Detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using the rapid ML Flow test

Mycobaterium leprae infection was investigated in armadillos from the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The ML Flow test was performed on 37 nine-banded armadillos and positive results were found in 11 (29.7%). The ML Flow test may be used to identify possible sources of Mycobaterium leprae among wild armadillos.

Pesquisa de anticorpos anti PGL-I através de ELISA em tatus selvagens do Brasil

Tatus têm sido envolvidos na transmissão da hanseníase e considerados como fonte de Mycobacterium leprae em muitas publicações. Médicos de partes dos EUA consideram o contato com tatus um fator de risco para hanseníase. Entretanto, há um desafio associado ao papel do tatu na perpetuação da hanseníase no Continente Americano. Foi pesquisada a presença de anticorpos anti-PGL-I em tatus selvagens de áreas endêmicas em hanseníase do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, através de ELISA realizado em amostras de soro de 47 animais. Elisa positivo foi encontrado em 5 (10.6%) tatus. Tatus infectados podem ter algum papel na transmissão da hanseníase disseminando bacilos no meio ambiente, talvez tornando mais difícil a interrupção da cadeia de transmissão e redução do número de casos novos de hanseníase. A técnica de ELISA é um eficiente método para investigação soroepidemiológica da presença do Mycobacterium leprae em tatus.

Avaliação oftalmológica em pacientes com AIDS e neurotoxoplasmose

INTRODUÇÃO: Descrever os achados fundoscópicos em pacientes com AIDS e neurotoxoplasmose em fase ativa. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido estudo prospectivo tipo série de casos incluindo 70 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 20 a 63 anos, internados nas enfermarias de três hospitais públicos da Cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, com diagnósticos de AIDS e neurotoxoplasmose firmados segundo os critérios do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992), no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Os pacientes se caracterizavam por: primeiro episódio de neurotoxoplasmose (65; 92,9%) ou recidiva (5; 7,1%); desconhecimento de ter AIDS (23; 32,9%), contagem média de linfócitos T CD4 de 139,8 ± 3,04 células/mm3 e carga viral média igual a 137.080 ± 39.380 cópias/mL. Todos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico, consistindo de: inspeção ocular; aferição da acuidade visual; investigação da função muscular extrínseca ocular e fundoscopia, empregando oftalmoscópio indireto binocular (modelo OHN 3.5 (Eyetec®) e lente externa de 20 dioptrias (Volk®). RESULTADOS: Os achados consistiram em: exsudatos algodonosos retinianos (8,6%), constricção arteriolar difusa leve (8,6%); lesões de retinocoroidite cicatricial, características de toxoplasmose ocular (5,7%), atrofia do epitélio pigmentar retiniano (2,9%), descolamento da retina (2,9%), aumento de escavação papilar (1,4%), degeneração periférica retiniana (1,4%), macroaneurisma (1,4%), papiledema bilateral (1,4%), tração vítreo-retiniana (1,4%). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com AIDS e neurotoxoplasmose podem apresentar alterações fundoscópicas características da toxoplasmose ocular, na forma ativa ou cicatricial, relacionadas ao HIV ou, ainda, a outras doenças oportunistas ou sistêmicas, podendo ser de grande auxílio num tratamento integral do paciente por uma equipe multiprofissional.

Antibody levels in children after 10 years of vaccination against hepatitis B: a brazilian community-based study

INTRODUCTION: It is known that the hepatitis B (HB) vaccine is effective, but it is alarming that sudden drops of antibody levels may coincide with the onset of adolescence. METHODS: Antibody levels against HB vaccine surface antigen (anti-HBs) and HB vaccine core antigen (anti-HBc) were measured on the blood samples of children with a mean age of 11.4 years. RESULTS: About 54.8% had protective levels of anti-HBs. Of those who were anti-HBc-positive (4.4%), an average of 218.4 anti-HBs mIU/mL was found. CONCLUSIONS: Immunological protection was found in the majority of children. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the heritability of nonresponders and establish strategies against such events.

Analysis of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Barra do Garças, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the influence of environmental variables on the vector density of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912)

INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is an infectious and parasitic zoonotic, non-contagious, vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the major vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi (Cunha & Chagas, 1934) is Lutzomyia longipalpis. Barra do Garças, State of Mato Grosso, was designated as a priority area by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for american visceral leishmaniasis, and it is important to identify the vector species present in this municipality. Our objective was to raise sandflies and study the influence of environmental variables on the vector density of Lutzomyia longipalpis. METHODS: We performed entomological monitoring in 3 districts using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and recorded human cases of american visceral leishmaniasis in the city. We calculated the relative frequency and richness of sandflies and applied a transfer function model to the vector density correlate with relative humidity. RESULTS: The sandfly population was composed of 2 genera and 27 species, totaling 8,097 individuals. Monitoring identified Lutzomyia longipalpis (44%), followed by Lutzomyia lenti (18.9%), Lutzomyia whitmani (13.9%), Lutzomyia carmelinoi (9.1%), Lutzomyia evandroi (5.1%), Lutzomyia termitophila (3.3%), Lutzomyia sordellii (1.9%), and 20 other species (<4%). The male:female ratio was 3.5:1. We observed high species diversity (Dα = 6.65). Lutzomyia longipalpis showed occurrence peaks during the rainy season; there was a temporal correlation with humidity, but not with frequency or temperature. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the urban area of Barra do Garças underscores the changing disease profile, which was previously restricted to the wild environment.

Quality of life of patients with hepatitis C

INTRODUCTION: Self-report on the quality of life (QOL) is increasingly studied in the evaluation of various diseases, especially in chronic ones. However, there are few data in the literature focusing the QOL of patients living with chronic hepatitis C. The objective of this study was to evaluate the QOL in patients with hepatitis C assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL)-bref scale. METHODS: One hundred and eight hepatitis C patients attending the Outpatient Healthcare Medical Specialties in Tubarão, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, were contacted from May 2010 to February 2011. Patients answered the WHOQOL-bref scale and a questionnaire about their treatment and risk factors to hepatitis C virus (VHC) infection. RESULTS: Although most of patients with chronic hepatitis C considered their QoL good or very good (58.1%), 47 (44.8%) patients were poorly or very poorly satisfied with their health. About the WHOQOL answers, the environment domain had the highest score (25.15 + 5.77), while the lowest score was the social relationships domain (9.19 + 2.5). There was statistically significant association between household income and quality of life in all domains (p<0.001) and statistically significant association between education and the physical, psychological and social domains of quality of life (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the answers given in WHOQOL-bref, patients with chronic hepatitis C have a generally poor QOL, especially in social relationship domain. Household income and educational level were factors that interfered significantly with patients' QOL assessment.

Outbreak of laboratory-acquired Brucella abortus in Brazil: a case report

Human brucellosis is an occupational disease affecting workers in slaughterhouses, butcher shops and the milk and dairy product industry as well as individuals who work in clinical or research laboratories. We report the first outbreak of a Brucella abortus infection in a Brazilian laboratory and compare the data obtained with reports available in the literature. Exposure was a result of damage to a biological safety cabinet and failure of the unidirectional airflow ventilation system. An epidemiological investigation identified 3 seroconverted individuals, 1 of whom had clinical manifestations and laboratory results compatible with infection at the time of exposure (n=11; attack rate=9.1%).

Nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit during 16 years: 1997-2012

Introduction Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is an essential part of quality patient care; however, there are few reports of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and none in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of NIs, causative organisms, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in a large cohort of neonates admitted to the NICU during a 16-year period. Methods The patients were followed 5 times per week from birth to discharge or death, and epidemiological surveillance was conducted according to the NHSN. Results From January 1997 to December 2012, 4,615 neonates, representing 62,412 patient-days, were admitted to the NICU. The device-associated infection rates were as follows: 17.3 primary bloodstream infections per 1,000 central line-days and 3.2 pneumonia infections per 1,000 ventilator-days. A total of 1,182 microorganisms were isolated from sterile body site cultures in 902 neonates. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (34.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.6%) were the most common etiologic agents isolated from cultures. The incidences of oxacillin-resistant CoNS and Staphylococcus aureus were 86.4% and 28.3%, respectively. Conclusions The most important NI remains bloodstream infection with staphylococci as the predominant pathogens, observed at much higher rates than those reported in the literature. Multiresistant microorganisms, especially oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli resistant to cephalosporin were frequently found. Furthermore, by promoting strict hygiene measures and meticulous care of the infected infants, the process itself of evaluating the causative organisms was valuable.

An atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotype in a rural Brazilian dog co-infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis are two worldwide zoonoses caused by the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp., respectively. This report describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of a co-infection with both parasites in a 4-year-old female dog suspected of ehrlichiosis that presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, tachyzoite-like structures to the lung imprints, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results positive for T. gondii (kidney, lung, and liver) and Leishmania spp. Co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania braziliensis was confirmed by sequencing; restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) confirmed an atypical T. gondii genotype circulating in dogs that has been reported to cause human congenital toxoplasmosis.

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1-producing Acinetobacter spp. infection: report of a survivor

Abstract: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is a bacterial enzyme that renders the bacteria resistant to a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics. A 20-year-old man was hospitalized several times for surgical treatment and complications caused by a right-sided vestibular schwannoma. Although the patient acquired several multidrug-resistant infections, this study focuses on the NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter spp. infection. As it was resistant to all antimicrobials tested, the medical team developed a 20-day regimen of 750mg/day metronidazole, 2,000,000IU/day polymyxin B, and 100mg/day tigecycline. The treatment was effective, and the patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital.

Estudos de hemoglobinas em peixes da Amazônia : uma revisão

Neste artigo, o autor faz uma revisão completa da situação, até. aquele ano, dos estudos de hemoglobinas de peixes. Apesar de muitos trabalhos não terem sido citados, os principais estudos já realizados com hemoglobinas e sangue de peixes foram relembrados durante comparações com os estudos realizados nessa etapa da expedição do R/VAlpha Helix, que abrangeu um estudo amplo sobre esse assunto. 0 autor faz uma compilação dos resultados a respeito de estrutura (seqüência primária, componentes múltiplos, solubilidade, antigenicidade, etc.) e função(efeito Bohr, efeito Root, efeito de fosfatos orgânicos, etc). Para tanto, são utilizados dados da maioria dos trabalhos realizados durante essa expedição e trabalhos anteriores, realizados com espécies de peixes da região temperada. Finalmente, ele apresenta uma valiosa comparação entre espécies de peixes de respiração áerea e espécies de respiração aquática, mostrando algumas controvérsias entre os diferentes autores que estudaram esses animais. O leitor poderá encontrar o conteúdo do artigo e principais conclusões, resumidamente , no capítulo CONCLUSÃO.

ATIVIDADE BIOLÓGICA DE UM NOVO TRITERPENO ISOLADO DE Guarea cannata (MELIACEAE)

Do cerne de Guarea carinata foi isolado como principal constituinte um triterpeno di-acetilado (I). do grupo dos protolimonóides, derivado do apo-tirucalol e que mostrou atividade no controle biológico das larvas de Urbanus acawoioa(WILLIAMS, R. C, 1926) (Lepidoptera Hesperiidac).

ESTUDO QUÍMICO DAS SEMENTES E CASCA DA MADEIRA DE GUAREA TRICHILIOIDES (MELIACEAE)

Da casca da madeira de Guarea trichilioides foram isoladas e identificadas através de métodos espectrométricos as antraquinonas crisofanol e fisciona e das sementes o limonóide 7-desacetoxi-7-hidroxiazadirona. Da fração lipofílica das sementes foram ainda identificados por co-injeçao de padrões, através de cromatografia gasosa os ácidos esteárico, palmítico e linolênico.

CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS DE Protium paniculatum (BURSERACEAE)

Dos extratos etéreo e etanólico da casca da madeira de Protium paniculatum Engl. foram isolados á e β-AMIRINA (0,012%), β-sitosiero! e estigmasterol (0,003%) e o ácido 3,3'-di-0-metilelágico (0,093%0). A presença do ácido 3,3',4-tri-0-metileIágico foi postulada com base na análise do espectro de massas.

CONSTITUÍNTES QUÍMICOS DE Protium paniculatum(BURSERACEAE)

Dos extratos etéreo e etanólico da casca da madeira de Protium paniculatumEngl. foram isolados α- e β-amirina (0,012%), β-sitosterol e estigmasterol (0,003%) e o ácido 3,3'-di-O-metilelágico (0,093%0). A presença do ácido 3,3',4-tri-O-metilelágico foi postulada com base na análise do espectro de massas.