Emprêgo do teste químico para o estudo da eliminação das gonadotropinas durante o ciclo menstrual

A chemical test previously described for the diagnosis of pregnancy was applied to the study of the excretion of gonadotropin in the urine during menstrual cycle. The chemical test is based on the selective adsorption by kaolim of the reducing substances biologically related to urinary gonadotropin. The active substance when acidified to pH 4.0 is adsorbed by the kolin and eluated with O.1N sodium hydroxide. The alkaline solution is treated by Somogyi's copper reagent and the excess not reduced is titrated by 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate. Gonadotropin is quantitatively addorbed by kaolin at pH 4.0 and eluated by alkaline solution as previously demonstrated by the A. (1). In the present paper the complete menstrual cycle was studied daily. It was observed that normally there are two distinct maxima of excretion. This study is based on 11 normal cycles (24-30 days) and 34 abnormal ones. Normal cycles showed a intramenstrual estrogens elimination from 200 to 260 mice units determinated by the Allen - Doisy full estrus smear test. The abnormal cycles belonging also to normal women showed much less estrogen excretion (14 to 25 mice units) Table II). In those cases with decreased estrogen excretion no fall in the curve after 14 th. day was observed. The A. suggest that the peaks of gonadotropin excretion is not related to the oculation but possibly due, the first one, to the follicle stimulating hormone and the second to the luteinizing hormone of hormone stimulating of the inerstitial tissue.

Variações mensais da incidência das formas evolutivas do Triatoma infestans e do Panstrongylus megistus no Município de Bambuí, Estado de Minas Gerais

Baseado na análise de um total de 138905 T. infestans e 8921 P. megistus capturados no município de Bambuí, durante um período de varios anos, foi feito um estudo das variações das percentagens das formas evolutivas de cada espécie nos diferentes meses. A apresentação dos dados colhidos foi feita de diversas maneiras, tendo sido objeto especial da discussão do presente trabalho as capturas realizadas nas zonas rurais do municipio. Verificou-se que no caso do T. infestans a predominância das larvas ocorreu em novembro, a das ninfas em fevereiro-abril, a dos adultos abril-julho, e no caso do P. megistus a ocorrência maxima de larvas ninfas e adultos, observou-se respectivamente em março, julho e novembro. Enquanto que o predomínio das formas adultas de T. infestans coincide com a estação seca e fria e a das larvas com a estação quente e úmida, acontece exatamente o oposto com o P. megistus. A maior ocorrência dos casos agudos de doença de Chagas se dá no verão. As curvas correspondentes às percentagens de formas jovens (ninfas e larvas) e adultos do P. magistus oferecem um aspecto notavelmente constante pela sua intersecção em setembro, quando passam a predominar os insetos adultos sôbre os jovens; no caso do T. infestans essa intersecção não tem lugar, devido provavelmente ao aparecimento de formas jovens durante todo o ano, embora haja períodos em que elas aparecem com maior freqüência. A realização de estudos semelhantes, em diferentes regiões permitirá estabelecer a época em que de preferência devem ser feitos os expurgos, que serão, aparentemente, nas ocasiões em que começam a aparecer as larvas.

Incapacidade de evolução do Trypanosoma cruzi na hemocele de triatomíneos

O exame da hemolinfa de triatomíneos (Triatoma infestans e Dipetalogastermaxima) infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi há 10, 15, 20 e 30 dias não revelaram a presença do flagelado. Material colhido e lavado da hemocele de D. maxima infectados, também foi negativo. A inoculação de formas sanguíneas do parasita e daquelas obtidas do conteúdo intestinal de triatomíneos na hemocele revelou que os parasitas não foram capazes de manter na hemolinfa uma infecção por mais de 40 dias e que não puderam penetrar no intestino dos triatomíneos. A inoculação de hemolinfa de insetos naturalmente infectados em camundongos recém-nascidos não induziu infecção.

Morphological evidence by scanning electron microscopy of excretion of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in vector's urine

Comparision by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Trypanosoma cruzi flagellates attached to the cuticle of the rectal gland of infected Dipetalogaster maxima nymphs, showed marked differences before amd after feeding. Before feeding numerous metacyclic trypomastigotes were observed among the abundant epimastigotes that formed the carpet of flagellates. On the other hand, in insects that were allowed to urinate for 24 hours after a meal, the metacyclics were scarce,indicating that they had been detached by the urine flow. An asymetric type of cell division, probably originating both an epi-and a trypomastigote, was occasionally observed. The occurrence of swellings at different levels of the flagella of epimastigotes suggests that secondary sites of attachment may be common.

Cuticular hydrocarbons of Chagas disease vectors in Mexico

Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyse the cuticular hydrocarbons of three triatomine species, Triatoma dimidiata, T. barberi and Dipetalogaster maxima, domestic vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico. Mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons of straight and methyl-branched chains were characteristic of the three species, but quantitatively different. Major methylbranched components mostly corresponded to different saturated isomers of monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyl branched hydrocarbons ranging from 29 to 39 carbon backbones. Sex-dependant, quantitative differences in certain hydrocarbons were apparent in T. dimidiata.

Women working at university restaurants: life and work conditions and gender-based violence

This is an exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach that aimed to understand the social production and reproduction processes of women working at university restaurants and the occurrence and the magnitude of gender-based violence committed against them by their intimate partners. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The analysis categories used were social production and reproduction, gender and gender-based violence. The interviewees held a subordinate social position during the productive and reproductive periods of their lives. Approximately 70% reported having experienced gender-based violence from an intimate partner (66% psychological violence, 36.3% physical violence and 28.6% sexual violence). Most of the health problems resulting from violence were related to mental health. The results indicate that the situation requires immediate interventions, mostly guided by the instrumentalization of these women and the support by the state and the university as appropriate to address violence.

Especificidade alimentar: em busca de um caráter taxonômico para a diferenciação de duas espécies crípticas de cochonilhas do gênero Planococcus (Hemíptera: Pseudococcidae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar uma possível especificidade alimentar de duas espécies crípticas de cochonilhas do gênero Planococcus, refletida em seu desenvolvimento em frutos de cacaueiro, cafeeiro e citros. A cochonilha Planococcus minor (Maskell), obtida de frutos de cacau (Theobroma cacao L. cv. Comum), e Planococcus citri (Risso), de lavoura de café (Coffea arabica L. cv. Mundo Novo) e de mudas de citros (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Bahia), foram criadas em abóboras (Cucurbita maxima L.), em laboratório. Rosetas com frutos de café foram mantidas sobre uma lâmina de 5 mm de ágar-água em placas de Petri, vedadas com filme plástico de polietileno. Em frutos de citros e cacau foram utilizadas gaiolas plásticas cilíndricas (1,5 cm x 3,0 cm), vedadas com voile na parte superior, as quais foram fixadas nos frutos por meio de um elástico. Os bioensaios foram conduzidos em câmaras climatizadas a 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% UR e 12 horas de fotofase, utilizando-se de 30 repetições. Para as cochonilhas provenientes de cafeeiro, o substrato café proporcionou o maior período ninfal de fêmeas (20,8 dias) e maior longevidade (31,7 dias). Para fêmeas oriundas de cacau, o substrato cacau promoveu o menor período ninfal (21,1 dias) e maior longevidade (25,0 dias). Para aquelas oriundas de citros, o substrato cacau promoveu o menor período ninfal (18,4 dias), e o substrato citros, a maior longevidade (32,0 dias). As maiores porcentagens de mortalidade (50%) foram obtidas das ninfas oriundas de frutos de cacau e citros, criadas em café e cacau, e as menores foram das ninfas oriundas de frutos de café, independentemente do substrato em que foram criadas. A cochonilha P. minor mostra uma associação mais estreita com o cacau e, eventualmente, café, em relação ao citros, o que explicaria sua maior ocorrência em cacau. No entanto, P. citri não evidencia nenhuma especificidade para os três substratos testados.

Sobre o condicionamento alimentar na cochonilha-branca, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: pseudococcidae)

Estudos do comportamento alimentar mediante a técnica de "Electrical Penetration Graphs" (EPG) das cochonilhas-farinhentas (Pseudococcidae) provenientes de um hospedeiro de criação alternativo têm mostrado que esses insetos não atingem ou demoram cerca de 9 horas para alcançar a fase floemática. Por outro lado, aqueles provenientes do hospedeiro-fonte atingem a fase floemática mais rapidamente e apresentam maior frequência de alimentação nos vasos crivados. Esses resultados indicam a presença do fenômeno de condicionamento alimentar, ainda não demonstrado em cochonilhas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a existência desse fenômeno em Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Foram realizados testes de livre escolha, monitoramento eletrônico (EPG) e estudos de alguns parâmetros biológicos. Em todos os experimentos, o cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.), os citros (Citrus sinensis L.) e abóbora (Cucurbita maxima L.) foram utilizados como substratos de criação (fonte) da cochonilha, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pela combinação entre os hospedeiros-fonte e os hospedeiros receptores (café e citros). O teste de escolha entre cafeeiro e citros nas primeiras 72 horas mostrou que as cochonilhas criadas em cafeeiro apresentaram preferência pelo cafeeiro; aquelas originadas dos citros mostraram uma tendência, embora não significativa, em selecionar os citros em relação ao cafeeiro e aquelas criadas em abóbora não mostraram preferência por nenhum dos hospedeiros. Os estudos do comportamento alimentar mediante o monitoramento eletrônico (EPG) mostraram que a fase floemática, considerada como a fase de aceitação do hospedeiro, foi mais frequente em cafeeiro, seja com cochonilhas oriundas deste substrato, seja de citros. Aqueles insetos mantidos em abóbora e transferidos para o cafeeiro ou citros apresentaram excepcionalmente ou não apresentaram nenhuma fase floemática, respectivamente. A transferência de cochonilhas de qualquer hospedeiro-fonte para cafeeiro ou citros não afetou o tempo de desenvolvimento, fecundidade e mortalidade, porém aquelas criadas e mantidas em abóbora mostraram maior fecundidade quando comparadas com qualquer outro substrato receptor. Conclui-se que a transferência do substrato, seja cafeeiro, seja citros, não influencia significativamente o comportamento alimentar e o desenvolvimento de P. citri, embora possa existir preferência inicial pelo hospedeiro-fonte.

Dessorção iônica e degradação de filmes de polipirrol dopado com dodecilsulfato induzidas por elétrons de alta energia

Electron stimulated ion desorption (ESID) and degradation studies of polypyrrole doped with dodecylsulfate (PPy/DS) deposited on FTO were performed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for ion analysis. The results suggest a strong contribution from fragments of the dodecylsulfate hydrocarbon chain to the mass spectra. In the 650-1500 eV energy range the ion yield curves show maxima at about 600, 1200 and 1400 eV, which can be related to carbon, nitrogen and oxygen-containing fragments, respectively, and interpreted in terms of the Auger Stimulated Ion Desorption (ASID) mechanism. Degradation studies indicate rapid loss of heavier hydrocarbons and an increase of bulk and substrate fragments. Some degradation profiles suggest formation of new species.

Metodologia AGOA: a modelagem de clusters de hidratação no complexo aziridina···ácido fluorídrico

We present a theoretical study of solvent effect on C2H5N···HF hydrogen-bonded complex through the application of the AGOA methodology. By using the TIP4P model to orientate the configuration of water molecules, the hydration clusters generated by AGOA were obtained through the analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of solute (C2H5N···HF). Thereby, it was calculated the hydration energies on positive and negative MEP fields, which are maxima (PEMmax) and minima (PEMmin) when represent the -CH2- methylene groups and hydrofluoric acid, respectively. By taking into account the higher and lower hydration energy values of -370.6 kJ mol-1 and -74.3 kJ mol-1 for PEMmax and PEMmin of the C2H5N···HF, our analysis shows that these results corroborate the open ring reaction of aziridine, in which the preferential attack of water molecules occurs at the methylene groups of this heterocyclic.

Estudo da emissão por fluorescência de ultravioleta na quantificação de um inibidor de corrosão do tipo sal de amônio quaternário em água

Quaternary ammonium salts are the corrosion inhibitors most frequently used by the oil industry. In this study, the ultraviolet fluorescence technique was evaluated for the analysis of a quaternary ammonium salt in water as a corrosion inhibitor. The comparison with standard salt showed that an alkyl aryl quaternary ammonium salt is the main fluorophore, with emission maxima at 306 and 593 nm. The best instrumental parameters were: width of excitation and emission slits of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, and scan rate of 10 nm min-1. The presence of aromatic compounds and biocides affects the analysis of corrosion inhibitors.

Kinetical study about the cobalt electrodeposition onto polycrystalline platinum

An electrochemical study of Co electrodeposition onto polycrystalline Pt from an aqueous solution containing 10-2 M CoCl2 + 1 M NH4CI (pH = 9.3) was conducted at overpotential conditions. The current density transients showed two maxima that corresponded to two nucleation and growth processes. The entire transient behavior was adequately predicted considering the contribution to the total current of four different processes: a Langmuir-type adsorption process, a diffusion-controlled two-dimensional instantaneous nucleation, and two three-dimensional nucleation and growth processes.

Optimization of solvent mixtures for extraction from bark of Schinus terebinthifolius by a statistical mixture-design technique and development of a UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for analysis of total polyphenols in the extract

A statistical mixture-design technique was used to study the effects of different solvents and their mixtures on the yield, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts from the bark of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae). The experimental results and their response-surface models showed that ternary mixtures with equal portions of all the three solvents (water, ethanol and acetone) were better than the binary mixtures in generating crude extracts with the highest yield (22.04 ± 0.48%), total polyphenol content (29.39 ± 0.39%), and antioxidant capacity (6.38 ± 0.21). An analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of total polyphenols in the extracts. Optimal conditions for the various parameters in this analytical method, namely, the time for the chromophoric reaction to stabilize, wavelength of the absorption maxima to be monitored, the reference standard and the concentration of sodium carbonate were determined to be 5 min, 780 nm, pyrogallol, and 14.06% w v-1, respectively. UV-Vis spectrophotometric monitoring of the reaction under these conditions proved the method to be linear, specific, precise, accurate, reproducible, robust, and easy to perform.

Spectrophotometric determination of metronidazole through Schiff's base system using vanillin and PDAB reagents in pharmaceutical preparations

Two simple sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of metronidazole either in pure form or in their tablets. The proposed methods are based on the reduction of the nitro group to amino group of the drug. The reduction of metronidazole was carried out with zinc powder and 5 N hydrochloric acid at room temperature in methanol. The resulting amine was then subjected to a condensation reaction with aromatic aldehyde namely, vanillin and p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde (PDAB) to yield yellow colored Schiff's bases. The formed Schiff's bases are quantified spectrophotometrically at their absorption maxima at 422 nm for vanillin and 494 nm for PDAB. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges 10 to 65 µg mL-1 and 5 to 40 µg mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.080 µg mL-1 and 0.090 µg mL-1 for vanillin and PDAB, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries were found to be 100.05 ± 0.37 and 99.01 ± 0.76 for the two methods respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determine the metronidazole in their tablet formulations and the results compared favorably to that of reference methods. The proposed methods are recommended for quality control and routine analysis.

Dry months in the agricultural region of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo-Brazil: an study based on the extreme value theory

The application of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to model the probability of occurrence of extreme low Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values leads to an increase of the knowledge related to the occurrence of extreme dry months. This sort of analysis can be carried out by means of two approaches: the block maxima (BM; associated with the General Extreme Value distribution) and the peaks-over-threshold (POT; associated with the Generalized Pareto distribution). Each of these procedures has its own advantages and drawbacks. Thus, the main goal of this study is to compare the performance of BM and POT in characterizing the probability of occurrence of extreme dry SPI values obtained from the weather station of Ribeirão Preto-SP (1937-2012). According to the goodness-of-fit tests, both BM and POT can be used to assess the probability of occurrence of the aforementioned extreme dry SPI monthly values. However, the scalar measures of accuracy and the return level plots indicate that POT provides the best fit distribution. The study also indicated that the uncertainties in the parameters estimates of a probabilistic model should be taken into account when the probability associated with a severe/extreme dry event is under analysis.