Validação de método e determinação espectrométrica dos flavonoides das folhas e do vinhoto da cana-de-açúcar e comparação com método CLAE-UV

This paper reports on a modification of the procedures originally described in the French Pharmacopoeia for the UV-visible spectrometric analysis of flavonoids, and proposes a validation of the method and its application in the determination of total flavonoids from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) leaves and vinasse. An analysis of precision and accuracy revealed a low relative standard deviation (< 5.0%) and a good recovery percentages (99.79 and 98.34%). A comparison of the spectrometric results against those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) demonstrated complete compatibility between the modified French Pharmacopoeia (spectrometric) and HPLC-UV methods

Propriedades físicas de filmes biodegradáveis à base de amido de mandioca, álcool polivinílico e montmorilonita

The objective of this work was to manufacture biodegradable films based on cassava starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT), using glycerol as a plasticizer. These films were characterized according to their microstructure, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties. The combination of starch-PVA-MMT resulted in films with a more homogeneous surface than starch films. The introduction of PVA into the starch matrix led to the formation of films with lower water vapor permeability (WVP), higher tensile strength and greater elongation. MMT was exfoliated in the films, resulting in greater stability for different relative humidities, lower WVP, higher resistance and lower flexibility.

Potencial da palha de cana-de-açúcar para produção de etanol

Sugarcane straw biomass accounts for 1/3 of the energy potential of sugarcane and represents a rich source of sugars. Studies have been intensified for the use of this biomass along with bagasse for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Development of this technological path will allow for taking full advantage of sugarcane, increasing ethanol production without expanding the area cultivated. However, in order for this technology to be viable certain challenges must be overcome, including establishment of appropriate conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis of these materials for release of fermentable sugars.

Efeito do teor de umidade sobre o pré-tratamento a vapor e a hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

The effect of moisture content in the steam treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. Steam treatment was perfomed at 195-210 ºC for 4-8 min using cane bagasse with moisture contents in the range 16-100 wt% (dry basis). Increased moisture contents not only had a positive influence in recovery of main cane biomass components but also resulted in better substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis. As a result, drying is not required for optimal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, which can be processed into second generation ethanol immediately after crushing and hot water washing.

Composição química de aguardentes de cana-de-açúcar fermentadas por diferentes cepas de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of sugar cane spirits, fermented by different commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains and double distilled by pot still. Sugar cane juices were separately fermented by yeasts CA-11, Y-904, BG-1, PE-2, SA-1 and CAT-1 and distilled by pot still according to the methodology used for whisky production. The alcoholic liquids from first and second distillations were analyzed for concentrations of ethanol, volatile acidity, aldehydes, esters, furfural, higher alcohols and methanol. The sugar cane spirits derived from fermentation by the different yeast strains presented distinct chemical compositions.

Miniprojeto para ensino de química geral experimental baseado na fermentação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar

This paper describes a five-week mini-project for a general chemistry laboratory course. Activities are included preparations of ethanol and sucrose solutions, calculation of concentrations, determination of densities with densimeters, sugarcane juice fermentation with CO2 capture in alkaline solution, distillation, and determination of amounts of ethanol and CO2 formed. Abilities and concepts normally present in practical general chemistry courses are covered: use of balances, volumetric glassware and densimeters, preparation of solutions, performing of dilutions, determination of solution densities, observation of chemical reactions, stoichiometric calculations, separation of mixtures, and titration.

Influência do pH nas propriedades físico-químicas, térmicas e mecânicas de filmes de poli(vinil álcool)/poli(ácido acrílico)/aciclovir

Drug-loaded films represent an alternative method for the treatment of skin lesions caused by Herpes simplex, since they facilitate delivery of the drug directly at the site of lesion. The objective of this work was to prepare PVA/PAA films containing AC at pH 2.0 and 4.0. The results show that the pH of the film preparations influences the polymer¾drug interaction kinetic order and the degree of swelling. The mechanism of release of AC from the films obtained at pH 4.0 was anomalous, whereas for the films prepared at pH 2.0 the release followed zero-order kinetics.

Determinação espectrofotométrica de sulfato em álcool etílico combustível empregando dibromosulfonazo III

A sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for sulphate determination in automotive ethanol fuel. The method based on the reaction of the analyte with barium-dibromosulphonazo(III) complex lead to a decrease in the magnitude of the absorbance signals monitored at 649 nm. No sample pretreatment is required and the proposed method allows sulphate determination in the 0.45 - 6.50 mg L-1 range with R.S.D. < 2% and limit of detection of 0.14 mg L-1. The method has been successfully applied for sulphate determination in automotive ethanol fuel and the results agreed with the reference chromatographic method.

Fósforo em cronossequência de cana-de-açúcar queimada no cerrado goiano: análise de ácidos húmicos por RMN de 31P

The aim of this study was to identify, with the use of 31P NMR spectroscopy, organic P species in humic acids (HA) in samples from Oxisol cultivated in chronosequence with sugar cane, pasture and Cerrado. The main forms of P-type found were orthophosphate, monoester-P (phosphate sugars) and P-diester (orthophosphate). The 31P NMR technique proved capable of identifying changes in the areas studied as a function of sugar cane burning time. In areas with 1 and 5 years of burnt cane, a decrease in recalcitrant organic P in humic acids indicated the need for use of P-humic substances for plant nutrition.

Otimização do pré-tratamento hidrotérmico da palha de cana-de-açúcar visando à produção de etanol celulósico

The sugarcane industry has huge potential for biorefinery concept application, given its development in recent years. In this context, cane sugar straw has become an attractive raw material for biofuel production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of cane sugar straw from different regions of Brazil, and to optimize a hydrothermal pretreatment stage for cellulosic ethanol production. Results of chemical characterization of the cane sugar straw for the regions assessed indicated little influence of place on straw chemical composition. Hydrothermal pretreatment showed high efficiency in hemicellulose removal. Hydrothermal pretreatments operating with temperatures of 190 and 210 ºC presented satisfactory results, reaching values close to 100% hydrolysis.

MICROESTRUTURA E PROPRIEDADES DE FILMES DE AMIDO-ÁLCOOL POLIVINÍLICO-ALGINATO ADICIONADOS DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS DE COPAÍBA E CAPIM LIMÃO

AbstractFilms obtained by blends between starch and other polymers and films developed with the addition of an oil can show higher water vapor barriers and improved mechanical properties. Films with starch/PVOH/alginate were obtained by adding copaiba and lemongrass essential oils (EOs). Films without oil served as the control. The microstructure, water vapor permeability (PVA), mechanical properties, and antifungal activity were determined for the films. The effects of the addition of the EOs on the properties of the films were dependent of the concentration and type of oil. The films with 0.5% lemongrass EO were similar to the control films. These films showed a 2.02 × 10-12 g s-1Pa m-1 PVA, 11.43 MPa tensile stress, 13.23% elongation, and 247.95 MPa/mm resistance at perforation. The addition of 1% of copaiba EO increased the PVA from 0.5 × 10-12 to 12.1 × 10-12 g s-1 Pa m-1 and the diffusion coefficient from 0.17 × 10-8 to 7.15 × 10-8m2/day. Films with quantities of EOs displayed fissures and micropores; the control films developed micropores with smaller diameters than films with EOs. The addition of EOs did not change the resulting infrared spectrum of the films. The films with oil displayed a diminished development of the Fusarium sp. culture, and the film without EOs did not display notable differences in the development of the culture. The starch/PVOH/alginate films with 0.5% lemongrass EO were the most suited for the development of a packaging active system.

TRATAMENTO DA VINHAÇA POR ADSORÇÃO EM CARVÃO DE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

The aim of this study was to develop an effective and economically viable technology for the treatment of vinasse, prior to its disposal in the soil for fertirrigation, aiming this way at reducing the environmental impacts generated by inadequately discarding this effluent. The primary treatment of vinasse by adsorption was evaluated. Adsorbents were prepared from sugar cane bagasse and their efficiency evaluated in relation to the treatment of vinasse. The process of preparation of activated carbon consisted of carbonizing bagasse at different temperatures followed by chemical activation with NaOH. The carbon samples obtained by solely carbonizing sugar cane bagasse were more efficient for removing turbidity of vinasse than samples activated with NaOH. The sample carbonized at 800 °C was the most efficient for removing turbidity of wastewater (83%). During a process of adsorption of vinasse in two stages, it was possible to obtain color removal, turbidity and COD of approximately 76, 85 and 69%, respectively. After the adsorption step of vinasse, the solid waste generated in the second stage of adsorption can be burned in the boilers of the power plant itself, affording an energy of 4606 cal g-1.

Efeito da aplicação de terbufos nas populações de três fitonematóides ectoparasitos em cana-de-açúcar

Utilizando-se um experimento com microparcelas em condições de campo, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos de duas diferentes doses do nematicida organofosforado sistêmico Terbufos (Counter 50G) sobre as populações dos fitonematóides ectoparasitos Helicotylenchus dihystera, Criconemella ornata e Paratrichodorus sp. em cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.), verificando-se, ao mesmo tempo, o potencial de reprodução desses nematóides nas mesmas variedades. O produto foi aplicado nas proporções de 60 e 80 kg do produto comercial por hectare (p.c./ha), no momento do plantio. As variedades estudadas foram SP70-1143, RB813804, SP78-4764, CB45-3 e SP79-1011. Com os dois tratamentos nematicidas, as parcelas testemunhas e as cinco variedades, formou-se um desenho experimental do tipo blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. As avaliações fundamentaram-se nos níveis populacionais dos nematóides, com a determinação do fator de reprodução (FR) dos parasitos nas variedades, nas parcelas tratadas e não tratadas pelo nematicida. Pelos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que o produto nas duas dosagens empregadas não interferiu significativamente nos índices populacionais dos três nematóides 16 meses após o plantio, exceto para a combinação C. ornata x Terbufos 80 kg/ha, para a variedade SP70-1143. Não foi possível ser determinada a hospedabilidade das variedades estudadas em relação aos três nematóides, devido aos baixos fatores de reprodução (FR), provavelmente relacionados à longa estiagem ocorrente no ano do experimento.

Efeito de terbufos em soqueira sobre fitonematóides ectoparasitos de cana-de-açúcar

Por ser comum a ocorrência de altos níveis populacionais de nematóides ectoparasitos em canaviais da região Nordeste, estudou-se o efeito do nematicida Terbufos (Counter 50G), em soqueira, em área infestada naturalmente por Helicotylenchus dihystera, Criconemella ornata e Paratrichodorus minor. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x3x5 (duas épocas de corte x três tratamentos nematicida x cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar), com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos nematicidas consistiram de 3 kg i.a./ha aplicado por ocasião do plantio e após o primeiro corte, 4 kg i.a./ha aplicado no plantio, e testemunha, 0 kg i.a./ha, distribuídos em microparcelas de 2,0 m x 2,0 m. As avaliações, fundamentadas nas densidades populacionais dos nematóides, foram realizadas em cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), CB45-3, RB813804, SP78-4764, SP79-1011 e SP 70-1143, na colheita da cana planta, 16 meses após o plantio, e primeira soca, 16 meses após o primeiro corte. Não houve interação entre nematicida, variedade e época de corte. As aplicações do nematicida e as variedades de cana não afetaram significativamente os níveis populacionais dos ectoparasitos. Entretanto, por ocasião do segundo corte, as densidades populacionais de C. ornata e P. minor foram significativamente menores do que no primeiro corte, ocorrendo o inverso com a população de H. dihystera.

Efeitos do uso de Crotalaria juncea e carbofuran em fitonematóides ectoparasitos de cana-de-açúcar

Foi estudado comparativamente o efeito do cultivo de Crotalaria juncea, por um ano, com incorporação, a uma aplicação do nematicida sistêmico carbofuran, no momento do plantio, em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.), var. SP79-1011, em solos naturalmente infestados por Helicotylenchus dihystera, Criconemella ornata, Paratrichodorus minor e Trichodorus sp. Foram determinados os níveis populacionais dos nematóides, acompanhados ao longo do experimento, e o comportamento de cada um no solo. As populações dos fitonematóides ectoparasitos estudados apresentaram número reduzido de espécimes, sendo pouco influenciadas pela incorporação da crotalária ou da aplicação do nematicida. Todas as populações permaneceram baixas, ao longo do desenvolvimento da planta, observando-se pequeno incremento populacional a partir dos 90 dias. O comportamento da população de C. ornata em função do tempo nas parcelas tratadas com crotalária ou carbofuran foi expresso pelas equações Y = 100,56524 + 0,01504X - 0,00003032X2 (R² = 0,5605**) ou Y = 10 0,62059 + 0,01394X - 0,00002786X2 (R² = 0,6416**), respectivamente. Ainda, em cana tratada com carbofuran, o aumento populacional de Trichodorus sp., no decorrer do experimento, obecedeu ao modelo quadrático Y = 13,16667 - 0,10904X + 0,00065711X2 (R² = 0,6916**).