phase infected mice presented parasitemia and enlargement of lymph nodes and spleens and intracellular parasites were observed in the heart. Examinations of cells derived from spleen and lymph nodes showed increased numbers of IgM and IgG-bearing cells. During the peak of splenomegaly, about day 17 post-infections, splenic lymphocytes showed a marked decrease in responsiveness to T and B-cell mitogens, parasite antigens and plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Unfractionated or plastic adherent splenic cells from mice, obtained during the acute phase were able to suppress the response to mitogens by lymphocytes from uninfected mice. During the chronic phase. Disappearance of parasitemia and intracellular parasites in the hearts as well as a decrease in spleen size, was observed. These changes preceded the complete recovery of responsiveness to mitogens and T. cruzi antigens by C57B1/6 splenic lymphocytes. However, this recovery was only partial in the C3H/He mice, known to be more sensitive to T. cruzi infection. Partial recovery of humoral immune response also occurred in both strains of mice during the chronic phase.

Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas, 1897: sugestão de modelo experimental para filariose, leishmaniose e esquistossomose

Roedores silvestres, classificados como Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas,1897, foram capturados na cidade de São Bento, pertencente à Região da Baixada, do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil, naturalmente infectados com formas adultas de filaria, na cavidade peritoneal, e microfilárias sangüíneas, assim como, com esquistossoma mansoni (vermes adultos e granulomas peri-ovulares hepáticos; intestinais; pulmonares; esplênicos e pancreáticos). Animais nascidos em Biotério, descendentes de Holochilus da Região da Baixada, foram infectados experimentalmente com Leishmania m. amazonensis e Schistosoma mansoni. Em observações semanais, foram encontradas lesões teciduais, semelhantes às que se desenvolvem em hamsters infectados com Leishmania, e hipergamaglobulinemia. Nos esquistossomóticos, foram constatadas hipergamaglobulinemia e reações granulomatosas similares às encontradas nos animais infectados naturalmente. Foram observadas, também, lesões hepática graves, semelhantes às encontradas na esquistossomose humana. Estes achados sugerem a utilização do Holochilus b. nanus como modelo experimental destas três doenças tropicais.

Estudo experimental sobre possível atividade da violeta de genciana na profilaxia da transmissão da toxoplasmose por transfusão de sangue

Devido a evidências sugestivas da possibilidade de transmissão da toxoplasmose por transfusão de sangue, os autores se propuseram avaliar o papel preventivo da violeta de genciana, à semelhança do que já é estabelecido para a doença de Chagas. O experimento em camundongos revelou a ação profilática da violeta de genciana quando adicionado ao sangue a ser transfundido na concentração de 1/1000 e permanência por 48 horas na geladeira.

Schistosoma mansoni: comparative evaluation of different routes of experimental infection

Experiments were carried out with Sw albino mice and it was concluded that the percutaneous route via abdominal skin was significatively more efficient than tail immersion method and subcutaneous infection; the subcutaneous injection was significatively more efficient than the percutaneous infection through the tail; this latter and the intraperitoneal injection, resulted in similar infections, but were significatively less efficient than the others. Significative difference was also observed in the comparison between the subcutaneous route and percutaneous infection through ear pinna. The influence of the site of skin infection by percutaneous route was also discussed.

Reinfecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle & Manceaux, 1909 em camundongos e gatos: estudo experimental

A reinfecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii foi estudada, experimentalmente, em 27 camundongos albinos e 25 gatos domésticos. A infecção e a reinfecção foram comprovadas por sinais clínicos, anticorpos sangüíneos à reação de Sabin & Feldman > 1/4, recuperação do parasita e, nos gatos, também pela eliminação de oocistos. Nos camundongos a mortalidade foi de 56%. A primo-infecção por cepa de baixa virulência ou a infecção por cepa mais virulenta, atenuada pela sulfamonometoxina, deram proteção à reinfecção por cepa mais virulenta, mortal em poucos dias. Esta proteção foi demonstrada pela sobrevivência de camundongos e menor mortalidade, 12,5'%. Nos gatos a mortalidade foi de 28%, A resposta sorológica à primo-infecção ocorreu em todos. Após a reinfecção houve elevação de títulos em 64% dos gatos, permanência em 32% e queda em 4%. A eliminação de oocistos foi observada em 60% dos gatos e só após inoculação de cistos, por via digestiva. A reeliminação após reinfecção, ocorreu em 25% dos gatos. Não foi observada eliminação após a 3.ª inoculação. Em 88,2% dos gatos houve recuperação do parasita em camundongo, mais freqüente nos linfonodos mesentéricos e no intestino delgado, persistindo neste cerca de 14 meses. Foi constatada certa relação entre o bom estado físico dos gatos e a resposta sorológica, a eliminação e a reeliminação de oocistos. Apesar da persistência de anticorpos sangüíneos a reinfecção experimental dos gatos foi observada, porém a reeliminação de oocistos foi pouco freqüente e em pequena quantidade.

Ação de raios gama sobre formas sanguícolas de Trypanosoma cruzi: estudo experimental em camundongos

Amostras de sangue de animais infectados com cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi foram submetidas, respectivamente, a 200 e 300 krad de radiação gama. Para verificar a eficácia do método na eliminação do parasita, o material foi inoculado em camundongos e os parâmetros utilizados na avaliação foram: parasitemia, cultura, xenodiagnóstico, subinoculação, reinoculação com cepa virulenta e exame anátomo-patológico das vísceras. Os sangues expostos às duas diferentes intensidades de radiação e inoculados em dois períodos após o processo, mostraram-se inócuos quanto a capacidade de produzir infecção nos animais

Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni of Biomphalaria straminea from different parts of the Northeast of Brazil

In the western part of the State of Bahia Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata both occur, but in the majority of cases they do not share the same habitat. In the State of Ceará, however, B. straminea is the sole snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. In this survey, no naturally infected B. straminea was found among snails collected from Bahia and Ceará, evidently because of the very low infection rates. The susceptibility of laboratory-reared specimens to infection with a Puerto Rican strain of S. mansoni was then tested experimentally. In general, the snails showed very low susceptibility. The infection rates were 1.1% among snails from Redenção (Ceará); 2.3% in those from Pentecoste (Ceará); 2.9% in snails from São Desidério (Bahia), while they were very high among an albino strain (NIH) of B. glabrata used as control. Another group of B. straminea from São Desidério was exposed to a Bahian strain of S. mansoni and the infection rate was still very low (3.6%) Apparently, the very low susceptibility of B. straminea, despite high snail density, is correlated with moderate infection rates with S. mansoni among humans, as shown by the results of stool examinations conducted by SUCAM in the municipalities of Redenção and Pentecoste, in Ceará.

Malária experimental: contaminação de cepas e animais de biotério por eperythrozoon coccoides

Neste artigo descrevemos a contaminação acidental de uma cepa de malária de roedor (Plasmodium berghei) por um hemoparasita (Eperythrozoon coccoides), levando a alterações importantes no comportamento da malária experimental. A demonstração do parasita foi feita por microscopia óptica e eletrônica e a fonte de contaminação foi detectada em roedores normalmente utilizados na manutenção da cepa, obtidos do mesmo biotério. As medidas disponíveis para o controle deste tipo de infecção são discutidas propondo se a utilização de tetra-ciclina em matrizes e posterior utilização de animais Fl não tratados. Comenta-se a importância deste tipo de contaminação experimental.

Schistosoma mansoni: infecção experimental de camundongos através da orelha e quantificação do parasitismo na pele

No presente trabalho, desenvolveu-se método de infecção de camundongos através da orelha e de recuperação de esquistossômulos resultantes dessas infecções. Cerca de 80% das cercarías postas em contacto com orelhas de camundongos penetraram. Destas, 30% foram recuperadas. como vermes adultos, do sistema porta. Da pele (das orelhas) as maiores recuperações de esquistossômulos ocorreram nos dois primeiros dias após a infecção. Os parasitas permaneceram nesse sítio por dois dias. No terceiro dia, os parasitas foram recuperados tanto da pele como dos pulmões. A partir do 4.° dia, foi predominante a recuperação de esquistossômulos ao nível dos pulmões. Do total de parasitas que potencialmente atingiriam o sistema porta, proporção elevada (73-80%) pode ser recuperada da pele, no segundo dia após a infecção, como esquistossômulos. Revelando-se apropriadas ao acesso, à migração no hospedeiro e às técnicas de recuperação de parasitas, sugere-se que orelhas de camundongos podem ser utilizadas como sítio de infecção para estudos que visem a análise parasitológica dos eventos iniciais da infecção em animais normais ou imunes.