544 resultados para Eficiência de corte
Resumo:
The use of biodigester for basic and environmental sanitation has large demand in Brazil. A biodigester was built to treat conjunctly the human and pig feces and urine, regarding to its future application in rural small towns. The results show that the biodigester can reduce 90% of COD and BOD and, up to 99.99% of thermotolerant coliforms. The treated effluent has variable quantities of macro- and micro-nutrients; and organic matter. However, the concentration variability of the nutrients makes difficult a dosed application into soil. The soluble salts (mainly as Na+ form) make necessary a controlled use to avoid environmental degradation.
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In this study, an analytical method was developed and validated for quantitation of the drug bevacizumab (Avastin®) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC column was a BioSuite 250® HR SEC, 300 x 7.8 mm x 5 µm (Waters, USA). The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The results revealed that the method was specific, precise, accurate, robust and linear (r² = 0.998) from 5 to 75 µg mL-1. Therefore, this method can be used in drug release studies or in quality control ampoules of the drug.
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Sulfasalazine is a prodrug used in the treatment of the Chron's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Two analytical methods for analysis of sulfasalazine in oral suspension were validated using Spectrophotometric and HPLC. There is not any pharmacopoeic method to assay sulfasalazine in oral suspension. The methods are insurance and fast execution for the quality control. Both, suspension and tablets 500 mg (Azulfin®) had been analyzed by methods using UV/VIS and HPLC and the results were satisfactory.
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Ascorbic acid has important nutritional characteristics such as high antioxidant potential, preventing diverse damage and diseases in the tissues and the process of aging. Different isomeric forms of the ascorbic acid can be found in nature and each one have different potential antioxidant and different activity pro-vitamin C. This work examined a method to detect and quantify the isomers L-ascorbic acid (LAA) and D-iso-ascorbic acid (DIAA) in jelly fruit. The method showed acceptable selectivity, linearity, repeatability and recovery. DIAA was not found in the analyzed samples, but LAA was found up to 605 mg in 100 g of sample.
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Tibolone is a synthetic steroid used for prevention of bone loss and treatment of menopause symptoms. This article describes the development and validation of an analytical method to quantify tibolone in capsules using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. After chromatography conditions are established the validation parameters evaluated were specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection and quantification limits and robustness. The method developed is effective to analyze tibolone in capsules, being able to be used in quality control laboratory routine.
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A high performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detection method for the determination of busulfan in plasma was developed and validated. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation followed by derivatization with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and liquid-liquid extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether. Chromatograms were monitored at 277 nm. Separation was carried out on a Lichrospher RP 18 column (5 µm, 250 x 4 mm). The mobile phase consisted of water and acetonitrile (20:80, v/v). The method presented adequate specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy and allowed reliable determination of busulfan in clinical plasma samples, being applied to three patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation.
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This study optimized and validated the liquid-liquid extraction technique with partition at low temperature (LLE-PLT) for identification and quantification of four pesticides (chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) in water samples. Analyses were performed by HPLC-UV. The technique was efficient for pesticide recovery with extraction exceeding 86%. Chromatographic response was linear for the four compounds in the 10-45 µg L-1 range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Limits of detection and quantitation were less than 3.5 µg L-1 and equal to 10 µg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to 29 water samples from the Jaíba Project in northern Minas Gerais.
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The efficiency of XAD®-2 resin in sampling the pesticides α and β-endosulfan from air contaminated in the laboratory was evaluated. Sampling efficiency ranged from 87 to 108% for α-endosulfan and from 71 to 84% for β-endosulfan with relative standard deviation lower than 19%. The pesticides were not detected in the second section of the cartridge showing the good retention capacity of XAD®-2 for these analytes. Method quantification limits were 0.32 and 0.34 µg m-3 for α and β-endosulfan, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed method may be useful for evaluating occupational exposure to these compounds.
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Blooms of cyanobacteria represent a public health risk due to their cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Liquid chromatography techniques to separate and quantify microcystins invariably use acetonitrile as the organic component of the mobile phase. The price and availability of acetonitrile together with its elevated toxicity encourage the validation of acetonitrile-free methods of microcystin analysis. In this work, methanol was employed as the organic solvent of the mobile phase and the validation method was performed with different environmental water samples. The method showed limits of detection between 0.17 and 0.25 µg/L and of quantification between 0.55 and 0.82 µg/L for the microcystin variants: -RR, -YR, -LR, -LA.
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Validation of a rapid method for the determination of ascorbic, citric, fumaric and tartaric acids in stored pulp fruit and its application as a quality parameter was performed. The validation parameters showed that for the four evaluated acids, the method presented low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), indicating good precision and accuracy, thus representing an important tool for quality assessment of stored fruit pulp. The results showed that the concentration of organic acids generally decreased with longer storage time in the fruit pulp under study. Amongst all the organic acids under investigation, ascorbic proved the least stable.
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Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were determined in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatography, after extraction of 8 mm DBS using a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol. Analytes were separated by reversed-phase chromatography, with a run time of 17 minutes. Intra-assay and inter-assay precisions were in the 5.3 to 8.4% and 3.3 to 5.2% ranges, respectively. Accuracy was in the 98.8 to 104.3% range. The method had sensitivity to detect all analytes at levels below minimum therapeutic concentrations. The analytes were stable at 4 ºC and room temperature for up to 12 days and at 45 ºC for 9 days. The method was applied to 14 paired clinical samples of blood serum and DBS.
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Three bacterial strains were isolated from the activated sludge system of petroleum refinery wastewater, identified by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA, and classified as Acinetobacter genomospecies 3, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus flexus. The degradation efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In a mineral medium containing anthracene and phenanthrene and the consortium of microorganisms, the removal efficiency was 96% and 99%, respectively, after 30 days. The good rate of hydrocarbon degradation proves the operational efficiency of the microbial consortium in treating effluents containing these compounds.
Resumo:
O efeito do agente causal do crestamento bacteriano comum na eficiência fotossintética e na produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) foi quantificado. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante a safra das águas de 1997, em Piracicaba-SP, com duas cultivares, IAC-Carioca e Rosinha. Diferentes níveis de severidade foram obtidos variando-se o número de inoculações com o patógeno. A severidade da doença, avaliada com auxílio de escala diagramática, não apresentou relação linear significativa (P>0,01) com a produção, enquanto a duração da área foliar sadia (HAD) relacionou-se linearmente de forma significativa (P<=0,01) com a produção nos dois experimentos (R² entre 0,66 e 0,78). A fotossíntese foi relacionada com área foliar doente por meio da equação Px/P0=(1-x )beta, onde Px é a fotossíntese líqüida da folha com severidade x, P0 é a fotossíntese líquida média das folhas sadias, x é a severidade da doença e beta expressa a relação entre lesão virtual e lesão visual. Os valores de beta, determinados por regressão não-linear, foram de 3,19±0,14 e 3,08±0,18 para as cultivares IAC-Carioca e Rosinha, respectivamente. A incorporação de beta ao cálculo de HAD, de modo geral, não melhorou significativamente o ajuste dos dados.
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Visando avaliar a eficiência de quatro fungicidas no controle monitorado da mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e verrugose (Sphaceloma arachidis) do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea), cv.'Tatu', foram conduzidos quatro ensaios em Ribeirão Preto e Pindorama, SP (1996 e 1997. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, sem controle químico; controle convencional, com quatro pulverizações de clorotalonil, a cada l4 dias, iniciando entre 41 e 43 dias do plantio; e controle monitorado, com clorotalonil e os triazóis tebuconazole, difenoconazole e propiconazole, nas doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes para a cultura. No controle monitorado a primeira pulverização foi realizada quando a incidência da mancha preta foi de 5 a 15% e as demais, com o intervalo mínimo de 14 dias entre as aplicações, após três dias, seguidos ou não, com ocorrências de precipitações pluviais superiores a 2,5 mm, durante períodos de sete dias. A intensidade da mancha preta (área sob a curva de progresso da doença) foi obtida por avaliações semanais com escalas diagramáticas de índice de área foliar infetada, durante o ciclo da cultura. A severidade da verrugose foi avaliada aos 84-92 dias do plantio, com escala específica de notas de um a quatro, em função dos sintomas exibidos nas hastes e pecíolos. No controle monitorado houve redução de uma a três pulverizações e os triazóis foram mais eficientes que o clorotalonil, resultando em rendimentos próximos aos do tratamento com quatro pulverizações fixas. O tebuconazole propiciou maior redução na intensidade da mancha preta, enquanto que o difenoconazole destacou-se pela eficiência no controle da verrugose.
Resumo:
A ação da chuva sobre a tenacidade e eficiência de diferentes fungicidas cúpricos isolados ou associados ao óleo vegetal no controle da ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix) do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica)foi avaliada no presente trabalho. Óxido cuproso, hidróxido de cobre e oxicloreto de cobre, na proporção de 0,3% do ingrediente ativo, foram pulverizados em mudas de café 24 h antes da inoculação dos urediniosporos. Após 60 min da pulverização, metade das mudas recebeu chuva induzida de 20 mm durante 6 min, repetidas quatro vezes com intervalos de uma semana. A outra metade não recebeu água por aspersão. O fungicida óxido cuproso sem adição do óleo foi mais eficiente do que com adição do óleo. Com o fungicida hidróxido de cobre ocorreu o inverso, enquanto que com o oxicloreto de cobre não se observou a ação do óleo. A presença ou não da chuva, não interferiu significativamente na incidência e severidade da ferrugem, sugerindo que os fungicidas testados apresentam certa resistência à ação da chuva, com boas características de aderência e/ou persistência na superfície foliar do cafeeiro. A mistura do oxicloreto de cobre ao óleo vegetal com ou sem chuva reduziu a germinação média de esporos para 13,51%, sendo significativamente diferente da testemunha com germinação média de 41,29%, o que indica a sua ação erradicante. Destacou-se ainda o óxido cuproso sem óleo na ausência de chuva por erradicar o fungo, mas que na presença de chuva não diferiu da testemunha.