Medidas dos níveis de radônio em diferentes tipos de ambientes internos na região da Baixada Santista, SP

OBJETIVO: Exposições a altos níveis do gás radioativo radônio podem causar câncer de pulmão e, conseqüentemente, o conhecimento da concentração deste gás em ambientes internos é importante, do ponto de vista de proteção radiológica, para a população de um modo geral. Neste trabalho realizaram-se monitorações passiva e integrada de radônio em alguns tipos de ambientes fechados na região da Baixada Santista, SP, tais como túneis, galpão de fertilizantes, "shopping center", lojas de cerâmica e residências, com o objetivo de se avaliar os níveis de concentração existentes nestes locais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As medidas de concentração de radônio foram realizadas utilizando a técnica do registro de traços de partículas alfa em folhas plásticas de Makrofol E, na geometria de copo fechado ("cup method"). RESULTADOS: Os teores de radônio encontrados nos ambientes internos estudados neste trabalho variaram entre 17 e 263 Bq/m³, em razoável acordo com os valores divulgados na literatura por outros autores para ambientes similares. CONCLUSÃO: De modo geral, os resultados obtidos estão abaixo dos limites máximos recomendados pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP), não necessitando, portanto, que sejam implementadas ações de intervenção nos locais estudados.

Níveis de radioatividade natural decorrente do radônio no complexo rochoso da Serra de São Vicente, SP

OBJETIVO: Realizar monitoração passiva e integrada do radônio em várias amostras de águas, solos e locais fechados do complexo rochoso da Serra de São Vicente, SP, com o intuito de avaliar a distribuição de ocorrência deste gás radioativo naquele local. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A técnica utilizada consistiu em expor detectores plásticos policarbonatos (SSNTD) do tipo Makrofol E, na geometria de copo fechado, ao radônio emanado das amostras de águas coletadas dos solos e ao acumulado em ambientes internos (residências e cavidades nas rochas) existentes no complexo rochoso de São Vicente. RESULTADOS: Os valores obtidos para os teores de radônio variaram entre 8,1 e 36 Bq/l para as fontes de água natural, entre 68 e 610 Bq/m³ nas residências, entre 0,41 e 3,46 kBq/m³nos solos e entre 0,72 e 5,85 kBq/m³ nas cavidades do Maciço de São Vicente. CONCLUSÃO: Para algumas residências e na maioria das fontes de água estudadas, os teores de radônio encontrados neste trabalho estiveram acima dos limites máximos propostos por organismos internacionais. Recomenda-se, portanto, que ações de intervenção sejam implementadas para a dissipação do radônio, tanto nessas residências como durante a coleta das águas para fins de consumo.

Tomografia computadorizada da coluna lombar após artrodese com emprego de material metálico: avaliação da qualidade da imagem para diferentes algoritmos matemáticos

OBJETIVO: Selecionar os melhores algoritmos para o exame de coluna lombar na avaliação de artrodese com material metálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um equipamento de tomografia computadorizada de 16 fileiras de detectores. Imagens de dez pacientes foram reconstruídas com filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 e realizadas reformatações em três dimensões e multiplanares com espessuras de 2 mm e 4 mm. Um total de 320 imagens foi avaliado por três experientes radiologistas, que deram notas de 1 a 5 (1 = não-aceitável; 2 = abaixo dos padrões; 3 = aceitável; 4 = acima da média; 5 = excelente). Além disso, foram realizadas medidas de ruído para correlação com o tipo de filtro utilizado. RESULTADOS: As médias do valor de ruído para reconstrução com 2 mm e filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 foram de 24,7 ± 4,3; 35,5 ± 4,2; 106,0 ± 18,5 e 145,9 ± 26,9, respectivamente, e para 4 mm foram de 18,1 ± 2,4; 25,1 ± 4,6; 76,7 ± 17,2 e 106,6 ± 23,4. CONCLUSÃO: As imagens coloridas em três dimensões são mais bem visualizadas com filtro 20, entretanto, nas imagens em tons de cinza um filtro intermediário de 40 ou 60 pode ser útil para demonstrar os parafusos com maior detalhe. Para reconstruções multiplanares com espessura de 2 mm o filtro 40 é mais bem aceito, e para uma espessura de 4 mm um filtro 60 apresentou melhor qualidade.

Avaliação quantitativa de cardenolídeos no cultivar experimental de Digitalis lanata do maciço do itatiaia e perspectivas de seu emprego industrial

The content of digoxin and lanatoside C (jointly quantified), lanatoside A, lanatoside B, glucoevatromonoside, odorobioside G, glucogitoroside, glucoverodoxine, glucodigifucoside and digitalinum verum was determined by HPLC in Digitalis lanata harvested in Brazil, as well as in clones industrially employed for the production of cardenolides. The Brazilian plants presented greater variation in the contents of cardenolides than the analyzed clones. Lanatoside C and digoxin concentrations were higher in the clones (6120±640 nmol/g dry leaf) than in the Brazilian plants (1820±900 nmol/g dry leaf). The concentrations of these glycosides were found to be within the range described for native species and also were similar to an European cultivar, what makes possible its industrial use for the cardenolides production.

Emprego de nebulizador pneumático de ICP-MS como câmara de diluição em sistemas de injeção em fluxo para determinações multielementares

An automatic dispenser based on a flow-injection system used to introduce sample and analytical solution into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer through a spray chamber is proposed. Analytical curves were constructed after the injection of 20 to 750 µL aliquots of a multielement standard solution (20.0 µg L-1 in Li, Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, Pb) and the acquisition of the integrated transient signals. The linear concentration range could be extended to ca. five decades. The performance of the system was checked by analyzing a NIST 1643d reference material. Accuracy could be improved by the proper selection of the injected volume. Besides good precision (r.s.d. < 2%), the results obtained with the proposed procedure were closer to the certified values of the reference material than those obtained by direct aspiration or by injecting 125 µL of several analytical solutions and samples.

Amostragem de suspensões: Emprego da técnica na análise direta de amostras

This review presents some characteristics related to slurry sampling in trace analysis in terms of its advantages, limitations and applications, as well as the latest advance in this area, such as mechanization, chemical modifiers, stabilization agents and others. The reviewed applications include foods, biological and geological materials.

O emprego de lipases como agentes de resolução cinética de enantiômeros em síntese orgânica: aspectos gerais sobre a influência do solvente

In organic synthesis, lipases are the most frequently used biocatalysts. They are efficient stereoselective catalysts in the kinetic resolution of a wide variety of chiral compounds. The discovery that enzymes possess catalytic activity in organic solvents has made it possible to address the question of reaction medium influence on enzymatic specificity. Perhaps the most exciting and significant development in this emerging area is the discovery that enzyme specificity, in particular enantioselectivity, can be affected by changing from one organic solvent to another. This article discusses the scope and possible mechanistic models of this phenomenon in hydrolases, specially lipases, as well as directions of future research in the area.

Pilarização de esmectita brasileira para fins catalíticos. Emprego de argila pilarizada na alquilação de benzeno com 1-dodeceno

Al-pillared clay was prepared with a Brazilian bentonite from the Campina Grande region (Paraíba, BRAZIL). It was intercalated at 298 K, during 48 hours, with a solution containing [Al3+] = 0.10 mol/L and molar ratio OH/Al = 2.0 prepared at 333 K, and was calcined at 773K. The catalytic activity was evaluated by alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene. The characterization methods were: X-ray fluorescence and diffraction analysis; 27Al, 29Si and 23Na MAS NMR and textural analysis by N2 adsorption. The thermal stability of the natural clay was improved by the pillaring procedure, as well as the catalytic activity. The intercalated clay presented the highest initial rate of reaction among the systems tested.

Extração de ferro de esmectita brasileira com emprego do método ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato

A natural clay from Campina Grande region (Paraíba, Brazil), with 8.57% of Fe2O3, was used to study the most appropriate condition to carry out the iron extraction, without altering the clay structure in a significant way. Samples were treated with the Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate method (DCB) for 30 and 120 minutes (pH=9.1), and also with citric acid (pH=1.8; time=15min), at 75°C. Conductivity measurements, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectrometry, electron-diffraction with transmission electron microscopy and textural evaluation by nitrogen adsorption were done. The treatment in a basic medium was more selective for iron removal than in acid condition. The time of 30 minutes, with 1.6 g Na2S2O4/10 g clay, was the best condition for the iron extraction.

Níveis e origem da acidificação das chuvas na região do Rio Grande, RS

The current article presents the first data on physical-chemical parameters of wet precipitation collected at single collection point in the city of Rio Grande, during the period of 12 months in 1997-1998. The employed technique of rainwater separation into several portions made clear the process of the atmosphere self-purification during a precipitation event. The pH of rainwater depends on the extent of industrial emissions and increases during a precipitation event. The first portion of rainwater shows an obvious neutralizing effect of soil and ocean-derived components, whose intensity depends on the duration of the preceding dry period.

Emprego da amostragem de suspensão na determinação de Cu e Zn em lapa antártica e Ni em sedimento de rio por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of slurry sampling for environmental studies, different methodologies were developed for Cu and Zn in antarctic limpets and Ni in river sediment with FAAS detection. Studies focusing particle size, acid concentration, slurry stability, selectivity, among others were carried out in order to define the better conditions for slurry analysis. A study related to the depth profile for Ni in the Atibaia River sediment was made after optimization conditions for this element. For accuracy check, certified reference material was used as well as decomposition with microwave oven.

Emprego de planejamento fatorial para a otimização das temperaturas de pirólise e atomização de Al, Cd, Mo e Pb por ETAAS

This work describes a factorial design for the optimization of pyrolysis and atomization temperatures in ETAAS. As examples, Cd and Pb were determined using lower pyrolysis and atomization temperatures and Al and Mo with higher pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. Good results were obtained for Cd employing Rh (m o = 1.4 pg) as a permanent modifier with pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of 640 and 1500 °C, respectively. For Zr, W or Zr+W, the Cd pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 500 and 1500 °C, respectively, with m o = 1.4 pg using Zr or W and 1.5 pg using Zr+W. The best results for Pb were those using Rh, Zr, W and Zr+Rh, obtaining characteristic masses of 42, 37, 34 and 36 pg, respectively. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of 910 and 1850 °C, respectively, were achieved for this metal. For Al, the best results were obtained when Zr or Zr+W were used. Mo was also tested as a possible permanent modifier for Al, but the results were not satisfactory. The results obtained for Mo without modifier were similar to those with conventional modifiers (Mg or Pd+Mg) and the results obtained using permanent chemical modifiers were not satisfactory. In all situations, the experiments were performed faster than those using the univariate procedure.

Emprego de reagente em suspensão em sistema de injeção em fluxo: determinação espectrofotométrica de sulfato em águas naturais

This paper presents an automatic procedure employing a reagent in the form of a slurry in a flow-injection system. The feasibility of the proposal is demonstrated by sulphate determination in water using the Barium Chloranilate method, which is based on the precipitation of barium sulphate. The release of a stoichiometric amount of highly colored chloranilic ions is monitored at 528 nm. The reaction is carried out in alcoholic medium in order to reduce the solubility of the reagent. A considerable improvement in the sensitivity is attained by adding ferric ions to the released chloranilic ions. An on-line filtration step to separate the excess reagent from the released chloranilic ions was necessary. In addition, a column containing a cation exchange resin was included in the manifold to remove potentially interfering ions. The proposed procedure is suitable for 30 determinations per hour and the relative standard deviation is less than 2%. The analytical curve is linear between 0.0 and 40 mg L-1 and the determination limit is about 2.0 mg L-1SO4(2-). Accuracy was confirmed by running several samples already analysed by a standard turbidimetric procedure.

Compostos carbonílicos atmosféricos: fontes, reatividade, níveis de concentração e efeitos toxicológicos

In the last three decades carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, have received a great deal of attention due to their strong influence on photochemical smog formation and their recognized adverse human health effects. Carbonyl compounds are directly emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources and also produced from photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In this paper it is presented a general overview about the carbonyl compounds sources, reactivity, concentration levels and toxicological effects.