Doses e épocas de aplicação de regulador de crescimento em híbridos de milho

A fim de avaliar o efeito do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl em diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação em dois híbridos de milho, instalaram-se dois experimentos em Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, no ano agrícola de 2010/11. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (doses x épocas de aplicação), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) nas doses de 0,0, 187,5, 375,0 e 562,5 g ha-1 nos estádios V2, V4, V6 e V8 do milho, nos híbridos Status TL e Maximus TLTG. Avaliaram-se características agronômicas, componentes de produção e produtividade. A época de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl não afetou características agronômicas e a produtividade dos dois híbridos de milho. Em relação à dose do regulador, somente o Maximus TLTG mostrou aumento da largura e diminuição do comprimento das folhas com o incremento da dose do produto, sem efeitos substanciais nos componentes da produção e na produtividade. Os resultados mostraram pouca resposta dos híbridos avaliados à dose e época de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl; ao contrário do trigo, o uso na cultura deve ser mais bem avaliado, especialmente em relação à dose do produto e à reação de híbridos.

INTERAÇÃO ENTRE TAMANHOS DE VASO E DOSES DE GLYPHOSATE NO CONTROLE DE BRAQUIÁRIA

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a interação entre o tamanho do vaso de cultivo e doses de glyphosate no crescimento, na fisiologia e na eficácia de controle de Brachiaria decumbens. A semeadura foi feita em vasos contendo 2, 5, 10 e 20 L de substrato, mantidos em casa de vegetação. Entre os 41 e 63 dias após a emergência (DAE), avaliou-se o crescimento deB. decumbens. Aos 64 DAE, fez-se a aplicação do glyphosate nas doses de 0,0, 0,8, 1,6 e 3,2 kg ha-1 de equivalente ácido. Foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas e a fluorescência da clorofila a, aos dois dias após a aplicação (DAA), bem como a eficácia de controle, aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 DAA, sendo nesta última avaliação determinada ainda a matéria seca da parte aérea. Por fim, aferiu-se ainda a capacidade de rebrota de B. decunbens aos 28 dias após o corte. O crescimento de B. decumbens aumentou linearmente com o aumento do tamanho do vaso. As trocas gasosas e os parâmetros de fluorescência foram afetados pelas doses de glyphosate, mas não pela variação do tamanho do vaso. Não houve interação significativa entre doses e tamanhos de vasos sobre a eficácia de controle, porém essa variável aumentou consideravelmente com o aumento da dose e, discretamente, com o aumento do tamanho de vaso, sobretudo nas avaliações até os 14 DAA. A matéria seca da parte área aos 28 DAA e de rebrota foi dependente da interação entre tamanho do vaso e dose de glyphosate. O tamanho do vaso deve ser escolhido com critério para ensaios de eficácia de controle de B. decumbens com herbicida sistêmico.

Minimal doses of hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease

The use of hydroxyurea (HU) can improve the clinical course of sickle cell disease. However, several features of HU treatment remain unclear, including the predictability of drug response and determination of adequate doses, considering positive responses and minimal side effects. In order to identify adequate doses of HU for treatment of sickle cell disease, 10 patients, 8 with sickle cell anemia and 2 with Sß thalassemia (8SS, 2Sß), were studied for a period of 6 to 19 months in an open label dose escalation trial (10 to 20 mg kg-1 day-1). Hemoglobin (Hb), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values and reticulocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were performed every two weeks during the increase of the HU dose and every 4 weeks when the maximum HU dose was established. Reduction in the number of vasoocclusive episodes was also considered in order to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment. The final Hb and Hb F concentrations, and MCV values were significantly higher than the initial values, while the final reticulocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly lower. There was an improvement in the concentration of Hb (range: 0.7-2.0 g/dl) at 15 mg HU kg-1 day-1, but this concentration did not increase significantly when the HU dose was raised to 20 mg kg-1 day-1. The concentration of Hb F increased significantly (range: 1.0-18.1%) when 15 mg HU was used, and continued to increase when the dose was raised to 20 mg kg-1 day-1. The final MCV values increased 11-28 fl (femtoliters). However, reticulocyte (range: 51-205 x 109/l) and neutrophil counts (range: 9.5-1.3 x 109/l) obtained at this dose were significantly lower than those obtained with 15 mg kg-1 day-1. All patients reported a decrease in frequency or severity of vasoocclusive episodes. These results suggest that a hydroxyurea dose of 15 mg kg-1 day-1 seems to be adequate for treatment of sickle cell disease in view of the minimal side effects observed and the improvement in laboratory and clinical parameters.

Effects of small doses of ouabain on the arterial blood pressure of anesthetized hypertensive and normotensive rats

Ouabain increases vascular resistance and may induce hypertension by inhibiting the Na+ pump. The effects of 0.18 and 18 µg/kg, and 1.8 mg/kg ouabain pretreatment on the phenylephrine (PHE; 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 µg, in bolus)-evoked pressor responses were investigated using anesthetized normotensive (control and uninephrectomized) and hypertensive (1K1C and DOCA-salt treated) rats. Treatment with 18 µg/kg ouabain increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all groups studied. However, the magnitude of this increase was larger for the hypertensive 1K1C and DOCA-salt rats than for normotensive animals, while the pressor effect of 0.18 µg/kg ouabain was greater only in DOCA-salt rats. A very large dose (1.8 mg/kg) produced toxic effects on the normotensive control but not on uninephrectomized or 1K1C rats. Rat tail vascular beds were perfused to analyze the effects of 10 nM ouabain on the pressor response to PHE. In all animals, 10 nM ouabain increased the PHE pressor response, but this increase was larger in hypertensive DOCA-salt rats than in normotensive and 1K1C rats. Results suggested that a) increases in diastolic blood pressure induced by 18 µg/kg ouabain were larger in hypertensive than normotensive rats; b) in DOCA-salt rats, smaller ouabain doses had a stronger effect than in other groups; c) hypertensive and uninephrectomized rats were less sensitive to toxic doses of ouabain, and d) after treatment with 10 nM ouabain isolated tail vascular beds from DOCA-salt rats were more sensitive to the pressor effect of PHE than those from normotensive and 1K1C hypertensive rats. These data suggest that very small doses of ouabain, which might produce nanomolar plasma concentrations, enhance pressor reactivity in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, supporting the idea that endogenous ouabain may contribute to the increase and maintenance of vascular tone in hypertension.

Proconvulsant effects of high doses of venlafaxine in pentylenetetrazole-convulsive rats

Venlafaxine, an atypical antidepressant drug, has been used to treat several neurological disorders, presenting excellent efficacy and tolerability. Clinical seizures after venlafaxine treatment have occasionally been reported when the drug was used at very high doses or in combination with other medications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the convulsant effects of venlafaxine in rats under controlled laboratory conditions. Adult male Wistar rats (8 per group) receiving venlafaxine or saline at the doses of 25-150 mg/kg were subjected 30 min later to injections of pentylenetetrazole at the dose of 60 mg/kg. The animals receiving 75, 100 and 150 mg/kg venlafaxine presented increased severity of convulsion when compared to controls (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, and P = 0.0004, respectively). Indeed, an increased percentage of death was observed in these groups (50, 38, and 88%, respectively) when compared to the percentage of death in the controls (0%). The group receiving 150 mg/kg showed an reduction in death latency (999 ± 146 s) compared to controls (1800 ± 0 s; cut-off time). Indeed, in this group, all animals developed seizures prior to pentylenetetrazole administration. Surprisingly, the groups receiving venlafaxine at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg showed a tendency towards an increase in the latency to the first convulsion. These findings suggest that venlafaxine at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg has some tendency to an anticonvulsant effect in the rat, whereas doses of 75, 100 and 150 mg/kg presented clear proconvulsant effects in rats submitted to the pentylenetetrazole injection. These findings are the first report in the literature concerning the role of venlafaxine in seizure genesis in the rat under controlled conditions.

High doses of riboflavin and the elimination of dietary red meat promote the recovery of some motor functions in Parkinson's disease patients

Abnormal riboflavin status in the absence of a dietary deficiency was detected in 31 consecutive outpatients with Parkinson's disease (PD), while the classical determinants of homocysteine levels (B6, folic acid, and B12) were usually within normal limits. In contrast, only 3 of 10 consecutive outpatients with dementia without previous stroke had abnormal riboflavin status. The data for 12 patients who did not complete 6 months of therapy or did not comply with the proposed treatment paradigm were excluded from analysis. Nineteen PD patients (8 males and 11 females, mean age ± SD = 66.2 ± 8.6 years; 3, 3, 2, 5, and 6 patients in Hoehn and Yahr stages I to V) received riboflavin orally (30 mg every 8 h) plus their usual symptomatic medications and all red meat was eliminated from their diet. After 1 month the riboflavin status of the patients was normalized from 106.4 ± 34.9 to 179.2 ± 23 ng/ml (N = 9). Motor capacity was measured by a modification of the scoring system of Hoehn and Yahr, which reports motor capacity as percent. All 19 patients who completed 6 months of treatment showed improved motor capacity during the first three months and most reached a plateau while 5/19 continued to improve in the 3- to 6-month interval. Their average motor capacity increased from 44 to 71% after 6 months, increasing significantly every month compared with their own pretreatment status (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Discontinuation of riboflavin for several days did not impair motor capacity and yellowish urine was the only side effect observed. The data show that the proposed treatment improves the clinical condition of PD patients. Riboflavin-sensitive mechanisms involved in PD may include glutathione depletion, cumulative mitochondrial DNA mutations, disturbed mitochondrial protein complexes, and abnormal iron metabolism. More studies are required to identify the mechanisms involved.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro

Mercury is a xenobiotic metal that is a highly deleterious environmental pollutant. The biotransformation of mercury chloride (HgCl2) into methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) in aquatic environments is well-known and humans are exposed by consumption of contaminated fish, shellfish and algae. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes induced in vitro by two mercury compounds (HgCl2 and CH3HgCl) in cultured human lymphocytes. Short-term human leukocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors (5 females and 5 males) were set-up by adding drops of whole blood in complete medium. Cultures were separately and simultaneously treated with low doses (0.1 to 1000 µg/l) of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl and incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Genotoxicity was assessed by chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells. Mitotic index was used as a measure of cytotoxicity. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the relative frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed for all concentrations of CH3HgCl when compared to control, whether alone or in an evident sinergistic combination with HgCl2. The frequency of polyploid cells was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared to control after exposure to all concentrations of CH3HgCl alone or in combination with HgCl2. CH3HgCl significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the mitotic index at 100 and 1000 µg/l alone, and at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/l when combined with HgCl2, showing a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Our data showed that low concentrations of CH3HgCl might be cytotoxic/genotoxic. Such effects may indicate early cellular changes with possible biological consequences and should be considered in the preliminary evaluation of the risks of populations exposed in vivo to low doses of mercury.

Efeito de baixas doses de irradiação nos carotenóides majoritários em cenouras prontas para o consumo

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das baixas doses da radiação gama na concentração de carotenóides totais, alfa e beta-caroteno em cenouras minimamente processadas, durante a vida-útil. As cenouras são as principais fontes de carotenóides provitamínicos A (alfa e beta-caroteno) de origem vegetal. De acordo com a Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) realizada na região Sudeste do Brasil, no grupo de raízes e tubérculos a cenoura é amplamente consumida. A estabilidade dos carotenóides varia grandemente durante o processamento e o armazenamento, dependendo de sua estrutura, temperatura, oxigênio, luz, umidade, atividade de água e presença de ácidos e metais antioxidantes e pró-oxidantes. As cenouras minimamente processadas neste experimento foram manualmente descascadas, lavadas, cortadas mecanicamente, acondicionadas em embalagens com atmosferas modificadas de 5% O2 / 10% CO2 e 21% O2 (ar sintético), tratadas com radiação ionizante gama, fonte de césio, nas doses de 0,25, 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00kGy, e armazenadas a 5°C durante 24 dias. Os carotenóides totais foram quantificados por espectrofotometria a 449nm. Para a determinação de alfa e beta-caroteno utilizou-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os diferentes tratamentos e o grupo controle foram, também, avaliados através das análises de cor e voláteis, por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas associada à microextração em fase sólida (CG-EM/MEFS), para estudar as perdas dos carotenóides durante o processamento.

Determining economical TBHQ doses for corn oil stability

Corn oil obtained from a Brazilian industry, free from antioxidants and citric acid, added of different tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) concentrations, was submitted to accelerated oxidation in the Schaal oven test at 63°C for 120 hours and for 168 hours in a photooxidation chamber. Peroxide and absorptivity values at 232nm and 270nm were determined for this oil. From the Schaal oven test results, the best and the economical TBHQ doses were determined to this oil. Afterwards, a shelf life experiment was conducted and confirmed 115mg.kg-1 TBHQ as the best and economical dose for that oil.

Composição química de tubérculos de batata para processamento, cultivados sob diferentes doses e fontes de potássio

A batata é considerada um dos poucos alimentos capazes de nutrir a crescente população mundial por ser fonte de energia e conter elevado teor de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais. Porém os teores desses compostos sofrem influência de diversos fatores como: cultivar utilizada, condições edafoclimáticas, safra, colheita e armazenamento. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição química de batatas (cvs. Atlantic, Asterix, Innovator e Shepody), cultivadas em quatro doses (0, 120, 360 e 1080 kg K2O.ha-1) e duas fontes de potássio (KCl e K2SO4). As amostras foram provenientes do município de Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, cultivadas na safra das águas. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações: vitamina C, umidade, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, carboidratos, energia, amido e potássio. A cv. Atlantic apresentou os maiores teores médios de cinzas (0,93%) e potássio (528,80 mg.100 g-1); a cv. Asterix, a maior umidade (81,47%); a cv. Innovator, os maiores teores de proteínas (2,25%), lipídios (0,06%), carboidratos (17,72%), energia (80,40 kcal.100 g-1) e amido (16,45%); e a cv. Shepody obteve a maior quantidade de vitamina C (31,01 mg.100 g-1). Pode-se concluir que a composição química das batatas é dependente da cultivar e da adubação potássica (dose e fonte) empregada.

Physicochemical and microbiological quality of raspberries (Rubus idaeus) treated with different doses of gamma irradiation

This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of raspberries exposed to different radiation doses. The fruits were harvested in the city of Campestre, MG, packed in polyethylene bags, and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were separated into 4 lots. Irradiation was performed at the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology in Belo Horizonte, MG. The doses used were 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kGy. After irradiation, the fruits were transported back to UFLA and stored at 1 ºC and 95% relative humidity (RH) for 12 days. The physicochemical analyses for mass loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble sugars, total soluble pectin, firmness, vitamin C content, total antioxidant activity, and total phenolic, and the microbiological assays (coliform at 35 and 45 ºC, psychrotrophic and filamentous fungi and yeasts) were performed after 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of storage. Lower loss of mass and filamentous fungi and yeast count were observed in the irradiated fruits, and 2 kGy was determined as the most effective dose for microbial control, but this irradiation dose also resulted in increased loss of fruit firmness.

Are serum cystatin C levels influenced by steroid doses in lupus nephritis patients?

INTRODUCTION: Cystatin C is considered a promising test to evaluate glomerular filtration rate, since it has characteristics of an ideal endogenous marker, being similar or even superior to serum creatinine according to some studies. However, it is possible that some factors (as corticotherapy) could have an influence on serum cystatin C levels regardless of the glomerular filtration rate. The aim of this study was to investigate if different doses of glucocorticoid could have an influence on serum cystatin C levels in lupus nephritis patients. METHODS: We evaluated 42 patients with lupus nephritis that performed 109 different blood collections; their mean age was 37.7 ± 13.1 years old, and 88% were female; the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was of 61.9 ± 20.0 mL/min. Patients were divided according to their glucocorticoid dose in two groups: A - high (pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and prednisone > 0.5 mg/kg/d, n = 14) versus B - low doses (prednisone ≤ 0.5 mg/kg/d, n = 28). Serum creatinine levels were used as parameters for renal function comparison. Cystatin C was determined by an in-house methodology, using Luminex system flow citometry. RESULTS: Considering these groups, cystatin C levels were different only in the second visit (p = 0.106). But, when the serum creatinine levels were considered in the same groups, a marginally significant difference among them (p = 0.070) was observed, which suggested that the difference in cystatin C levels between the groups was caused by their respective glomerular filtration rate. There was not any difference between those groups that received or did not receive pulse therapy. CONCLUSION: Although some previous studies have shown that glucocorticoid has an influence on serum cystatin C levels, we have not observed such interference in the lupus nephritis patients submitted to corticotherapy.

Efeito de doses elevadas de vitamina D3 associada à suplementação de cálcio em modelo experimental de nefrolitíase

Introdução: Há poucos dados na literatura sobre a suplementação de vitamina D e cálcio e o desenvolvimento de cálculos renais. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de doses elevadas de vitamina D3 (V), com suplemento de cálcio (Ca) no desenvolvimento de litíase em modelo experimental. Métodos: Pastilhas foram inseridas na bexiga de ratos, que receberam V com ou sem Ca. Ratos foram divididos em seis grupos: 1. Sham; 2. Controle com pastilha, 3. Controle com V, 4. Pastilha + V, 5. Pastilha + Ca e 6. Pastilha + Ca + V. Resultados: Observou-se 50% e 17% de redução na formação de cálculos, respectivamente nos grupos 5 e 6 em comparação ao grupo 2 (p < 0,005). Não foram observadas hipercalcemia ou hipercalciúria em todos os grupos. Encontramos no grupo 6 (p = 0,03) uma redução significativa na calciúria. Conclusão: A administração de V associada com Ca diminuiu significantemente a formação de cálculos e reduziu significantemente a calciúria, sugerindo uma interferência benéfica na fisiopatologia litogênica.