Funciones termodinámicas relativas a la transferencia del ketoprófen desde el agua hasta algunos sistemas orgánicos

The thermodynamics of molal partitioning of ketoprofen (KTP) was studied in cyclohexane/buffer (CH/W), octanol/buffer (ROH/W), and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and egg lecithin (EGG/W) liposome systems. In all cases the partition coefficients (Kmo/w)were greater than unity; therefore the standard free energies of transfer were negative indicating affinity of KTP for organic media. The Kmo/w values were approximately seventy-fold higher in the ROH/W system compared with the CH/W system. On the other hand, the Kmo/w values were approximately ten or fifty-fold higher in the liposomes compared with the ROH/W system. In all cases, the standard enthalpies and entropies of transfer of KTP were positive indicating some degree of participation of the hydrophobic hydration on partitioning processes.

Desviaciones al modelo logarítmico-lineal en la solubilidad de ibuprofén y naproxén en mezclas cosolventes propilenoglicol-agua

The deviations observed in the solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) in propylene glycol (PG) + water (W) cosolvent mixtures with respect to the logarithmic-linear model proposed by Yalkowsky have been analyzed at 25.00 ± 0.05 ºC. Negative deviations were obtained in all cosolvent compositions for both drugs; they were greater for IBP. Another treatment, based on Gibbs free energy relationships, was also employed showing an apparent hydrophobicity chameleonic effect, because at low PG proportions NAP is more hydrophobic, whereas at high PG proportions IBP is more hydrophobic. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

Entalpía de disolución de sulfacetamida sódica en agua: comparación entre la calorimetría isoperibólica de solución y el método de van't Hoff

The dissolution enthalpy (ΔH0soln) of sodium sulfacetamide in water was determined by means of isoperibolic solution calorimetry. It was found that ΔH0soln diminishes as the drug concentration increases. Otherwise, the calorimetric values obtained as a function of the drug concentration were significantly different than those predicted by the van't Hoff method. It was demonstrated that the later is not a fully reliable method for the determination of ΔH0soln values in the specific case of highly soluble sodium salts. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the presence of strong solute-solute interactions at high salt concentrations, in addition to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

Fotodegradación heterogénea de bisfenol A en agua con dióxido de titanio

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in epoxy resin and polycarbonate manufacture. This molecule is considered as an endocrine disruptor that causes different diseases. The human exposition to this non biodegrable substance is increasing in the time; in particular, water is contaminated by industrial remainder flow. In this article heterogeneous photo degradation of a solution of BPA in water solution using a catalytic photo reactor with UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the photo degradation of BPA solutions. The influence of titanium dioxide amount, BPA concentration, reaction temperature and the catalyst state like suspension and immobilized were also determinated. The highest elimination of BPA was 83.2%, in 240 min, beginning with 0.05 mM of BPA and 100 mg/L of TiO2 in suspension.

Método extendido de Hildebrand en la predicción de la solubilidad del ketoprofeno en mezclas cosolventes etanol + agua

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al. was applied to evaluate the solubility of ketoprofen (KTP) in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K. Calculated values of molar volume and solubility parameter for KTP were used. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order five to correlate the W interaction parameter and the solubility parameters of cosolvent mixtures (δmix). Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubilities with respect to the experimental solubilities were on the same order like those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the logarithmic experimental solubilities as a function of δmix values.

Heteropentámeros (etanol)4-agua: estudio estructural y termodinámico

Stochastic exploration of the potential energy surface of (ethanol)4-water heteropentamers through simulated annealing calculations was used to find probable structures of these clusters. Subsequent geometry optimization with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approach of these initial structures led to 13 stable heteropentamers. The strength of the hydrogen bonds of the type O"H-O (primary) and their spatial arrangements seem to be responsible for the geometric preferences and the high stability of these heteropentamers. This result is a consequence of the presence of the cooperative effects among such interactions. There is no significant influence of the secondary hydrogen bonds (C"H-O) on the stability of the heteropentamers.

Preconcentración y atomización con tubo en la llama para la determinación de Cadmio en agua de mar

A flow injection on-line pre-concentration system coupled to thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) for cadmium determination at sub μg L-1 levels in seawater samples was developed. The on-line system was evaluated by analysing cadmium containing in a synthetic seawater matrix (2.5% m/v NaCl, 0.5% m/v MgCl2 and 0.8% m/v CaCl2). A sample volume of 2 mL allows determining Cd with a detection limits of 30 ng L-1 (3* σblank/slope), pre-concentration factor of 34 and repeatability of 1,8% (calculated as RSD, N=8 and containing 200 ng L-1 of Cd ).

Estudio del coeficiente de reparto de ácidos carboxílicos grasos en sistemas modificados heptano/agua

The use of fatty acids (FAs) as amphiphiles is very important because they have a behaving similar to surfactants. The formulation for the preferential partition of these species was studied by varying the amount of salt at constant acid concentration. As the salt concentration increases, a Winsor I→III→II transition is observed for all the systems studied. Furthermore, the electrolyte concentration required to obtain the optimum formulation varies inversely with the chain length of the acid. The partition coefficient of the surfactant allows one to obtain thermodynamic information on the acid transfer process between the phases of the system.

Hidrogeles microestructurados de acrilamida y determinación de su capacidad de absorber agua y etanol

This paper reports the synthesis of nanostructured hydrogels of acrylamide by a two-step polymerisation process. The first step is performed by inverse microemulsion polymerization (water-in-oil) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), with these particles then added to aqueous solutions of acrylamide (AM), adding a crosslinking agent. The polymerization reaction is then initiated, thereby producing nanostructured hydrogels. We determined the capacity to absorb water, water and / or ethanol when nanostructured hydrogels were immersed in aqueous solutions with different concentrations of ethanol. It was found that the hydrogels were selective in absorbing water in all cases increasing with the ethanol concentration of the solutions.

Caracterización de cristales líquidos por microscopía óptica en sistemas surfactante polietoxilado-alcano-agua

The phase behavior of an alcohol polyethoxylated surfactant with decane and dodecane oil phase varying the water proportion from 5 to 90% to determine compositions in which the formation of liquid crystals and microemulsions ocurred was investigated. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were built to represent the regions of liquid crystals, biphases and microemulsions. Polarized light optical microscopy was used for the analysis and characterization of the separate phases. The micrographs obtained showed characteristics of hexagonal and lamellar phases of liquid crystal, isotropic phases, microemulsions and vesicles. This study is important to propose hypothesis regarding the factors determining the formation and stability of phases composed by surfactant/oil/water systems.

Influencia de variables de formulación en la viscosidad de emulsiones de surfactante aniónico-aceite-agua

Phase transition and viscosity behavior of emulsified systems were studied after modifying their physicochemical formulation. Effects of concentration and nature of salts and n-alcohols, and water/oil relation on the rheological properties of emulsions were also studied. Pre-equilibrated systems were emulsified according to an agitation procedure, and the viscosity (cP) was measured at different shear rates ranging from 1 to 300 s-1. The phase behavior, as well as the emulsion type based on electrolytic conductivity, was observed. Several interpretations of the flow and viscosity curves of emulsions were made through the estimation of rheological parameters such as consistency index "k" and behavior index "n".

Conteúdo e exportação de micronutrientes em acácia-negra (Acacia Mearnsii De Wild.) procedência batemans bay (Austrália)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar o conteúdo e a exportação de micronutrientes (Mn, B, Cu, Zn e Fe) e o Na nos diferentes componentes de árvores de um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), procedência australiana Batemans Bay, com 2,4 anos de idade, em Butiá-RS (Brasil). A biomassa total estimada foi de 36.155 kg/ha, apresentando distribuição de 46,0, 20,0, 19,5, 12,0 e 3,0%, na madeira do lenho, nas folhas, nos galhos vivos, na casca e nos galhos mortos, respectivamente. A proporção de micronutrientes acumulados na biomassa dos componentes da árvore foram 43,76% nas folhas, 26,94% na madeira do tronco, 19,56% nos galhos vivos, 7,21% na casca e 2,54% nos galhos mortos. A quantidade estimada de micronutrientes contidos na biomassa acima do solo foi 10,4 kg/ha, acumulados da seguinte forma: Na (58,84%), Fe (21,79%), Zn (9,16%), B (4,09%), Mn (4,59%) e Cu (1,54%). A casca e a madeira do lenho acumulou Na (21,47%), Fe (6,71%), Mn (2,11%), Zn (1,66%), B (1,58%) e Cu (0,63%). A copa (folhas e galhos vivos e mortos) acumularam Na (37,36%), Fe (15,07%), Zn (7,49%), B (2,53%), Mn (2,48%) e Cu (0,91%). A exploração intensiva de áreas com a procedência Batemans Bay gera suspeitas de possíveis ocorrências de deficiências nutricionais de Na nas rotações futuras, tornando necessário o emprego de fertilizantes para manter a produtividade do sítio.

Exportação de macronutrientes em cultivos comerciais de bambu no tabuleiro costeiro do estado da Paraíba

Amostras de solo e de cavaco de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris) com 11 meses de idade (rebrota) foram coletadas em sítios comerciais localizados no Estado da Paraíba, com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de biomassa de colmos e galhos e o conteúdo e exportação de macronutrientes. O solo foi analisado quanto à fertilidade, e nos cavacos foram efetuadas determinações analíticas dos macronutrientes minerais. A quantidade exportada de cada nutriente foi calculada pela multiplicação do seu teor no cavaco, pela produtividade de cavacos de cada talhão. A produtividade dos cavacos, em toneladas por hectare, foi estimada através da multiplicação da produtividade real, obtida em cada parcela, pelo fator de conversão oriundo da relação entre 1 ha e a área da parcela. O solo da fazenda Mamoaba mostrou teores de Na, K, P, Fe, Zn e Mn superiores aos da fazenda Garapu. O teor de matéria orgânica no solo seguiu esta ordem: Garapu 2 > Garapu 1 > Mamoaba. A fazenda Garapu apresentou maior produtividade do que a fazenda Mamoaba, provavelmente devido aos maiores índices pluviométricos. Os cavacos analisados exportaram aproximadamente duas vezes mais K do que N, sendo P e S os macronutrientes menos exportados pela cultura. Os teores dos macronutrientes acumulados nos cavacos, bem como a quantidade exportada, seguiram a mesma ordem em todos os sítios estudados: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. Os programas de adubação da espécie de bambu estudada devem priorizar o fornecimento de nitrogênio, potássio e cálcio.

Exportação brasileira de papel e celulose: sua dinâmica pela equação gravitacional

O Brasil figura entre os principais produtores de celulose e papel e a indústria brasileira é mundialmente competitiva no setor. Com interesses voltados para este cenário, aplicou-se neste estudo a equação de gravidade, usada para explicar de maneira empírica fluxos de comércio entre países, com objetivo de analisar a dinâmica da exportação de papel e de celulose pelo Brasil no período de 1997 a 2005. O modelo gravitacional foi adaptado e suas variáveis explicativas foram: PIB do Brasil, PIB do país importador, PIB per capita do país importador e distância entre o importador e o Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que a distância influenciou negativamente as exportações de papel, mas ao contrário do esperado, seu coeficiente associado apresentou valor positivo para a exportação de celulose. O PIB per capta dos países importadores teve contribuição positiva para as exportações de celulose e negativa para as de papel. Tanto o PIB do Brasil, quanto o PIB dos países importadores tiveram seus coeficientes associados apresentando valor positivo, como esperado. Concluiu-se que o modelo obteve êxito na predição dos fluxos bilaterais do comércio das commodities em análise. As exportações, tanto de papel quanto de celulose, foram mais sensíveis a variações no PIB do Brasil do que a variações no PIB, PIB per capita e na distância dos países importadores. A distância influencia negativamente as exportações de papel, mas não as da celulose brasileira.

Propiedades de adsorción de agua de dos genotipos de arroz rojo

A pesar de ser una plaga en el cultivo del arroz blanco, el arroz rojo (Oryza sativa L.) es muy apreciado por su valor nutritivo, sabor, textura y propiedades benéficas. Sus propiedades de adsorción de agua aún no han sido elucidadas, por ese motivo, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades de adsorción de agua de dos genotipos de arroz rojo PB01 y PB05. Fueron utilizados granos de arroz en cáscara con tenor de agua inicial de 2 daga kgms-1 sometidos a proceso de adsorción en 0.113£Aw£0.973 y temperaturas de 30, 50 y 70 °C. Los modelos de Peleg, GAB y Clausius-Clapeyron fueron usados para predecir las variaciones de la humedad de equilibrio en función del tiempo, las isotermas y estabilidad y el calor isostérico de adsorción de agua, respectivamente. Estos modelos matemáticos se adecuaron bien a los datos experimentales, presentando Raj2>97% y SE<0.7 dag kg-1. La tasa inicial y la capacidad de adsorción de agua aumentaron exponencialmente en función de Aw. Las isotermas, la estabilidad y el calor isostérico del arroz rojo dependen de las características de cada genotipo. El genotipo PB01 es más estable entre 30 y 50 °C y el PB05 entre 50 y 70 °C.