Descompressão endoscópica orbitária na oftalmopatia de Graves

A orbitopatia de Graves pode levar à exoftalmia significativa com alterações cosméticas até à própria perda visual. O tratamento cirúrgico desta doença era então realizado através de descompressão orbitária por via externa. Entretanto, técnicas minimamente invasivas através da descompressão orbitária por via endoscópica agora são possíveis, possibilitando a remoção da parede medial e inferior da órbita sem a realização de incisões cutâneas ou gengivais, permitindo a redução média da proptose comparável com as técnicas externas. Este artigo de revisão tem por objetivo descrever os passos técnicos em detalhe, enfocando suas vantagens e desvantagens. A descompressão orbitária por via endoscópica é um procedimento seguro e efetivo para o tratamento da exoftalmia tireoideana.

Estudo comparativo entre o aproveitamento escolar de alunos de escola de 1º grau e teste de inibição de emissões otoacústicas transientes

O processamento auditivo é fundamental para a cognição e pode ocasionar deficiência no aprendizado. Os portadores de sua deficiência podem ser habilitados, melhorando o desempenho escolar. É fundamental identificá-los. Dentre os que apresentam baixo custo e facilidade operacional está o exame de emissões otoacústicas. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Clínico e experimental. OBJETIVO: Estudar a relação do aproveitamento escolar com a inibição da emissão otoacústica transiente por estímulo auditivo contralateral. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados 39 alunos, de sete a doze anos, sendo 19 (48,7%) com bom aproveitamento escolar e 20 (51,3%) com aproveitamento inadequado. Os exames emissão otoacústica com inibição contralateral foram comparados aos resultados de aproveitamento escolar. RESULTADOS: A falha da supressão da otoemissão transiente por estímulo acústico contralateral foi mais encontrada no grupo de crianças com mau aproveitamento escolar. Foi estabelecido um valor de corte de 1.6 dB SPL de redução da otoemissão que caracteriza a criança como pertencente ao grupo com mau aproveitamento com sensibilidade de 65,0%, especificidade de 72,2%, acurácia de 68,4% e valor preditivo positivo de 72,2%. CONCLUSÃO: O teste da falha da inibição contralateral da emissão otoacústica por estímulo auditivo contralateral é preditivo de transtorno do aproveitamento escolar em indivíduos de seis a doze anos de idade.

Avaliação da artéria etmoidal anterior pela tomografia computadorizada no plano coronal

O conhecimento da localização da artéria etmoidal anterior (AEA) constitui etapa importante na cirurgia do recesso do seio frontal e do etmóide anterior. A tomografia computadorizada (TC), em especial no plano coronal pode fornecer reparos anatômicos que identificam o trajeto da AEA. OBJETIVO: Identificar os reparos anatômicos que caracterizam o trajeto da AEA na parede medial da órbita e na parede lateral da fossa olfatória. Verificar a correlação entre a presença de pneumatização supra-orbitária e a visualização do etmoidal anterior (canal da AEA). CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 198 tomografias computadorizadas dos seios paranasais no plano coronal do período de agosto a dezembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: Pneumatização supra-orbitária foi identificada em 35% (70 exames). O canal da AEA foi caracterizado em 41% (81 exames). O sulco etmoidal anterior foi visualizado em 98% (194 dos exames) e o forame etmoidal anterior foi identificado em todos os exames (100%). CONCLUSÃO: O forame etmoidal anterior e o sulco etmoidal anterior foram referências anatômicas presentes em quase 100% dos exames avaliados. Houve correlação entre a presença de pneumatização supra-orbitária e a caracterização do canal da AEA.

O setor de telefonia móvel do Brasil após o SMP: as estratégias das operadoras e a convergência fixa-móvel

Este artigo analisa como a regulação do Serviço Móvel Pessoal (SMP), implementada pela Anatel em 2001, alterou a estrutura do mercado e as estratégias das operadoras do setor de telefonia móvel no Brasil, entre 2002 e 2007. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e um estudo de caso múltiplo acerca das maiores operadoras do setor: Vivo, Tim, Claro e Oi. Diante da análise setorial e da influência de fatores externos sobre a estrutura do mercado, adotou-se o referencial teórico clássico de estratégia competitiva a fim de se entender as estratégias das operadoras. Adotou-se também um referencial mais específico do setor de telecomunicações, com destaque para trabalhos que discutem a convergência entre as telefonias fixa e móvel. Entre as conclusões do trabalho estão os efeitos de caráter deliberado das mudanças na regulação sobre as estratégias empresariais do setor, entre elas a adoção generalizada de estratégias de custo até o lançamento de serviços inovadores no mercado nacional, caracterizados pela integração entre as operadoras de telefonias fixa e móvel, promovendo estratégias de diferenciação, claramente representadas pela formação de dois grupos estratégicos: um com serviços convergentes do tipo bundle e relações de quase integração vertical entre operadoras fixas e móveis e outro com serviços convergentes entre operações de telefonia fixa e móvel verticalmente integradas.

Chagas' disease and social security: a case-control study in an urban area, Goiás, Brazil

One hundred and twenty subjects with Chagas' cardiopathy and 120 non-infected subjects were randomly selected from first time claimants of sickness benefits in the National Institute of Social Security (INPS) in Goiás. Cases of Chagas' cardiopathy were defined based on serological test, history of residence in an endemic area and, clinical and/or electrocardiogram (ECG) alterations suggestive of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Controls were defined as subjects with at least two negative serological tests. Case and controls were compared in the analysis for age, sex, place of birth, migration history, socio-economic level, occupation, physical exertion at work, age at affiliation and years of contribution to the social security scheme, clinical course of their disease and ECG abnormalities. Chagas' disease patients were younger than other subjects and predominantly of rural origin. Non-infected subjects presented a better socio-economic level, were performing more skilled activities and had less changes of job than cases. No important difference was observed in relation to age at affiliation to INPS. About 60% of cases have claimed for benefits within the first four years of contribution while among controls this proportion was 38.5%. Cases were involved, proportionally more than controls, in "heavy" activities. A risk of 2.3 (95%CL 1.5 - 4.6) and 1.8 (95%CL 1.2- 3.5) was obtained comparing respectively "heavy" and "moderate" physical activity against "light". A relative risk of 8.5 (95%CL 4.9 - 14.8) associated with the presence of cardiopathy was estimated comparing the initial sample of seropositive subjects and controls. A high relative risk was observed in relation to right bundle branch block (RR = 37.1 95%CL = 8.8 - 155.6) and left anterior hemiblock (RR = 4.4, 95%CL = 2.1 - 9.1).

Validação de métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal em portadores do HIV/Aids

OBJETIVO: Validar métodos de estimativas da gordura corporal (somatória de espessura de dobras cutâneas, circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-quadril (RCQ)) em portadores do HIV/Aids, tendo como padrão ouro a absortometria por dupla emissão de raios-X (Dexa) e a tomografia computadorizada de abdômen (TCA). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 15 portadores do HIV/Aids tratados em uma unidade de saúde coligada a um hospital público universitário, São Paulo. Foram medidas a gordura subcutânea total (GST) mediante a somatória da espessura de sete dobras (bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, axilar média, supra-ilíaca, abdominal e panturrilha medial), a gordura subcutânea central (GSC) (somatória da espessura de quatro dobras) e a gordura subcutânea de membros (GSM) (somatória da espessura de três dobras). A GST, GSC e GSM foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela Dexa. A CC, a RCQ e a GSC foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela TCA. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) e foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: A gordura medida pela Dexa foi correlacionada com GST, a GSC e GSM, mesmo após o ajuste pela idade (r>0,80 para todos). A gordura total de abdômen medida pela TCA foi correlacionada com a CC, RCQ e a GSC após o ajuste pela idade (r>0,80 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Os métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal devem ser escolhidos de acordo com o tipo de gordura a ser avaliada e podem ser utilizados em pesquisas e nos serviços de saúde como alternativa à Dexa e TCA para portadores do HIV/Aids.

Chronic myocardial damage in experimental T. cruzi infection of a new world primate, Cebus sp. monkey

Eighteen Cebus apella monkeys, (juvenile and adult of both sexes) were inoculated five years ago, with three Trypanosoma cruzi strains (CA1, n = 10; Colombian, n=4 and Tulahuen, n=4), either by conjunctival or intraperitoneal route, once or repeatedly. Parasitological, hematological, serological, enzymatic, radiographic, electro and echocardiographic findings have been peviously published15 and they are similar to those observed in human pathology. The most frequent electrocardiographic alteration was right branch bundle block. Six animals, chosen at random, were sacrificed. Those sacrificed 20 to 25 months post-first inoculation showed focal accumuli of leukocytes with myocytolysis. Foci of diffuse interstitial fibrosis with mild infiltrate of leukocytes among fibers were observed in the animals sacrificed 36 to 47 months post-inoculation. No parasites were seen. The lesions were more prominent in the ventricular walls and the septum. The fact that the infiltrates were predominant in the animals sacrificed at a shorter time after first inoculation and that fibrosis was more severe in those sacrificed at a longer time suggests that there is a progression of the infiltrative lesions to fibrosis, with a leukocytic activity indicative of a chronic phase. These lesions are similar to those described in human chronic Chagas' disease. This would demonstrate that this model is useful in evaluating a progress in the knowledge of the pathogenesis which is still a controversial issue, immunology, immunogenesis and chemotherapeutic agents of the chronic and indeterminate phases of this disease.

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH CHAGAS DISEASE FOLLOWED BETWEEN 2005-2013 BY PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICE IN CEARÁ STATE, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

By controlling the transmission of Chagas disease, the challenge of providing assistance to millions of infected patients that reach old age arises. In this study, the socioeconomic, demographic and comorbidity records of all elderly chagasic patients followed at the Pharmaceutical Care Service of the Chagas Disease Research Laboratory were assessed. The information related to the clinical form of the disease was obtained from medical records provided by the Walter Cantídio University Hospital. The profile of the studied population was: women (50.5%); mean age of 67 years; retired (54.6%); married (51.6 %); high illiteracy rate (40.2%); and family income equal to the minimum wage (51.5%). The predominant clinical forms of Chagas disease were cardiac (65.3%) and indeterminate (14.7%). The main electrocardiographic changes were the right bundle branch block (41.0%), associated or not with the anterosuperior left bundle branch block (27.4%). The average number of comorbidities per patient was 2.23 ± 1.54, with systemic arterial hypertension being the main one found (67.0%). It was found that the elderly comprise a vulnerable group of patients that associate aging with cardiac and/or digestive disorders resulting from the evolution of Chagas disease and other comorbidities, which requires special attention from health services to ensure more appropriate medical and social care.

Pathology of complete atrioventricular block in chronic chagas' myocarditis

Sclero-atrophy, fibrosis, vascular ectasia, phlebosclerosis and mild non-specific chronic inflammatory changes were observed in variable location and proportion involving the atrioventricular conducting tissue of the heart in five human cases of chronic Chagas' myocarditis associated with complete atrioventricular block. One case presented complete destruction of the A-V conduction system. In three cases the lesions were disseminated all along the conducting tissue but did not cause anywhere a complete disruption in the continuity of the system. The distal portion of the bundle branches were the most damaged sector of the system, exceptfor the fasciculi of the posterior division of the left bundle branch which were relatively preserved. One case exhibited bilateral sclero-atrophy of the bundle branches as the main change; and another showed early and mild fibrocalcific damage of the penetrating portion of the His bundle. The A-V node appeared as the least involved part of the conducting system in the cases studied. Demonstration of the lesions in this series of cases seems important because: a) it reveals that complete atrioventriculr block in chronic Chagas' disease results from disseminated lesions and not from focal disruptive change as has been commonly observed in cases of other etiologies; b) it shows that chronic inflammation can produce at the end variable and widespread vascular, degenerative andfibrotic alterations within the conducting tissue of the heart, which may lead to its total destruction.

Does a spontaneous cure for chagas' disease exist?

Six Costa Rican Chagas' disease patients, with wellknown acute phase history and no specific treatment were examined in several occasions during 39, 24, 32, 16 and 14 years, respectively, from the onset. Nome of the patients presented heart abnormalities as revealed by the conventional EKG and ergometry, exceptfor one of them with an incomplete block of the right bundle branch. Also, no alterations of the oesophagus motility was detected manometrically except for another patient who presented a slight hypersensivity reaction to a pharmacological test (Mecholyl). Three out of six patients became serologically negative in 1981, remaining as such until 1986. Besides the conventional serology, the search of protective ("lytic") antibodies was also performed in 1985 and 1986, being completely negative in one of the "cured" patients and dubious in the other two. The hypothesis that these three patients had as spontaneous cure, based on the clinical, serological and parasitologica l findings is discussed.

Serological survey for Chagas disease in the rural areas of Manaus, Coari, and Tefé in the Western Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Deforestation, uncontrolled forest, human population migration from endemic areas, and the large number of reservoirs and wild vectors naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi promote the endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon region. METHODS: We conducted an initial serological survey (ELISA) in a sample of 1,263 persons; 1,095 (86.7%) were natives of the State of Amazonas, 666 (52.7%) were male, and 948 (75.1%) were over 20 years old. Serum samples that were found to be reactive, indeterminate, or inconclusive by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) or positive with low titer by IFA were tested by Western blot (WB). Serologically confirmed patients (WB) were evaluated in terms of epidemiological, clinical, ECG, and echocardiography characteristics. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had serologically confirmed T. cruzi infection, and 12 of them were autochthonous to the state of Amazonas, for an overall seroprevalence of 1.2% and 0.9% for the state of Amazonas. Five of the 15 cases were males, and the average age was 47 years old; most were farmers with low education. One patient who was not autochthonous, having originated from Alagoas, showed right bundle branch block, bundle branch block, and anterosuperior left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 54%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study ratify the importance of monitoring CD cases in Amazonia, particularly in the state of Amazonas.

Reduction of catheter-associated bloodstream infections through procedures in newborn babies admitted in a university hospital intensive care unit in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) is the most common nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units. There is evidence that care bundles to reduce CA-BSI are effective in the adult literature. The aim of this study was to reduce CA-BSI in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit by means of a care bundle including few strategies or procedures of prevention and control of these infections. METHODS: An intervention designed to reduce CA-BSI with five evidence-based procedures was conducted. RESULTS: A total of sixty-seven (26.7%) CA-BSIs were observed. There were 46 (32%) episodes of culture-proven sepsis in group preintervention (24.1 per 1,000 catheter days [CVC days]). Neonates in the group after implementation of the intervention had 21 (19.6%) episodes of CA-BSI (14.9 per 1,000 CVC days). The incidence of CA-BSI decreased significantly after the intervention from the group preintervention and postintervention (32% to 19.6%, 24.1 per 1,000 CVC days to 14.9 per 1,000 CVC days, p=0.04). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the use of more than 3 antibiotics and length of stay >8 days were independent risk factors for BSI. CONCLUSIONS: A stepwise introduction of evidence-based intervention and intensive and continuous education of all healthcare workers are effective in reducing CA-BSI.

Outbreak of acute Chagas disease associated with oral transmission in the Rio Negro region, Brazilian Amazon

Introduction Chagas disease is considered as emerging in the Brazilian Amazon, usually occurring in acute outbreaks. Methods We describe 17 cases of acute Chagas disease in Rio Negro, Amazonas. Results There were 15 males (average age, 31.3 years), all positive for Trypanosoma cruzi in fresh blood smear examination, and 14 positive by xenodiagnosis and PCR. The top clinical manifestations were fever, asthenia, abdominal pain, and palpitations. Electrocardiograms featured low-voltage QRS, anterosuperior divisional block, and right bundle branch block associated with anterosuperior divisional block. Conclusions All patients had consumed açaí products from Monte Alegre in the rural area around Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Brazil.

Uneventful benznidazole treatment of acute Chagas disease during pregnancy: a case report

This report describes the case of a patient with acute Chagas disease in Tocantins, Brazil, who was unaware of her pregnancy during benznidazole treatment. She presented with impaired cardiac function during the acute phase (pericarditis and incomplete right bundle-branch block) that resolved favorably after benznidazole therapy. Serological results also became negative, as determined by hemagglutination assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunofluorescence assays. The child was born without sequelae and showed no evidence of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection at birth or 24 days later.

Laparoscopic treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of two cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVES: We present the results of treatment by laparoscopy of two patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis and review the literature since 1992, when the first case of this disease that was treated using laparoscopy was published. We also discuss the contemporary alternatives of clinical treatment with corticosteroids and tamoxifen. CASE REPORT: Two female patients, one with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, and other with retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with Riedel's thyroiditis, were treated using laparoscopic surgery. Both cases had bilateral pelvic ureteral obstruction and were treated using the same technique: transperitoneal laparoscopy, medial mobilization of both colons, liberation of both ureters from the fibrosis, and intraperitonealisation of the ureters. Double-J catheters were inserted before the operations and removed 3 weeks after the procedures. The first patient underwent intraperitonealisation of both ureters in a single procedure. The other had 2 different surgical procedures because of technical difficulties during the first operation. Both patients were followed for more than 1 year and recovered completely from the renal insufficiency. One of them still has occasional vague lumbar pain. There were no abnormalities in the intravenous pyelography in either case. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical correction of retroperitoneal fibrosis, when indicated, should be attempted using laparoscopy. If possible, bilateral ureterolysis and intraperitonealisation of both ureters should be performed in the same operation.