Dietary patterns in pregnancy and birth weight

OBJECTIVE To analyze if dietary patterns during the third gestational trimester are associated with birth weight.METHODS Longitudinal study conducted in the cities of Petropolis and Queimados, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. We analyzed data from the first and second follow-up wave of a prospective cohort. Food consumption of 1,298 pregnant women was assessed using a semi-quantitative questionnaire about food frequency. Dietary patterns were obtained by exploratory factor analysis, using the Varimax rotation method. We also applied the multivariate linear regression model to estimate the association between food consumption patterns and birth weight.RESULTS Four patterns of consumption – which explain 36.4% of the variability – were identified and divided as follows: (1) prudent pattern (milk, yogurt, cheese, fruit and fresh-fruit juice, cracker, and chicken/beef/fish/liver), which explained 14.9% of the consumption; (2) traditional pattern, consisting of beans, rice, vegetables, breads, butter/margarine and sugar, which explained 8.8% of the variation in consumption; (3) Western pattern (potato/cassava/yams, macaroni, flour/farofa/grits, pizza/hamburger/deep fried pastries, soft drinks/cool drinks and pork/sausages/egg), which accounts for 6.9% of the variance; and (4) snack pattern (sandwich cookie, salty snacks, chocolate, and chocolate drink mix), which explains 5.7% of the consumption variability. The snack dietary pattern was positively associated with birth weight (β = 56.64; p = 0.04) in pregnant adolescents.CONCLUSIONS For pregnant adolescents, the greater the adherence to snack pattern during pregnancy, the greater the baby’s birth weight.

Readability of medicinal package leaflets: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To review studies on the readability of package leaflets of medicinal products for human use.METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review between 2008 and 2013 using the keywords “Readability and Package Leaflet” and “Readability and Package Insert” in the academic search engine Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online,comprising different bibliographic resources/databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses criteria were applied to prepare the draft of the report. Quantitative and qualitative original studies were included. Opinion or review studies not written in English, Portuguese, Italian, French, or Spanish were excluded.RESULTS We identified 202 studies, of which 180 were excluded and 22 were enrolled [two enrolling healthcare professionals, 10 enrolling other type of participants (including patients), three focused on adverse reactions, and 7 descriptive studies]. The package leaflets presented various readability problems, such as complex and difficult to understand texts, small font size, or few illustrations. The main methods to assess the readability of the package leaflet were usability tests or legibility formulae. Limitations with these methods included reduced number of participants; lack of readability formulas specifically validated for specific languages (e.g., Portuguese); and absence of an assessment on patients literacy, health knowledge, cognitive skills, levels of satisfaction, and opinions.CONCLUSIONS Overall, the package leaflets presented various readability problems. In this review, some methodological limitations were identified, including the participation of a limited number of patients and healthcare professionals, the absence of prior assessments of participant literacy, humor or sense of satisfaction, or the predominance of studies not based on role-plays about the use of medicines. These limitations should be avoided in future studies and be considered when interpreting the results.

Profile of women who carried out smoking cessation treatment: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE Analyze the profile of women, in health services, who carry out treatment for smoking cessation.METHODS Systematic review that used the following sources of information: Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed,Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scopus and Web of Science. We included quantitative studies that addressed the characterization of women, in health services, who carried out treatment for smoking cessation, resulting in 12 articles for analysis. The assessment of the methodological quality of the studies was performed using the instrument MAStARI from Joanna Briggs Institute.RESULTS The predominant profile of women who carried out treatment for smoking cessation in health services was composed of white, married, employed, and highly level educated women. Women who carried out the treatment for smoking cessation in specialized services had a more advanced age, were white, were married and had a diagnosis of depression. The quality level of most studies was moderate.CONCLUSIONS The profile of women who carry out treatment for smoking cessation, either in general or specialized health services, is composed of white, married, and highly level educated women. Publications about smoking women are scarce and the lack of Brazilian studies characterizing the profile of women who start treatment for smoking cessation shows the need for studies that explore this subject.

Advances and challenges in oral health after a decade of the “Smiling Brazil” Program

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze oral health work changes in primary health care after Brazil’s National Oral Health Policy Guidelines were released. METHODS A literature review was conducted on Medline, LILACS, Embase, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, and The Cochrane Library databases, from 2000 to 2013, on elements to analyze work changes. The descriptors used included: primary health care, family health care, work, health care policy, oral health care services, dentistry, oral health, and Brazil. Thirty-two studies were selected and analyzed, with a predominance of qualitative studies from the Northeast region with workers, especially dentists, focusing on completeness and quality of care. RESULTS Observed advances focused on educational and permanent education actions; on welcoming, bonding, and accountability. The main challenges were related to completeness; extension and improvement of care; integrated teamwork; working conditions; planning, monitoring, and evaluation of actions; stimulating people’s participation and social control; and intersectorial actions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the new regulatory environment, there are very few changes in oral health work. Professionals tend to reproduce the dominant biomedical model. Continuing efforts will be required in work management, training, and permanent education fields. Among the possibilities are the increased engagement of managers and professionals in a process to understand work dynamics and training in the perspective of building significant changes for local realities.

Readmission of older patients after hospital discharge for hip fracture: a multilevel approach

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify individual and hospital characteristics associated with the risk of readmission in older inpatients for proximal femoral fracture in the period of 90 days after discharge. METHODS Deaths and readmissions were obtained by a linkage of databases of the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System and the System of Information on Mortality of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 2008 to 2011. The population of 3,405 individuals aged 60 or older, with non-elective hospitalization for proximal femoral fracture was followed for 90 days after discharge. Cox multilevel model was used for discharge time until readmission, and the characteristics of the patients were used on the first level and the characteristics of the hospitals on the second level. RESULTS The risk of readmission was higher for men (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37; 95%CI 1.08–1.73), individuals more than 79 years old (HR = 1.45; 95%CI 1.06–1.98), patients who were hospitalized for more than two weeks (HR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.06-1.67), and for those who underwent arthroplasty when compared with the ones who underwent osteosynthesis (HR = 0.57; 95%CI 0.41–0.79). Besides, patients admitted to state hospitals had lower risk for readmission when compared with inpatients in municipal (HR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.09–2.68) and federal hospitals (HR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.00–3.27). The random effect of the hospitals in the adjusted model remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hospitals have complex structures that reflect in the quality of care. Thus, we propose that future studies may include these complexities and the severity of the patients in the analysis of the data, also considering the correlation between readmission and mortality to reduce biases.

ERICA: patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We investigated adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This is a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, which surveyed adolescents of 1,247 schools from 124 Brazilian municipalities. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with a section on alcoholic beverages consumption. Measures of relative frequency (prevalence), and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated for the following variables: use of alcohol beverages in the last 30 days, frequency of use, number of glasses or doses consumed in the period, age of the first use of alcohol, and most consumed type of drink. Data were estimated for country and macro-region, sex, and age group. The module survey of the Stata program was used for data analysis of complex sample. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents, who accounted for 72.9% of eligible students. About 1/5 of adolescents consumed alcohol at least once in the last 30 days and about 2/3 in one or two occasions during this period. Among the adolescents who consumed alcoholic beverages, 24.1% drank it for the first time before being 12 years old, and the most common type of alcoholic beverages consumed by them were drinks based on vodka, rum or tequila, and beer. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents, as well as their early onset of alcohol use. We also identified a possible change in the preferred type of alcoholic beverages compared with previous research.

ERICA: prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescent students, according to geographical macro-regions, school type, sex, and age. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national, school-based study conducted in 2013-2014 in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. A self-administered questionnaire and an electronic data collector were employed. The presence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of common mental disorders by sex, age, and school type, in Brazil and in the macro-regions, considering the sample design. RESULTS The prevalence of common mental disorders was of 30.0% (95%CI 29.2-30.8), being higher among girls (38.4%; 95%CI 37.1-39.7) when compared to boys (21.6%; 95%CI 20.5-22.8), and among adolescents who were from 15 to 17 years old (33.6%; 95%CI 32.2-35.0) compared to those aged between 12 and 14 years (26.7%; 95%CI 25.8-27.6). The prevalence of common mental disorders increased with age for both sexes, always higher in girls (ranging from 28.1% at 12 years to 44.1% at 17 years) than in boys (ranging from 18.5% at 12 years to 27.7% at 17 years). We did not observe any significant difference by macro-region or school type. Stratified analyses showed higher prevalence of common mental disorders among girls aged from 15 to 17 years of private schools in the North region (53.1; 95%CI 46.8-59.4). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of common mental disorders among adolescents and the fact that the symptoms are often vague mean these disorders are not so easily identified by school administrators or even by health services. The results of this study can help the proposition of more specific prevention and control measures, focused on highest risk subgroups.

Avaliação do II Curso de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do Distrito Federal: um estudo de caso

Os cursos de especialização em Saúde Pública atualmente existentes entre nós, com seu formato diferencial de curta duração e alta abrangência, constituem uma realidade recente em nosso país, contando com pouco mais de dez anos. No Distrito Federal, realizaram-se nove deles, dos quais seis com a atuação diretiva e docente dos autores. Com vistas a incorporar tal experiência acumulada como contribuição para com futuras iniciativas a respeito, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos com avaliação terminal procedida em um deles, executada segundo o modelo atualmente recomendado pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Foi ela aplicada em amostra randômica de alunos, docentes e coordenadores, na busca de identificação de apreciações positivas e negativas, sobretudo dos aspectos operacional, administrativo, metodológico e institucional do mesmo. Em meio a percepções e formulações heterogêneas e pluralistas, obtiveram maiores freqüências em suas respectivas distribuições, por um lado, a adequação do trabalho de campo, baseado na utilização de quatro regionais, acompanhadas pelos alunos após cada área temática e, por outro, a preocupação para com a fragilidade de decisão institucional quanto a oferta e manutenção do curso, bem como quanto ao aproveitamento dos egressos para consolidação do sistema de saúde do Distrito Federal. Tais aspectos merecem, ao final, destacada discussão.

A hidatidose humana no Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil): estimativa de sua importância para a saúde pública do país

Mediante visitas pessoais aos hospitais e clínicas de 24 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul considerados endêmicos para o Echinococcus granulosus buscou-se chegar a uma estimativa da incidência e da prevalência da hidatidose humana no estado. (Até prova em contrário, esta cifra deve valer para o país como um todo). A incidência hospitalar para 1990 foi de 5,5 por 100.000 habitantes, cifra bastante inferior àquela dos países vizinhos. Quanto à prevalência, dada a falta de inquéritos mais amplos na população em geral, os autores tiveram que lançar mão dos dados disponíveis nos serviços de radiologia e ultrasonografia da região. Os índices provisóriamente adotados são de 0,8 por mil exames para o cisto de pulmão e de 5,5 por mil para o cisto intra-abdominal. Segundo pesquisa realizada junto aos cirurgiões mais tradicionais, a hidatidose humana parece estar em declínio no Brasil, conclusão que parece reforçada pela distribuição etária em nossa casuística, e é igualmente subsidiada por recentes estudos realizados por uma equipe de veterinários.

Educação em saúde em escolas pública de 1º grau da periferia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil: I - avaliação de um programa relativo à esquistossomose

O presente trabalho integra um amplo programa de pesquisa acerca da realidade educacional das escolas públicas de 1º grau, visando desenvolver e avaliar alternativas criativas que estimulem a inclusão da educação em saúde sob enfoque transdisciplinar, utilizando recursos lúdicos como arte, literatura, jogos, teatro, etc. Este estudo foi realizado em 4 escolas municipais da periferia de Belo Horizonte com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto de um programa educativo em relação ao conhecimento e prevalência da esquistossomose. Os resultados demonstraram que, após um ano de implantação dos novos materiais e metodologias, o conhecimento sobre a doença aumentou significativamente nas escolas experimentais, não se verificando o mesmo nas de controle. Em relação à prevalência, observou-se uma queda geral de 12,9% para 9,0%, considerando as 4 escolas. Quando analisadas separadamente, a escola experimental de alta prevalência foi a que apresentou melhor resultado, registrando-se um decréscimo significativo de 19,5% para 10,2%.

Educação em saúde em escolas pública de 1º grau da periferia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil: II - conhecimentos, opiniões e prevalência de helmintísase entre alunos e professores

O presente trabalho integra um amplo projeto de educação em saúde, que visa desenvolver e avaliar estratégias e materiais para escolas de 1º grau. Nesta parte do estudo, complementar ao artigo anterior (SCHALL et al.), através de entrevistas e exames parasitológicos de fezes realizados em quatro escolas municipais da periferia de Belo Horizonte, buscou-se investigar a prática pedagógica e a prevalência de helmintíases entre os escolares. Os resultados demonstraram que: a) tanto professores quanto alunos apresentaram escassas informações a respeito das helmintoses, assim como noções incorretas e desconhecimento de mecanismos de transmissão; b) altas prevalências nas escolas sendo de 68,0% e 76,0% (Bairro Gorduras) e 46,0% e 24,0% (Vale do Jatobá e Barreiro de Cima) no 1º ano de estudo (1988). Comparando-se as quatro escolas, encontrou-se uma associação das condições habitacionais dos alunos e os índices de prevalência. Considerando o fato de tais helmintíases serem sabidamente prevalentes a longo prazo nessas regiões, percebe-se quão alheia está a escola em relação aos problemas da realidade de seus escolares.