196 resultados para Fenton Catalyst
Resumo:
A influência de parâmetros operacionais como a agitação da solução durante irradiação solar e a vazão de alimentação de um fotorreator com irradiação artificial foi avaliada na fotodegradação de 2-clorofenol (2CF) e 2,4-diclorofenol (DCF) por processo foto-Fenton mediado por ferrioxalato. Após avaliação destes parâmetros, os sistemas foram aplicados na fotodegradação de fenol e de mono, (2-clorofenol e 4-clorofenol), di (2,4-diclorofenol) e tri (2,4,6-triclorofenol) clorofenóis a fim de avaliar a eficiência de fotodegradação destes compostos sob irradiação solar e artificial. Foi observada pequena diferença nas porcentagens de remoção de carbono orgânico total (COT) e de geração de íons cloreto nos experimentos de fotodegradação de 2CF sem agitação e com agitação sob irradiação solar. Sob irradiação artificial, um aumento da vazão de alimentação do sistema resultou em menor porcentagem de remoção de COT, ao passo que uma maior velocidade de remoção foi obtida devido a um menor tempo de irradiação. Foi então utilizada uma vazão intermediária de 33,4 mL min-1. Sob irradiação solar, foram necessários 15 minutos de irradiação para a completa remoção de todos os clorofenóis, entretanto para fenol, a completa remoção foi atingida em 20 minutos. Sob irradiação artificial, os clorofenóis foram removidos entre 4,5 e 6,5 minutos de irradiação. A velocidade de degradação aumenta ligeiramente com o aumento do número de cloros ligados ao anel aromático tanto sob irradiação artificial como solar.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho estudou-se a aplicabilidade do processo foto-Fenton utilizando irradiação solar no tratamento de dois efluentes (A e B) de uma indústria de tintas. Foi avaliada a influência da concentração inicial de peróxido de hidrogênio e ferro na remoção de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Nos primeiros minutos de irradiação foi observada a descoloração e a remoção de odores. Para o efluente A, atingiu-se 75 % de remoção de COD durante 60 minutos de irradiação. Para o efluente B, adições múltiplas de peróxido de hidrogênio foram necessárias para aumentar a remoção de COD, 43 % em 60 minutos de irradiação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o processo foto-Fenton solar pode ser aplicado ao tratamento dos efluentes gerados na indústria de tintas.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho foram estudados dois sistemas utilizando reações de Fenton para a remediação de um solo contaminado com p,p´ DDT. O primeiro envolveu a formação de uma lama com o solo contaminado, na qual foram adicionados os reagentes de Fenton. No segundo, não houve a formação de lama e os reagentes foram adicionados diretamente ao solo por meio de um "tubo injetor". Foram avaliados alguns parâmetros que podem influenciar a reação de Fenton, tais como minerais de ferro naturalmente presentes no solo e a irradiação solar. A principal espécie mineral de ferro encontrada no solo é a hematita (Fe2O3), que teve pouca influência na degradação do contaminante. Nos experimentos com lama sem adição de ferro solúvel a porcentagem de degradação do p,p´ DDT foi inferior a 25% após 24 horas de reação. Nos ensaios com lama na presença de ferro solúvel, a degradação do p,p´ DDT atingiu 70% em 32 horas, enquanto que nos experimentos sem lama, a porcentagem de degradação foi de 32% no mesmo intervalo de tempo. Em ambos os sistemas, a irradiação solar teve pouca influência na degradação do contaminante. Os resultados indicam que para um processo de remediação deste solo, há necessidade de adição de ferro solúvel e que o sistema em lama resulta em maior eficiência de degradação de p,p´ DDT.
Resumo:
Laboratories consume great amounts of hazardous chemicals substances and consequently generate wastewater containing them, for example formaldehyde. This substance is widely utilized to preserve biological samples generating many liters of this residue every year. The present work proposes the use of the photo-Fenton process to treat formaldehyde wastewater using sunlight irradiation. Some aspects were investigated such as the iron source, sample and hydrogen peroxide concentration and also the use of stirred systems. The use of ferrioxalate (0.5 mmol L-1) improved the efficiency of the process in relation to the use of iron nitrate, while at least 1.0 mol L-1 H2O2 is necessary to treat the sample of the 500 mg C L-1. Under these conditions, every formaldehyde detectable was degradeted and 89% of the dissolved organic carbon was removed in two hours of exposure to sunlight. These results are satisfaction considerate for São Paulo State Environmental Agency.
Resumo:
The article reconstructs the largely forgotten role of key Brazilian intellectuals in the Latins-versus-Anglo-Saxons debates that developed around 1898, emphasizing the embeddedness of their thinking in the transnational crossings of men and ideas within South America. It thus challenges the common depiction of late-nineteenth-century Latin Americanism as a purely Spanish American phenomenon and of the United States as its major catalyst, allowing a more nuanced understanding of this movement' s nature.
Resumo:
A remediação de uma amostra de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado artificialmente com petróleo (5.000 mg kg-1) foi estudada comparando diferentes oxidantes químicos: KMnO4 0,10 mol L-1; K2S2O8 0,10 mol L-1; H2O2 0,10 mol L-1; H2O2/Fe2+ 0,10/0,080 mol L-1 (reação de Fenton); e H2O2/Fe2+/UV 0,10/0,080 mol L-1 (reação de foto-Fenton). A remediação foi praticamente completa aos 30 min para o processo de foto-Fenton (99 %). Todos os outros oxidantes não atingiram essa taxa de dissipação até 180 min. O processo em que se usou H2O2 0,10 mol L-1 (70,51 %) foi o de menor eficiência. A adição de íons Fe aumentou a taxa de dissipação para 86,98 % (H2O2/Fe2+ 0,10/0,080 mol L-1). Os métodos convencionais apresentaram taxas de dissipação de 76,58 % (KMnO4 0,10 mol L-1) e 93,85 % (K2S2O8 0,10 mol L-1).
Resumo:
The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of digestion techniques using nitric and perchloric acid at the ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 v v-1, in one- or two-step digestion, to estimate chromium contents in cattle feces, using sodium molybdate as a catalyst. Fecal standards containing known chromium contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g kg-1) were produced from feces of five animals. The chromium content in cattle feces is accurately estimated using digestion techniques based on nitric and perchloric acids, at a 3:1 v v-1 ratio, in one-step digestion, with sodium molybdate as a catalyst.
Resumo:
The Ziegler-Natta catalyst and the polymerization thereof are systems which require careful handling and special treatment of chemicals. In spite of the use of inert atmosphere and dry chemicals, some Ziegler-Natta systems may present low activities or even may deactivate because of unsuitable handling. Some features of the TiCl3 synthesis and its characterization when related to the presence of impurities are described. Evidences of poor handling of chemicals and/or laboratory devices while in synthesis of the catalyst are emphasized. The problems arising from butadiene polymerization and some relevant details in propylene polymerization are also presented with teaching objectives.
Resumo:
This work presents a detailed study of the leaching behavior of deactivated hydrotreating catalysts (CoMo, NiMo/Al2O3) in presence of oxalate and NH4+ ions in various media. The yield of metals recovery may be optimized by adjusting several experimental parameters (time, temperature, etc). Leaching is limited by physical factors (diffusional effects caused by coke) and by the existence of silicate/spinel-like species which are poorly soluble in leaching solutions. Coke may be eliminated by an oxidation step at temperatures between 300-400ºC. Above 400ºC, solubilization of Ni and Co is drastically reduced. 50-90% wt of sulphate species and 15-30% wt of phosphate ions are solubilized during leaching. Silicon (as SiO2) is not solubilized. The best Ni-Co-Mo recoveries are in the 70-90% wt range; Fe recovery may be quantitative, whereas Al leaching may be lower than 5% wt.
Resumo:
This review gives a critical idea on the importance of intramolecular reactions as models for enzymatic catalysis. Intramolecular lactonizations, ester and amide hydrolysis studies result in theories which try to explain the difference between intermolecular, intramolecular and enzyme reactions and rationalize the enhancement promoted by these biological catalyst.
Resumo:
Lipases have been immobilized in microemulsion-based organogels (MBG's) and successfully utilized for the enantioselective esterification, diesterification and transesterification reactions, in organic solvents at 25ºC. This methodology is described as a new alternative for the use of enzymes in organic solvents. High enzymic stability has been observed. We have also used this methodology for the successful resolution of chiral secondary alcohols. This is a convenient way of using this catalyst in organic solvents which employs small amounts of the enzyme (250mg/mL).
Resumo:
The layered double hydroxides, known as anionic clays and represented by the general formula [M2+1-x M3+x (OH) 2]x+ Am-x/m·nH 2O, are a group of materials which are of much interest currently. They present a variety of potential applications as adsorbents, catalysts and catalyst support, ion-exchangers, antacids and as a polymer stabilizer. It is possible to obtain a broad variety of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), depending on the identity and ratio of the cations M2+ and M3+, as well as the interlamelar anion. The aim of this review is to give out some information about this class of materials, concerning to the synthesis, characterization, properties and applications.
Resumo:
The approaches in asymmetric synthesis as the chiron approach, chiral auxiliaries, chiral reagents and asymmetric catalysis are described in a simplified way.
Resumo:
Oxyradicals play a tole in several diseases. While for several decades the hydroxyl radical - produced via the Fenton reaction - has been considered the species that initiates oxyradical damage, new findings suggest that much of this damage can be ascribed to peroxynitrite, O=NOO-, formed from the reaction of the superoxide anion with nitrogen monoxide near activated macrophages. The rate constant for the reaction of this reaction has been investigated by flash photolysis and was found to be significantly higher than previously described in the literature, 1.9 x 10(10) M-1s-1. Studies of the isomerization to nitrate resulted in the discovery of a complex between peroxynitrite and its protonated form with a stability constant of 1 x 10(4) M-1. Some of the harmful reaction of peroxynitrous acid have been ascribed to the hydroxyl radical as a product of homolysis of the O-O bond during the conversion to nitrate. Kinetics of the isomerization reaction as a function of pressure show that the activation volume is only +1.5+1.0 ml mol-1, which is inconsistent with homolysis. Instead, an intermediate, possibly a distorted trans-isomer of O=NOOH could be responsible for the harmful reactions of peroxynitrite.
Resumo:
Chromium and copper-doped hematites were prepared with the aim of studying the synergistic effect of these dopants on the textural and on the catalytic properties of the iron oxides towards the high temperature shift reaction. It was found that the most active catalysts were those with the highest amount of copper. They had the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio near the stoichiometric value of magnetite, the highest surface areas under the reactional atmosphere and the greatest tendency to produce the active form; they also were poorly crystalline solids. The best performance was shown by the catalyst with Fe/Cu=10, heated at 300ºC. It can thus be concluded that copper acts both as textural and structural promoter in these catalysts.