Análises térmicas e processo de sinterização da cerâmica KSr2Nb5O15 dopada com CuO

KSr2Nb5O15 is a ferroelectric material. The sintering process of the KSr2Nb5O15 ceramic doped with different amounts of CuO was investigated in this research. It was found that CuO is effective as promoter of the densification process of the KSN ceramic. The developed microstructures were different due to the amount of CuO and secondary phases were observed in the microstructures. However, the results of X - ray diffraction showed that only the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structure was identified in all the investigated ceramic systems. The thermal behavior of CuO and also of the CuO - KSN phase mixture was investigated by thermal analysis.

Exposição humana a substâncias químicas potencialmente tóxicas na dieta e os riscos para saúde

Humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals from the consumption of food, including undesirable compounds such as pesticides and mycotoxins. Chemical human risk assessment is a process intended to estimate the risk to a given population from the exposure to a chemical (or to a chemical group having the same mechanism of action). The process consists of four steps, namely hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chemical dietary risk assessment is an essential procedure to establish safe food standards. In this review the tools and data sources currently used in the risk assessment process will be discussed.

Construção e caracterização de um detector eletroquímico para análises em fluxo

The present work describes a low-cost electrochemical "wall-jet" detector for flow analysis. The electrolytic solution enters into the cell through a tube of stainless steel (200 to 300 µm i.d), reaching to the center of the working electrode perpendicularly and then being mixed to the remaining solution in the cell, which flows under atmospheric pressure into a waste reservoir. The proposed electrochemical detector can be used with any type of working electrode, from commercial to home-made, such as glassy carbon and metallic electrodes (modified or unmodified), which enlarge the applications of the electrochemical detector.

Influência de diferentes sistemas de solvente água-etanol sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e espectroscópicas dos compostos macrocíclicos feofitina e clorofila α

This work focus on the influence of solvent on the photophysical properties of chlorophyll α and pheophytin. Both compounds are related to the photosynthesis process and are considered prototypes of photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy. Fluorescence measurements were developed using water/ethanol mixtures at different compositions, since both solvents could be employed in biological applications. The spectroscopic properties of these compounds undergo profound changes depending on water content in the ethanol due to auto-aggregation processes. The major hydrophobicity and the lower dielectric constant of ethanol when compared with water precluded significantly the auto-aggregation process of these compounds.

Influência das características físico-químicas e composição elementar nas cores de méis produzidos por Apis mellifera no sudoeste da Bahia utilizando análise multivariada

In this study honey samples produced in the southwest of Bahia were characterized based on physicochemical and mineral (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe and Zn) composition. The metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The application of multivariate analysis showed that the honey colors are consequence of the mineral and physicochemical compositions. The darkest honey samples are characterized by higher values of pH and for presenting a strong relationship with Ca and Fe content.

Sistema de análises em fluxo polivalente para a determinação espectrofotométrica de fármacos

A flow system based on the sandwich technique is proposed for the sequential determination of ascorbic acid, dipyrone, acetylcysteine, captopril and paracetamol. The procedure is based on the reduction of Cu(II) by the analytes followed by the spectrophotometric measurement of the complex of Cu(I) with 2,2'-biquinoline 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid. Linear responses were achieved in the µmol L-1 range, with coefficients of variation better than 1.7%. Sampling rate was estimated as 60 determinations per hour, consuming 230 µg of BQA and generating 2.5 mL of waste per determination. Results for commercial samples agreed with those obtained by procedures recommended by the American and European pharmacopeias at the 95% confidence level.

Influência das características físico-químicas dos solos no ciclo hidrobiogeoquímico do mercúrio na região do Rio Aracá - AM

The region of Aracá River (Middle and Upper Rio Negro-AM) has peculiar characteristics, having soils with atypical profile and high organic matter contents in great deep. The levels of aluminum and iron in the soil samples increased as a function of depth and concentrations of mercury ranged from 0.097 to 0.964 µg g-1. Statistical analysis showed the degree of similarity between soil samples collected. The highest concentrations of mercury in soil samples are directly related to soil higher content of organic matter, directly influencing the fate and bioavailability of mercury species to the environment.

Desenhos de estruturas químicas correlacionam-se com propriedades biológicas: MIA-QSAR

Descriptors in multivariate image analysis applied to quantitative structure-activity relationship (MIA-QSAR) are pixels of bidimensional images of chemical structures (drawings), which were used to model the trichomonicidal activities of a series of benzimidazole derivatives. The MIA-QSAR model showed good predictive ability, with r², q² and r val. ext.² of 0.853, 0.519 and 0.778, respectively, which are comparable to the best values obtained by CoMFA e CoMSIA for the same series. A MIA-based analysis was also performed by using images of alphabetic letters with the corresponding numeric ordering as dependent variables, but no correlation was found, supporting that MIA-QSAR is not arbitrary.

Implantação e implementação das normas das Boas Práticas Laboratoriais (BPL) no laboratório de análises de resíduos da Universidade Estadual de Campinas

In the context of quality and good laboratory practices, the article recovers some historical data. From a specific Institutional situation (CPQBA/UNICAMP), is presented an experience of establishing and implementing a standard (NIT-DICLA-035) for good laboratory practice according to definitions of the Brazilian authority (INMETRO) responsible for regulating, monitoring, supervising and recognition in this area. The issue aims to focus on studies of pesticide residues in GLP parameters.

Mudanças químicas e fitodisponibilidade de zinco estimada por método isotópico, em solo tratado com lodo de esgoto

Zn availability in Red Latossol (Rhodic Ferralsol) of different pH amended with different rates of sewage sludge was studied by the isotopic 65Zn L value method. Soil chemical properties were found to be altered by SS addition. Zn concentration and Zn derived from SS (ZnpfSS) in plant, and Zn phytoavailability (L value), were increased with increasing SS rates. The linear correlation coefficient of plant Zn with SS rates and with L value was significant at 1% probability. The L value proved an efficient method for predicting Zn phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil with different pH under the soil conditions studied.

Caracterização de chás de genótipos de Lippia gracilis schauer através de perfil cromatográfico por CLAE-DAD combinado com análises quimiométricas

In order to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites, the chemical profiles of infusions from leaves of seven genotypes of Lippia gracilis Schauer, sourced from two locations (Sergipe and Bahia state) and collected during different seasons: summer (with and without irrigation) and winter, were determined by HPLC-DAD. The fingerprint chromatograms were analyzed by PCA to evaluate similarities and differences among the samples. Results revealed differences among genotypes collected and cultivated under the same conditions, suggesting that three genotypes have greater resistance to drought conditions.

Análises quali e quantitativas de micotoxinas em águas da cadeia produtiva do arroz por CCD e CCDAE

This study validated a simple and applied method for determining mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, in water from the rice production chain. Five solvent combinations for extraction were tested, with quantification performed by TLC/HPTLC and confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Mycotoxins in water from field and rice industries were evaluated. Mycotoxin recovery levels were around 90%. Two samples from rice parboiling waste were contaminated (deoxynivalenol/aflatoxin B1, 110/9 ng mL-1; and deoxynivalenol, 100 ng mL-1). Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A (36, 30 and 28%) were carried to soaking water during parboiling.

Implicações químicas na sistemática e filogenia de Bignoniaceae

Our solemn homage to the great Master Otto R. Gottlieb who knew how to teach the mystery of evolutionary relationships between chemistry and its natural sources. The micromolecular chemical study of the family Bignoniaceae shows a profile predominantly characterized by the occurrence of metabolites derived from acetic acid biosynthetic pathways such as terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids and special aromatic derivatives. Analysis of different chemosystematic parameters for the metabolite data collected, provided valuable information for the systematic characterization of the Bignoniaceae family within the Angiosperm derived taxa.

Influência de processos antagônicos no desenvolvimento de sistema de análises em fluxo para a determinação espectrofotométrica de propiltiouracil em medicamentos

A multi-commuted flow system was developed to determine propylthiouracil (PTU) based on the reaction of its thiol form with iminoquinone radical generated by the oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in an alkaline medium. PTU can be found in tautomeric forms and the tautomeric equilibrium was displaced to enhance the thiol form. However, the reaction product is unstable and its residence time in the flow path was carefully investigated. The proposed procedure showed good precision (< 1.5%) and a limit of detection (3s) of 0.11 mg L-1. High recoveries were obtained in the validation test. The procedure was employed for propylthiouracil determination in medications.

Un método para enseñar el porqué suceden las reacciones químicas

A methodology is proposed for explaining one of the central questions in the teaching of general chemistry courses to freshman students: why do chemical transformations occur? The answer to this question is based on thermodynamics but we propose arriving at an answer in a more intuitive way by using computational tools in a bid to increase the motivation of students for learning chemistry.