Utilização de um monitor de vídeo como fonte de alta tensão para eletroforese capilar

This article describes the use of a conventional CRT monitor as a high voltage power supply for capillary electrophoresis. With this monitor, a 23-kV high voltage with a ripple of 1.32% was observed. The reproducibility of the applied high voltage was evaluated by measuring the standard deviations of peak area and migration time for five consecutive injections of a test mixture containing potassium, sodium, and lithium cations at 50 mmol L-1. The errors were about 2.5% and 0.6% for peak area and migration time, respectively. The maximum current tested was about 180 mA, which covers most capillary electrophoresis applications. This system has been successfully used for several months, maintaining the desired level of performance.

Desviaciones al modelo logarítmico-lineal en la solubilidad de ibuprofén y naproxén en mezclas cosolventes propilenoglicol-agua

The deviations observed in the solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) in propylene glycol (PG) + water (W) cosolvent mixtures with respect to the logarithmic-linear model proposed by Yalkowsky have been analyzed at 25.00 ± 0.05 ºC. Negative deviations were obtained in all cosolvent compositions for both drugs; they were greater for IBP. Another treatment, based on Gibbs free energy relationships, was also employed showing an apparent hydrophobicity chameleonic effect, because at low PG proportions NAP is more hydrophobic, whereas at high PG proportions IBP is more hydrophobic. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

Entalpía de disolución de sulfacetamida sódica en agua: comparación entre la calorimetría isoperibólica de solución y el método de van't Hoff

The dissolution enthalpy (ΔH0soln) of sodium sulfacetamide in water was determined by means of isoperibolic solution calorimetry. It was found that ΔH0soln diminishes as the drug concentration increases. Otherwise, the calorimetric values obtained as a function of the drug concentration were significantly different than those predicted by the van't Hoff method. It was demonstrated that the later is not a fully reliable method for the determination of ΔH0soln values in the specific case of highly soluble sodium salts. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the presence of strong solute-solute interactions at high salt concentrations, in addition to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

Medidas de tensão superficial pelo método de contagem de gotas: descrição do método e experimentos com tensoativos não-iônicos etoxilados

Surface tension knowledge of surfactants aqueous solutions is important during amphiphilic molecule manufacturing and new product development, as feedback information to handle synthesis parameters to target performance. Drop counting method is an interesting simplification of drop weight method for surface tension measurements. A simple laboratory measurement device, with capability for temperature control, was assembled to allow investigation of ethoxylated surfactants. The implementation of the method was preceded by a detailed investigation of two factors that may affect the measured surface tension: drop formation velocity and surfactant ethoxylation degree. The limitations of the method are discussed on this basis.

Fotodegradación heterogénea de bisfenol A en agua con dióxido de titanio

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in epoxy resin and polycarbonate manufacture. This molecule is considered as an endocrine disruptor that causes different diseases. The human exposition to this non biodegrable substance is increasing in the time; in particular, water is contaminated by industrial remainder flow. In this article heterogeneous photo degradation of a solution of BPA in water solution using a catalytic photo reactor with UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the photo degradation of BPA solutions. The influence of titanium dioxide amount, BPA concentration, reaction temperature and the catalyst state like suspension and immobilized were also determinated. The highest elimination of BPA was 83.2%, in 240 min, beginning with 0.05 mM of BPA and 100 mg/L of TiO2 in suspension.

Método extendido de Hildebrand en la predicción de la solubilidad del ketoprofeno en mezclas cosolventes etanol + agua

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al. was applied to evaluate the solubility of ketoprofen (KTP) in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K. Calculated values of molar volume and solubility parameter for KTP were used. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order five to correlate the W interaction parameter and the solubility parameters of cosolvent mixtures (δmix). Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubilities with respect to the experimental solubilities were on the same order like those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the logarithmic experimental solubilities as a function of δmix values.

Heteropentámeros (etanol)4-agua: estudio estructural y termodinámico

Stochastic exploration of the potential energy surface of (ethanol)4-water heteropentamers through simulated annealing calculations was used to find probable structures of these clusters. Subsequent geometry optimization with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approach of these initial structures led to 13 stable heteropentamers. The strength of the hydrogen bonds of the type O"H-O (primary) and their spatial arrangements seem to be responsible for the geometric preferences and the high stability of these heteropentamers. This result is a consequence of the presence of the cooperative effects among such interactions. There is no significant influence of the secondary hydrogen bonds (C"H-O) on the stability of the heteropentamers.

Adsorção e propriedades de volume de misturas binárias água álcool: um experimento didático com base em medidas de tensão superficial

An undergraduate physical chemistry experiment based on the drop counting method for surface tension measurements is proposed to demonstrate adsorption isotherms of binary aqueous solutions of ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. Excess surface is obtained by the derivative of surface tension taken with respect to alcohol activity, after this activity calculation using van Laar equation. Laboratory class contents are surface tension, excess surface, percolation of hydrogen bonds, micelle, activity, and ideal solution.

Preconcentración y atomización con tubo en la llama para la determinación de Cadmio en agua de mar

A flow injection on-line pre-concentration system coupled to thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) for cadmium determination at sub μg L-1 levels in seawater samples was developed. The on-line system was evaluated by analysing cadmium containing in a synthetic seawater matrix (2.5% m/v NaCl, 0.5% m/v MgCl2 and 0.8% m/v CaCl2). A sample volume of 2 mL allows determining Cd with a detection limits of 30 ng L-1 (3* σblank/slope), pre-concentration factor of 34 and repeatability of 1,8% (calculated as RSD, N=8 and containing 200 ng L-1 of Cd ).

Estudio del coeficiente de reparto de ácidos carboxílicos grasos en sistemas modificados heptano/agua

The use of fatty acids (FAs) as amphiphiles is very important because they have a behaving similar to surfactants. The formulation for the preferential partition of these species was studied by varying the amount of salt at constant acid concentration. As the salt concentration increases, a Winsor I→III→II transition is observed for all the systems studied. Furthermore, the electrolyte concentration required to obtain the optimum formulation varies inversely with the chain length of the acid. The partition coefficient of the surfactant allows one to obtain thermodynamic information on the acid transfer process between the phases of the system.

Hidrogeles microestructurados de acrilamida y determinación de su capacidad de absorber agua y etanol

This paper reports the synthesis of nanostructured hydrogels of acrylamide by a two-step polymerisation process. The first step is performed by inverse microemulsion polymerization (water-in-oil) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), with these particles then added to aqueous solutions of acrylamide (AM), adding a crosslinking agent. The polymerization reaction is then initiated, thereby producing nanostructured hydrogels. We determined the capacity to absorb water, water and / or ethanol when nanostructured hydrogels were immersed in aqueous solutions with different concentrations of ethanol. It was found that the hydrogels were selective in absorbing water in all cases increasing with the ethanol concentration of the solutions.

Caracterización de cristales líquidos por microscopía óptica en sistemas surfactante polietoxilado-alcano-agua

The phase behavior of an alcohol polyethoxylated surfactant with decane and dodecane oil phase varying the water proportion from 5 to 90% to determine compositions in which the formation of liquid crystals and microemulsions ocurred was investigated. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were built to represent the regions of liquid crystals, biphases and microemulsions. Polarized light optical microscopy was used for the analysis and characterization of the separate phases. The micrographs obtained showed characteristics of hexagonal and lamellar phases of liquid crystal, isotropic phases, microemulsions and vesicles. This study is important to propose hypothesis regarding the factors determining the formation and stability of phases composed by surfactant/oil/water systems.

Influencia de variables de formulación en la viscosidad de emulsiones de surfactante aniónico-aceite-agua

Phase transition and viscosity behavior of emulsified systems were studied after modifying their physicochemical formulation. Effects of concentration and nature of salts and n-alcohols, and water/oil relation on the rheological properties of emulsions were also studied. Pre-equilibrated systems were emulsified according to an agitation procedure, and the viscosity (cP) was measured at different shear rates ranging from 1 to 300 s-1. The phase behavior, as well as the emulsion type based on electrolytic conductivity, was observed. Several interpretations of the flow and viscosity curves of emulsions were made through the estimation of rheological parameters such as consistency index "k" and behavior index "n".

Efeito da interação temperatura-tensão de água sobre a germinação de microescleródios de Macrophomina phaseolina

Em regiões tropicais e de temperaturas elevadas, Macrophomina phaseolina é agente de podridão em raízes, caule, ramos, e frutos em mais de 500 espécies de plantas cultivadas.Entretanto, pouco se sabe acerca da influência da temperatura e da umidade sobre a germinação dos microescleródios desse fungo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da interação temperatura-tensão de água na areia sobre a germinação dos microescleródios do fungo. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos em condições de laboratório, tendo sido realizados em duas etapas. Em um primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a interação de cinco temperaturas com duas tensões de água. Os resultados obtidos subsidiaram um segundo experimento no qual avaliou-se a interação de duas temperaturas com seis tensões de água no substrato. O delineamento experimental para ambos experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial, com arranjo combinatório 5x2 e 2x6, respectivamente, para o primeiro e segundo experimentos. Os resultados mostraram (P<=0,05) que os maiores percentuais de germinação ocorreram às temperaturas de 30 ºC e 33 ºC. Na tensão de água de -1.500 kPa ocorreu germinação em todas as temperaturas testadas. A tensão de água de -80 kPa tendeu a proporcionar o maior percentual de germinação, embora não tenha diferido das tensões de -8, -300 e -1.500 kPa. Os microescleródios não germinaram em areia seca ao ar, porém germinaram em 0 kPa, embora em menor percentual que a -8, - 80, -300 e -1.500 kPa. O efeito isolado da tensão de água sobre a germinação foi importante apenas quando se considerou os níveis extremos desse fator.

Atitudes frente a fontes de tensão do curso médico: um estudo exploratório com alunos do segundo e do sexto ano

A duas amostras randomizadas de 50 alunos do segundo e 50 do sexto ano médico foi aplicada a "Escala de atitudes frente a algumas fontes de tensão do curso médico", que avalia quatro fatores: aspectos psicológicos e adaptação ao curso médico; escolha profissional e características do curso médico; manifestações de comportamento disfuncional; saúde pessoal e estilo de vida. Os alunos também responderam a questões abertas, que versavam sobre as experiências vivenciadas durante o curso de Medicina. Os dados oriundos da aplicação da escala revelaram que 24,1% dos estudantes pesquisados foram considerados potencialmente sujeitos a desenvolver crises adaptativas. O material obtido na análise das questões abertas permitiu a construção de dois discursos: o do aluno de segundo ano e o do aluno de sexto ano. A partir da análise dos dados quantitativos e dos qualitativos, são discutidos temas relacionados ao segundo ano (processo de ensino-aprendizagem, prática pedagógica dos docentes, avaliação da aprendizagem) e ao sexto ano (organização do trabalho assistencial, seleção para a residência médica, aspectos éticos das práticas assistenciais). Considerações sobre medidas preventivas e interventivas são apresentadas com base nos temas desenvolvidos na discussão.