Cloud point extraction for the determination of copper in environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple cloud point extraction procedure is presented for the preconcentration of copper in various samples. After complexation by 4-hydroxy-2-mercapto-6-propylpyrimidine (PTU), copper ions are quantitatively extracted into the phase rich in Triton X-114 after centrifugation. Methanol acidified with 0.5 mol L-1 HNO3 was added to the surfactant-rich phase prior to its analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Analytical parameters including concentrations for PTU, Triton X-114 and HNO3, bath temperature, centrifugation rate and time were optimized. The influences of the matrix ions on the recoveries of copper ions were investigated. The detection limits (3SDb/m, n=4) of 1.6 ng mL-1 along with enrichment factors of 30 for Cu were achieved. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of environmental samples.

Application of cloud point preconcentration and flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of cadmium and zinc ions in urine, blood serum and water samples

A simple, sensitive and selective cloud point extraction procedure is described for the preconcentration and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions in water and biological samples, after complexation with 3,3',3",3'"-tetraindolyl (terephthaloyl) dimethane (TTDM) in basic medium, using Triton X-114 as nonionic surfactant. Detection limits of 3.0 and 2.0 µg L-1 and quantification limits 10.0 and 7.0 µg L-1were obtained for Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively. Relative standard deviation was 2.9 and 3.3, and enrichment factors 23.9 and 25.6, for Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively. The method enabled determination of low levels of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions in urine, blood serum and water samples.

A reliable method of quantification of trace copper in beverages with and without alcohol by spectrophotometry after cloud point extraction

A new cloud point extraction (CPE) method was developed for the separation and preconcentration of copper (II) prior to spectrophotometric analysis. For this purpose, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) azonapthalen-2-ol (Sudan II) was used as a chelating agent and the solution pH was adjusted to 10.0 with borate buffer. Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) was used as an extracting agent in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). After phase separation, based on the cloud point of the mixture, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with acetone, and the enriched analyte was spectrophotometrically determined at 537 nm. The variables affecting CPE efficiency were optimized. The calibration curve was linear within the range 0.285-20 µg L-1 with a detection limit of 0.085 µg L-1. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of copper in different beverage samples.

Determination of triamterene in human plasma and urine after its cloud point extraction

A new analytical approach was developed involving cloud point extraction (CPE) and spectrofluorimetric determination of triamterene (TM) in biological fluids. A urine or plasma sample was prepared and adjusted to pH 7, then TM was quickly extracted using CPE, using 0.05% (w/v) of Triton X-114 as the extractant. The main factors that affected the extraction efficiency (the pH of the sample, the Triton X-114 concentration, the addition of salt, the extraction time and temperature, and the centrifugation time and speed) were studied and optimized. The method gave calibration curves for TM with good linearities and correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.99. The method showed good precision and accuracy, with intra- and inter-assay precisions of less than 8.50% at all concentrations. Standard addition recovery tests were carried out, and the recoveries ranged from 94.7% to 114%. The limits of detection and quantification were 3.90 and 11.7 µg L-1, respectively, for urine and 5.80 and 18.0 µg L-1, respectively, for plasma. The newly developed, environmentally friendly method was successfully used to extract and determine TM in human urine samples.

Ligandless cloud point extraction of trace amounts of palladium and rhodium in road dust samples using Span 80 prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, a procedure is developed for cloud point extraction of Pd(II) and Rh(III) ions in aqueous solution using Span 80 (non-ionic surfactant) prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. This method is based on the extraction of Pd(II) and Rh(III) ions at a pH of 10 using Span 80 with no chelating agent. We investigated the effect of various parameters on the recovery of the analyte ions, including pH, equilibration temperature and time, concentration of Span 80, and ionic strength. Under the best experimental conditions, the limits of detection based on 3Sb for Pd(II) and Rh(III) ions were 1.3 and 1.2 ng mL-1, respectively. Seven replicate determinations of a mixture of 0.5 µg mL-1 palladium and rhodium ions gave a mean absorbance of 0.058 and 0.053 with relative standard deviations of 1.8 and 1.6%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of the palladium and rhodium ions in road dust and standard samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

PREDICTING THE BOILING POINT OF PCDD/Fs BY THE QSPR METHOD BASED ON THE MOLECULAR DISTANCE-EDGE VECTOR INDEX

The quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) for the boiling point (Tb) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was investigated. The molecular distance-edge vector (MDEV) index was used as the structural descriptor. The quantitative relationship between the MDEV index and Tb was modeled by using multivariate linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN), respectively. Leave-one-out cross validation and external validation were carried out to assess the prediction performance of the models developed. For the MLR method, the prediction root mean square relative error (RMSRE) of leave-one-out cross validation and external validation was 1.77 and 1.23, respectively. For the ANN method, the prediction RMSRE of leave-one-out cross validation and external validation was 1.65 and 1.16, respectively. A quantitative relationship between the MDEV index and Tb of PCDD/Fs was demonstrated. Both MLR and ANN are practicable for modeling this relationship. The MLR model and ANN model developed can be used to predict the Tb of PCDD/Fs. Thus, the Tb of each PCDD/F was predicted by the developed models.

Critical-point yield model to estimate yield damage caused by Cercospora zea-maydis in corn

A model to estimate damage caused by gray leaf spot of corn (Cercospora zea-maydis) was developed from experimental field data gathered during the summer seasons of 2000/01 and during the second crop season [January-seedtime] of 2001, in the southwest of Goiás state. Three corn hybrids were grown over two seasons and on two sites, resulting in 12 experimental plots. A disease intensity gradient (lesions per leaf) was generated through application, three times over the season, of five different doses of the fungicide propiconazol. From tasseling onward, disease intensity on the ear leaf (El), and El - 1, El - 2, El + 1, and El + 2, was evaluated weekly. A manual harvest at the physiological ripening stage was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Finally, grain yield in kg.ha-1 was estimated. Regression analysis, performed between grain yield and all combinations of the number of lesions on each leaf type, generated thirty linear equations representing the damage function. To estimate losses caused by different disease intensities at different corn growth stages, these models should first be validated. Damage coefficients may be used in determining the economic damage threshold.

Critical-point model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust

ABSTRACTA model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust (ASR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was developed by collecting data from field experiments during the growing seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11, in Passo Fundo, RS. The disease intensity gradient, evaluated in the phenological stages R5.3, R5.4 and R5.5 based on leaflet incidence (LI) and number of uredinium and lesions/cm2, was generated by applying azoxystrobin 60 g a.i/ha + cyproconazole 24 g a.i/ha + 0.5% of the adjuvant Nimbus. The first application occurred when LI = 25% and the remaining ones at 10, 15, 20 and 25-day intervals. Harvest occurred at physiological maturity and was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Regression analysis between the grain yield and the disease intensity assessment criteria generated 56 linear equations of the yield loss function. The greatest loss was observed in the earliest growth stage, and yield loss coefficients ranged from 3.41 to 9.02 kg/ha for each 1% LI for leaflet incidence, from 13.34 to 127.4 kg/ha/1 lesion/cm2 for lesion density and from 5.53 to 110.0 kg/ha/1 uredinium/cm2 for uredinium density.

Equipe multiprofissional em Saúde da Família: do documental ao empírico no interior da Amazônia

As equipes multiprofissionais foram adotadas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), justamente para que este modelo de atenção permita a articulação entre saberes na prática da assistência à saúde. OBJETIVO: Investigar a percepção dos médicos, enfermeiras e odontólogos sobre o funcionamento de equipes multiprofissionais na Saúde da Família do município de Coari (AM). MÉTODOS: Pesquisa qualitativa, com roteiro semiestruturado, aplicado em entrevistas individuais a todos os profissionais da atenção primária do município, comparadas a entrevistas com fisioterapeutas e psicólogos de serviço secundário, analisadas à luz da hermenêutica dialética. RESULTADOS: Com exceção do discurso dos psicólogos, a percepção dos médicos e demais profissionais de Saúde da Família demonstra a fragilidade na construção do projeto de intervenção conjunta, necessário principalmente à ESF, apresentando a perspectiva de que o trabalho multiprofissional se dá apenas em teoria e não na lógica que rege o processo de trabalho.

Consumo de álcool e atenção primária no interior da Amazônia: sobre a formação de médicos e enfermeiros para assistência integral

O uso problemático de álcool (UPA) é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública na lista de prioridades da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Este artigo objetiva investigar a visão de enfermeiros e médicos de Saúde da Família sobre o UPA, focando a compreensão que trazem sobre esta temática e o modo como é trabalhada no dia a dia dos serviços da região amazônica. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, com 14 trabalhadores da ESF, médicos e enfermeiros recém-formados de um município do interior do Amazonas. Foram utilizados dois grupos focais. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise temática, a partir dos princípios do SUS e da formação de recursos humanos em saúde. Os profissionais identificaram os fatores de risco para o UPA, mostraram conhecer as consequências para o indivíduo e para a sociedade, e descreveram os critérios utilizados pelos sistemas de classificação de doenças, mas não sabiam como atuar sobre esta questão, indicando problemas na formação universitária.

Entendendo a necessidade de médicos no interior da Amazônia - Brasil

Um dos dilemas atuais do setor saúde no mundo é a má distribuição de médicos entre áreas rurais e urbanas, e entre capitais e interior. No Brasil, a Região Norte é a que possui a menor quantidade de médicos por habitantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os indicadores de distribuição de médicos na Região Norte, com especial atenção para as disparidades entre capitais e interior. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, cujas fontes consultadas foram os bancos de dados ou documentos oficiais do IBGE, CFM e ANS. O principal indicador utilizado foi a relação de médicos por mil habitantes. A Região Norte possui um médico por mil habitantes. O conjunto de capitais possui 2,5, variando de 1,4 em Macapá a 3,4 em Belém. O interior da Amazônia possui 0,4, variando de 0,2 no Amazonas a 1,1 no Tocantins. O acesso a médicos nas capitais chega a ser mais de dez vezes superior no Amazonas e no Pará em relação ao interior. O local que mais necessita de médicos no Brasil é o interior da Amazônia.

Variação estacional da radiação solar em ambiente externo e no interior de floresta semidecídua

Medições diárias de radiação solar global foram feitas, durante o período de junho de 2000 a janeiro de 2001, no interior de mata semidecídua e no ambiente exterior, tendo sido registrados valores médios de 1,1 e 19,3 MJ/m²/d, respectivamente. A transmissão de radiação solar para o interior da mata foi influenciada pela época do ano e variou de 3,3 a 8,2%, para o verão e o inverno. Equações de regressão, para estações do ano, foram desenvolvidas para estimar a radiação solar no interior da mata, em função de valores obtidos no ambiente externo.

Accuracy and efficiency evaluation of point-centered quarter method variations for vegetation sampling in an araucaria forest

In order to verify Point-Centered Quarter Method (PCQM) accuracy and efficiency, using different numbers of individuals by per sampled area, in 28 quarter points in an Araucaria forest, southern Paraná, Brazil. Three variations of the PCQM were used for comparison associated to the number of sampled individual trees: standard PCQM (SD-PCQM), with four sampled individuals by point (one in each quarter), second measured (VAR1-PCQM), with eight sampled individuals by point (two in each quarter), and third measuring (VAR2-PCQM), with 16 sampled individuals by points (four in each quarter). Thirty-one species of trees were recorded by the SD-PCQM method, 48 by VAR1-PCQM and 60 by VAR2-PCQM. The level of exhaustiveness of the vegetation census and diversity index showed an increasing number of individuals considered by quadrant, indicating that VAR2-PCQM was the most accurate and efficient method when compared with VAR1-PCQM and SD-PCQM.

Remoção dos frutos de Miconia albicans (sw.) Triana (Melastomataceae) por formigas na borda e no interior de um fragmento de Cerrado, Curvelo, MG

O conhecimento sobre a biota do Cerrado e sobre os fatores que influenciam a distribuição das espécies é de suma importância num cenário em que as atividades antrópicas têm levado à destruição e fragmentação deste bioma. Esta pesquisa foi realizada num fragmento de cerrado em Curvelo, Minas Gerais, e teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos de borda sobre fatores relacionados à biologia reprodutiva de Miconia albicans, com atenção particular à dispersão secundária de sementes por formigas. Foram estas variáveis estudadas: (i) composição de espécies de formigas interagindo com frutos de M. albicans; (ii) taxa de remoção de frutos; (iii) tipos de interação entre formigas e frutos; (iv) distância de dispersão; (v) produção de frutos; (vi) abundância e porte de M. albicans. Nove espécies de formigas foram observadas interagindo com frutos de M. albicans. A taxa de remoção de frutos foi de 86% no interior e de 58% na borda do fragmento. A distância de dispersão variou entre 0,10-12 m, e não houve diferença significativa entre os dois ambientes (p = 0,24). Não houve diferença significativa na produção de frutos entre borda e interior (p = 0,15). A abundância de M. albicans foi significativamente maior na borda do que no interior (p = 5,088 x 10^-10), contudo os indivíduos do interior apresentaram maior porte. Estes resultados sugerem que o efeito de borda não causa alterações significativas na remoção de frutos de M. albicans por formigas. Contudo, a aparente maior abundância de formigas na borda parece impedir que estas plantas alcancem grande porte.

Modelo de simulação da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de estufa plástica

A simulação dos parâmetros climáticos de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de uma estufa plástica, por meio do balanço de energia, pode propiciar ao produtor uma ferramenta de auxílio na tomada de decisão. Nesse propósito, realizou-se uma simulação das condições no interior de estufa plástica, em função de parâmetros externos e internos a ela. A simulação revelou uma temperatura no interior da estufa plástica de 23,6 ºC, e os sensores revelaram um valor médio de 24,1 ºC para o período de cultivo da alface. Para a umidade relativa no interior da estufa plástica, o valor simulado foi de 61,6%, e o obtido com o auxílio de sensores foi de 66,0%. Os valores simulados apresentaram-se próximos dos valores obtidos pelos sensores, mostrando que o modelo pode ser usado para a estimativa da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da estufa plástica.