Epidemiology of hookworm infection in Itagua, Paraguay: a cross sectional study

A cross-sectional study in Itagua, Paraguay tested 192 people for the presence, intensity and species of hookworm infection. Fifty-nine percent of these individuals were found to be infected. Intensity of infection was determined on 92% of infected individuals by quantitative egg counts. The high intensity hookworm infections, which cause the greatest morbidity, were clustered between the ages of five and 14 years. No differences were seen between genders. The species of hookworm was determined for parasites reared from 72% of infected individuals. Both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were identified, although the former species predominated. We conclude that hookworm infection continues to be a public health problem in Paraguay, particularly among children and adolescents who suffer from high intensity infections. A. duodenale continues to persist in the Western Hemisphere and has not been completely displaced by N. americanus.

Comparison between specific and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis A virus, poliovirus and rotavirus in experimentally seeded oysters

Outbreaks of gastroenteritis have occurred among consumers of raw or undercooked shellfish harvested from faecally polluted waters. A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus (PV) and simian rotavirus (RV-SA11) and compared with specific primers for each genome sequence. Three amplified DNA products representing HAV (192 bp), PV (394 bp) and RV (278 bp) were identified when positive controls were used. However, when tested on experimentally contaminated raw oysters, this method was not able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. This is probably due to the low concentration of viral RNAs present in oyster extract which were partially lost during the extracts preparation.

Feeding, defecation, and development times of Meccus longipennis Usinger, 1939 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, time-lapse between presenting the blood-meal and beginning of feeding, feeding time, postfeed defecation delay, mortality, and fecundity for each stage of Meccus longipennis life-cycle were evaluated. The bugs were maintained in a dark incubator at 27 ± 1ºC and 80 ± 5% rh, were fed weekly and checked daily for ecdysis or death. The hatching rate observed for 300 eggs was 76.7% and the average time of hatching was 19.8 days. Mean time-lapse between presentation of the blood meal and the beginning of feeding was under 5 min in nymphal stages and postfeed defecation delay was under 10 min in most stages, except in fourth and fifth stages. Mean feeding time was longer than 10 min in most stages, except in fourth stage. One hundred thirty-one nymphs (N) (65.5%) completed the cycle and the average time from NI to adult was 192.6 ± 34.8 days. The average span in days for each stage was 18.1 for NI, 21.4 for NII, 29.5 for NIII, 45.5 for NIV and 55.9 for NV. The number of bloodmeals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 5. The mortality rate was 3.29 for NI, 6.8 for NII, 2.92 for NIII 3.76 for NIV, and 10.16 for NV nymphs. The average number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 615.6. Based on our results, we conclude that M. longipennis has some biological and behavioral characteristics which influence its capacity of becoming infected and transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi to human populations in those areas of Mexico where it is currently present.

Therapy of tungiasis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with oral ivermectin

Tungiasis is an ectoparasitosis causing considerable pathology in endemic areas. Standard therapy consists of removing the embedded parasite with a sterile needle. There is no effective chemotherapy at hand. To fill this gap, a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with oral ivermectin was conducted. A total of 54 individuals (27 in the placebo group, 27 in the ivermectin group) was followed up for seven days. They presented a total of 192 lesions. Patients received either ivermectin (300 µg/kg body weight at a single dose, repeated after 24 h) or placebo. Outcome measures included the clinical stage of lesion, presence of erythema, pain, itching, signs of viability of the parasite, and total lysis of flea. The ratio of fleas with total lysis per total number of fleas was slightly higher in the ivermectin group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in any of the other outcome measures between the treatment and the placebo group. The results show that oral ivermectin is without any clinically significant efficacy against embedded sand fleas at the dose given.

The utility of the polymerase chain reaction assay for aetiologic definition of unspecified bacterial meningitis cases

Most patients with acute suppurative meningitis are otherwise healthy individuals with regard to immune mechanisms against invasive bacterial disease. This medical emergency is among the most dramatic and potentially ravaging diseases that affect humans, particularly young children. The illness often strikes suddenly, and can either result in death or leave the survivors with significant neurological dysfunctions. The demonstration of a bacterial aetiology is necessary for decisions regarding treatment and prophylaxis. Conventional bacteriological methods frequently fail to identify an agent, as a result of administration of antibiotics or delayed lumbar punctures. We investigated the major aetiologic sources of unspecified bacterial meningitis cases (G00.9, ISCD-10) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification of Neisseria meningitidis (crgA), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ply) and Haemophilus influenzae (bexA) in cerebrospinal fluid samples. The multiplex PCR detected N. meningitidis in 92%, S. pneumoniae in 4% and H. influenzae in 1% of the 192 clinical samples assayed; 3% were negative for all three DNA targets. Bacterial DNA detection was found to be a valuable adjunct to enhance bacterial meningitis surveillance when the yield of specimens by culture is reduced. The implementation of PCR assays as a diagnostic procedure in Public Health Laboratories is perceived to be a significant advance in the investigation of bacterial meningitis.

Molecular detection of Schistosoma japonicum in infected snails and mouse faeces using a real-time PCR assay with FRET hybridisation probes

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridisation probes combined with melting curve analysis was developed to detect Schistosoma japonicum in experimentally infected snails and in faecal samples of infected mice. This procedure is based on melting curve analysis of a hybrid between an amplicon from the S. japonicum internal transcribed spacer region 2 sequence, which is a 192-bp S. japonicum-specific sequence, and fluorophore-labelled specific probes. Real-time FRET PCR could detect as little as a single cercaria artificially introduced into a pool of 10 non-infected snails and a single egg inoculated in 100 mg of non-infected mouse faeces. All S. japonicum-infected snails and all faecal samples from infected mice were positive. Non-infected snails, non-infected mouse faeces and genomic DNA from other parasites were negative. This assay is rapid and has potential for epidemiological S. japonicum surveys in snails, intermediate hosts and faecal samples of final hosts.

Variation in haematological parameters in children less than five years of age with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection: implication for malaria field studies

During the season of high malaria transmission, most children are infected by Plasmodium, which targets red blood cells (RBCs), affecting haematological parameters. To describe these variations, we examined the haematological profiles of two groups of children living in a malaria-endemic area. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the peak of the malaria transmission season in a rural area of Burkina Faso. After informed consent and clinical examination, blood samples were obtained from the participants for malaria diagnosis and a full blood count. Of the 414 children included in the analysis, 192 were not infected with Plasmodium, whereas 222 were asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium infection. The mean age of the infected children was 41.8 months (range of 26.4-57.2) compared to 38.8 months (range of 22.4-55.2) for the control group (p = 0.06). The asymptomatic infected children tended to have a significantly lower mean haemoglobin level (10.8 g/dL vs. 10.4 g/dL; p < 0.001), mean lymphocyte count (4592/µL vs. 5141/µL; p = 0.004), mean platelet count (266 x 103/µL vs. 385 x 103/µL; p < 0.001) and mean RBC count (4.388 x 106/µL vs. 4.158 x 106/µL; p < 0.001) and a higher mean monocyte count (1403/µL vs. 1192/µL; p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Special attention should be applied when interpreting haematological parameters and evaluating immune responses in asymptomatic infected children living in malaria-endemic areas and enrolled in vaccine trials.

A implantação do projeto de atendimento Móvel de Urgência em Salvador/BA: panorama e desafios

O estudo objetivou relatar a experiência na implantação e estruturação do projeto do Serviço Móvel de Urgência (SAMU-192), em Salvador, cujas bases legais foram portarias do Ministério da Saúde e a Norma Operacional de Assistência à Saúde 02/2002. O serviço tem como finalidade prestar assistência gratuita ao indivíduo, em um primeiro nível de atenção, com agravos de natureza clínica, cirúrgica, traumática e psiquiátrica que acarretam sofrimento, seqüelas ou morte e ocorrem fora do ambiente hospitalar. O objetivo específico foi garantir o atendimento às situações de urgência e emergência por meio do SAMU-192, regulado, hierarquizado e integrado ao Sistema Único de Saúde, assegurando recursos públicos inclusive integrados à rede complementar de assistência. Despesas para sua instalação foram pactuadas no município e em comissões intergestoras federal e estadual. Os desafios do serviço incluem educação comunitária, capacitação profissional, avaliação de recursos humanos e materiais, na dinâmica e qualidade da atenção.

Projeto Evidência: investigação e formação sobre acesso a bases de dados de informação científica nos Açores

O projeto Evidência visa estimular os enfermeiros na utilização das bases de dados de informação científica. Este estudo teve por objetivos desenhar uma intervenção formativa facilitadora do acesso a essas bases de dados por parte dos enfermeiros, efetuar avaliação de diagnóstico relativamente aos hábitos dos enfermeiros quanto a esse tipo de ferramenta e determinar o impacto de uma intervenção formativa sobre essas matérias entre os enfermeiros residentes nos Açores. Em termos metodológicos, foi desenhado um projeto de intervenção e realizado um estudo quantitativo, do tipo descritivo, para avaliar esse impacto aos dois e cinco mêses após a formação, em dimensões como o conhecimento, hábitos e objetivos de utilização. No projeto participaram 192 enfermeiros, e os resultados apontam para um impacto positivo dessa formação, não só no aumento da frequência de utilização das bases de dados de informação científica, como na autopercepção de competência na sua utilização e motivos invocados para explorar esse tipo de informação.

Análise de parcimônia de endemismo de cercopídeos neotropicais (Hemiptera, Cercopidae)

The spittlebugs have an extent distribution in the American continent. Their diversity may determinate endemism areas based on their occurence in different localities. We have used Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity method, which is an important historic biogeography tool for detecting and establishing the relationship among endemics areas. A data matrix was built up based on the occurence registration for the species by 66 genus in whole localities divided in five degrees quadrats in the Neotropical Region, using 49 OGUs (Operative Geografic Units). The presence of the taxa in the areas was coded 1 and the absence 0. The data matrix was analysed based on parsimony analysis through the computer program Hennig 86. Nine endemic areas were stipulated (Mexico + Central America, Venezuelan Savana, Guiana + Suriname, Chaco, Trans-andean, Cerrado, Amazon, Pampa and Atlantic Forest) in the first analysis corroborated with ecological and physiographic patterns in each region. The second analysis was made using 48 genera to obtain the relationship among the nine areas stipulated before. In this analysis just one cladogram (3((1,2)((8,9)(6(7(4,5)))))) was obtained with 192 steps, consistence index 0.80 and retention index 0.85.

Diversidade de Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) capturados com armadilha luminosa, em seis comunidades no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Foram estudadas as faunas de Arctiinae em Camaquã, Iraí, Lagoa Vermelha, Mostardas, Piratini, e São Pedro da Serra. As mariposas foram capturadas por meio de armadilhas luminosas, uma vez por mês, na fase de lua nova, de janeiro de 1998 até dezembro de 1999. Na avaliação das comunidades, foram utilizados a riqueza de espécies, abundancia, constancia bem como, os índices de diversidade e uniformidade de Shannon e Brillouin. Para avaliar a variação do número de exemplares entre os meses e as localidades, foi realizada análise de variância. Na estimativa da riqueza de espécies para cada local, foram usados os procedimentos estatísticos não paramétricos "Bootstrap", "Chao 1", "Chao 2", "Jackknife 1", "Jackknife 2" e "Michaelis-Mentem". Foram capturados 9.800 exemplares de Arctiinae, pertencentes a 192 espécies e distribuídas em 6 tribos. A abundancia e riqueza de espécie, foram maiores em 1998 do que em 1999. Os maiores índices de diversidade em 1998 foram encontrados em Camaquã, Iraí e São Pedro da Serra; entretanto em 1999 Iraí, Piratini e São Pedro da Serra foram os locais de mais elevada diversidade. De acordo com os estimadores de riqueza de espécies podem ser encontradas mais 34% de espécies em Camaquã, 18% em Iraí, 75% em Lagoa Vermelha, 47% em Mostardas, 66% em Piratini e 43% em São Pedro da Serra.

Cinética de liberação de potássio e magnésio pelos minerais da fração argila de solos do Triângulo Mineiro

Estudos sobre cinética de liberação de K e Mg permitem uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica desses nutrientes no solo e podem fornecer subsídios para adequação das recomendações de adubação e aumentar a produção das plantas. A seleção do local de amostragem foi definida com base nas diferenças entre os materiais de origem (Grupo Bauru, Araxá, São Bento e Coberturas Detritico-Lateríticas Terciárias), estádio de desenvolvimento dos solos e representação espacial das litologias. Os teores de K total da fração argila foram determinados após digestão das amostras com HF, HNO3 e H2SO4 concentrados. Para avaliar o potencial dos minerais da fração argila de liberar K e Mg para as plantas, a partir de formas inicialmente não-trocáveis e estruturais, foram utilizadas nove extrações seqüenciais dos nutrientes com solução de ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1, com os seguintes tempos de contato com a amostra: 2, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 288 e 576 h. O tempo total acumulado de extração foi de 1.382 h. A liberação da reserva de K e Mg foi definida pelo estádio de intemperismo e material de origem dos solos. A fração argila dos Argissolos desenvolvidos de arenito da Formação Uberaba e de micaxisto/granito (Grupo Araxá), de maneira geral, apresentou os maiores teores totais de K e Mg e teores acumulados até 1.382 h de extração com ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1. Contudo, mesmo nos Latossolos (baixos teores totais), verificou-se liberação relativamente alta de K e Mg (teores acumulados até 1.382 h), quando comparada aos teores trocáveis da TFSA, evidenciando o potencial das plantas na utilização de formas não-trocáveis e estruturais desses nutrientes ao longo dos cultivos. A descrição da cinética de liberação de K e Mg pela equação parabólica de difusão mostrou que o processo ocorreu, a diferentes velocidades, em duas fases, tendo sido, na maioria das amostras, a taxa de liberação na primeira fase maior para o K e menor para o Mg. Este comportamento diferenciado indica o predomínio de K na forma não-trocável em sítios de média/alta energia de adsorção e de Mg na estrutura de minerais ferromagnesianos, predominantemente a biotita, retardando a liberação do nutriente pela dependência de reações de intemperismo promovidas pelo ácido cítrico.

Total lipid and fatty acid accumulation during basidiospore formation in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp.

The basidiospores of Pisolithus sp. contain large amounts of lipids, indicating provision for future germination in the host rhizosphere. However, the accumulation, composition, and mobilization of lipids during formation and germination of these spores are largely unknown. In this study, lipid storage and fatty acid composition during basidiosporogenesis were analyzed in fresh basidiocarps using bright-field microscopy and gas chromatography. Abundant lipid bodies are found in the hyphae, basidia, and basidiospores of fungal basidiocarps. This evidences a considerable C transport in the basidiocarp to meet the C demand during basidiospore formation. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds with chains of 9 to 18 C atoms, either saturated or insaturated, with one or two insaturations. The fatty acid composition and content varied according to the developmental stage of the peridioles. In free basidiospores, the predominant compounds were 16:0, 16:1w5c, 18:1w9c, and 18:2w6,9c/18:0ante, at concentrations of 76, 46, 192, and 51 µg g-1 dry matter, respectively. Our results indicate that oleic acid is the major constituent of lipid reserves in Pisolithus sp. basidiospores. Further studies are being conducted to determine the factors that induce lipid mobilization during spore germination.

Resposta da laranjeira-pêra à adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em um Latossolo Amarelo dos Tabuleiros Costeiros

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de N, P e K na produção e qualidade de laranjas-pêra (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), foi instalado um experimento fatorial, em um Latossolo Amarelo dos Tabuleiros Costeiros. As doses de N, P e K foram, respectivamente, de 0, 150 e 300 kg ha-1 de N na forma de uréia, 0, 26 e 52 kg ha-1 de P na forma de superfosfato triplo, e de 0, 96 e 192 kg ha-1 de K na forma de cloreto de K. A resposta ao N foi linear e positiva em um dos quatro anos observados. O nutriente diminuiu o tamanho dos frutos, mas não influenciou a qualidade do fruto avaliada pela porcentagem de suco, pelos sólidos solúveis totais, pela acidez total e pela relação sólidos/acidez. Foram observados efeitos positivos do P na produção, na porcentagem de suco e na relação sólidos/acidez. O K aumentou a produção, o tamanho dos frutos e a acidez, mas diminuiu a relação sólidos /acidez.

Tratamentos terapêuticos convencionais no controle do ectoparasita Ichthyophtirius multifiliis em jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência de tratamentos convencionais no controle da infestação do ictio no jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Vinte alevinos (3-6 cm) foram estocados em 28 aquários (10 L) durante 192 horas e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: controle, formalina comercial (0,2 mL L-1), permanganato de potássio (1,3 mg L-1), sulfato de cobre (0,63 mg L-1), sal comum (10 g L-1), verde de malaquita (0,05 mg L-1) e elevação da temperatura para 32°C. O sulfato de cobre, o sal e a elevação da temperatura reduziram o número de parasitas ao final do experimento, podendo ser utilizados como substitutos do verde de malaquita no controle do ictio no jundiá.