The UN peacebuilding process: an analysis of its shortcomings in Timor-Leste

This paper brings a comprehensive analysis of the peacebuilding process conducted by the UN in Timor-Leste. Drawing on fieldwork, interviews, and secondary sources, the paper brings light to the main fragilities of this process. Firstly, the paper briefly outlines the scholarly debate around UN peacebuilding process. Then, the paper brings an overview of the UN missions deployed to Timor-Leste. Finally, the paper identifies the major limitations of such engagement. By highlighting the main flaws of this peacebuilding process, the paper opens the space for (re)thinking alternative ways of building peace in post-conflict scenarios.

GESTIÓN DE RECURSOS INTANGIBLES EN INSTITUCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR

Las organizaciones se desenvuelven en entornos exigentes y competitivos creados por demandas de las sociedades y marcados por la crisis financiera mundial a la que no escapan las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES), que están orientadas a satisfacer las necesidades del entorno y a fortalecer el flujo de información y colaboración con la sociedad. En este contexto se plantea una investigación de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, que se considera como un primer intento por desarrollar y probar empíricamente los aspectos teóricos existentes sobre el tema. El objetivo es determinar las influencias simultáneas que ejercen los recursos intangibles sobre la gestión estratégica en las IES. Estas relaciones se evaluaron con un análisis de estructuras de covarianzas que requirió la construcción y validación de un sistema de medida adecuado para cada una de las variables objeto de estudio. Dicho análisis arrojó como resultado que sólo dos de las cuatro hipótesis planteadas son significativas, loque demuestra que los recursos intangibles Gestión del conocimiento y Reputación Organizacional, son los que influyen directamente en los procesos de gestión estratégica que realizan las IES. A partir de estos descubrimientos se dispone de referentes empíricos sobre la Gestión de Recursos Intangibles, destacando el hecho que la gestión estratégica en las IES puede mejorar sustancialmente a través de la implementación de procesos que involucren el manejo adecuado de los intangibles que poseen.

Medida da infestação domiciliar por Triatoma infestans

Em conjunto de 27 edifícios situados na localidade denominada Bairro da Ilha, no Município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, procurou-se aplicar o método de Gómez-Núñez para a seleção de casas infestadas pelo Triatoma infestans. Comparando com o processo de inspeção domiciliar mediante a captura manual, porém sem o emprêgo de substâncias insetífugas, o método revelou-se equivalente. Contudo, êle traz vantagens que não podem ser desprezadas. Entre outras, ressaltam a sua uniformidade e o baixo custo. Através o levantamento da percentagem de caixas positivas até a segunda semana de observação, pode-se também estimar o grau de infestação local. Nesta pesquisa, revelou índice de Tipo III. O significado e classificação desses índices deverá ser objeto de maiores investigações. Contudo, no que pese a necessidade de maior número de ensaios, o método poderá vir a ser de bastante utilidade na avaliação de localidades submetidas a expurgos, sejam êles seletivos ou não.

Infestação domiciliar por Triatoma infestans e alguns aspectos epidemiológicos da tripanossomose americana em área do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

São relatados os resultados das investigações sôbre epidemiologia da tripanossomose americana, levadas a efeito no Bairro da Ilha, município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Em conjunto de 28 edifícios submetidos ao expurgo seletivo pela aplicação de BHC, procurou-se pesquisar a infestação por Triatoma infestans, através o método das caixas de Gómez-Núñez. O resultado revelou a persistência de edifícios infestados, em proporção semelhante àquela observada antes do expurgo. Contudo, houve redução da intensidade, revelada pela queda do índice geral de infestação. A pesquisa de focos naturais do parasito mostrou a possível existência da infecção em roedores Akodon arviculoides e Oryzomys nigripes. Levando-se a efeito xenodiagnósticos em cães e gatos, nascidos ou introduzidos logo depois do rociado seletivo, pôde-se evidenciar a persistência da transmissão, pelo menos por via congênita. Ao lado disso, observou-se a introdução precoce de animais infectados, procedentes de outras áreas. Conclui-se pela necessidade de revisão na profilaxia da doença de Chagas, baseada no simples combate aos triatomíneos pelo uso de inseticidas.

Observações sôbre a infestação domiciliar residual por Triatoma infestans

Na região do Bairro da Ilha, município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, procurou-se observar a utilidade do método de Gómez-Núñez, no selecionamento das casas a serem submetidas ao expurgo seletivo pela aplicação de BHC. Dos edifícios considerados como negativos à inspeção rotineira, foram selecionados 21 nos quais foram instaladas as caixas-abrigo. O resultado revelou a presença de Triatoma infestans em 4 casas e 2 anexos. Além disso, concluiu-se a observação do ecótopo artificial para atração de triatomíneo, e o seu exame, após demolição completa, revelou a presença de 2 adultos e 198 ninfas daquela espécie. Conclui-se pela deficiência da inspeção manual, com ou sem a utilização de substância desalojante, na seleção dos edifícios para o rociado. O método de Gómez-Núñez poderá trazer valiosa contribuição para a melhoria do critério de seleção. Chama-se ainda a atenção do possível poder de dispersão ativa do T. infestans que poderá atingir valores ponderáveis.

Prevalence of antibodies to the BK and JC papovaviruses in isolated populations

A total of 173 sera from isolated Brazilian Indian populations, 39 from the Diauarun area, and 68 from the Alto Xingú area, respectively in the North and the South of the Xingú National Park and 66 Kren-Akorore Indians, were examined for hemagglutination - inhibiting (HI) antibodies against BK and JC viruses. The global percentages of positive sera (> 1:40) were 5.2% for BK virus and 1.7% for JC virus. The distribution of positive sera according to the population groups showed one individual to be positive for BK virus in the Diauarun Indians and none of the sera contained HI antibody to JC virus; in the Alto Xingú Indians, 4 were positive for BK virus and 3 others were positive for JC virus; as regards Kren-Akorore Indians none of the sera contained antibody to JC virus, and only 4 were BK positive. Due to the limited number of observations it was neither possible to determine the time of occurrence of seroconversion nor correlate the positivity rates for both viruses in the different tribes with the respective "contact" with the white population.

Análisis político del Programa de Control del dengue en Morelos, México

OBJETIVO: Analizar medidas municipales implementadas para el control de la epidemia del dengue, sobretodo las de coordinación sectorial, gobernanza y participación de grupos sociales. MÉTODOS: Estudio de observación, realizado en Morelos, México, 2007. Los datos colectados en entrevistas y observaciones directas fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido y mapeo político. El software Policy Marker fue utilizado para evaluar los pesos atribuidos a los datos de desempeño (e.g. criterios alto, medio y bajo) y el papel de actores (acciones realizadas sean ellas de vigilancia, control o administrativas). Se realizó análisis estratégico de las oportunidades y desafíos en el cumplimiento de las políticas públicas y control del dengue. RESULTADOS: Las bases jurídicas indican que la respuesta a la epidemia es una tarea multisectorial. Sin embargo, la respuesta está centrada en actividades de los servicios de la salud, que están forzados a dar mayor apoyo financiero y derivar los recursos humanos necesarios, en contraste con la contribución de otros sectores (e.g. agua y saneamiento básico), que desconocen sus responsabilidades. El sector de la salud presenta alto nivel de factibilidad para la vinculación intra?institucional, en términos de optimización de recursos y cumplimiento de objetivos, particularmente entre autoridades de salud en los niveles estatal, jurisdiccional, municipal y local. CONCLUSIONES: El abordaje multidisciplinario y el fortalecimiento de las responsabilidades políticas permitirán la respuesta eficaz ante la epidemia del dengue, sustentada en la coordinación sectorial e involucramiento activo de la población afectada.

HLA and malaria in four colombian ethnic groups

HLA antigens and their relationship with malaria infection were studied in four different ethnic groups in Colombia (South America): two groups of indians (Kunas and Katios), one of negroes and a group of mixed ancestry. A total of 965 persons were studied, 415 with malaria and 550 as controls. HLA-A,B, and C antigen frequencies in the four groups are reported. The association of each HLA antigen with malaria infection due to P. vivax and to P. falciparum was evaluated. Negroes, Kunas and Katios indians variously lack from 6 to 9 of the HLA antigens found in the mixed group. In the designated ethnic groups, antigens B5, B13, B15, Cw2 and Cw4 showed borderline association with malaria infection. However, in the mixed ethnic group, statistically significant associations were found with malaria infection and the presence of A9, Aw19, B17, B35, and Z98 (a B21-B45: crossreacting determinant) with few differences when P. vivax infection and P. falciparum infection were considered individually. This finding may represent a lack of general resistance to malaria in the group that harbors antigens of Caucasian origin. These individuals have been in direct and permanent contact with malaria only in the past 65 years. In contrast, indians, both Kunas and Katios, and Negroes have lived for centuries in malaria endemic areas, and it is possible that a natural selection system has developed through which only those individuals able to initiate an acute immune response to malaria have survived.

Comparación de varias técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintiasis intestinales

Se procesan "a ciegas" 511 muestras de heces por las técnicas de Kato-Katz, Willis, Ritchie y directo. Al comparar los resultados obtenidos en el diagnóstico de Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus y Ascaris lumbricoides, vimos que la de Kato-Katz fué más sensible, revelando el mayor número de casos, siguiéndole en orden sucesivo, el Willis, el Ritchie, y el examen directo. Si se tiene en cuenta que el método de Kato-Katz es además cuantitativo, podemos recomendar-lo como técnica de elección para el diagnóstico de las geohelmintiasis intestinales.

Prevalence of HTLV-I antibody among two distinct ethnic groups inhabiting the Amazon region of Brazil

HTLV-I seroprevalences of 3.63% (02/55), 12.19% (10/82) and 13.88% (10/72) were demonstrated among Tiryio, Mekranoiti and Xicrin Amazonian Indians, respectively, by the Western blotting enzyme assay (WBEI). By indirect immuno electron microscopy (IIEM), 2 Tiriyo, 9 Mekranoiti and 6 Xicrin Amerindians were reactive. Of 44 serum samples from Japanese immigrants, none reacted by any of the techniques before mentioned. One, 8 and 6 serum samples from Tiryio, Mekranoiti and Xicrin Indians, respectively, were both WBEI and IIEM positive. Our results strongly suggest that HTLV-I and/or an HTLV-I antigenic variant circulate (s) among populations living in the Amazon region of Brazil.

Blood groups and malaria

The possible relationship between erythrocyte antigens and the presence of malaria infection by P. vivax and P. falciparurn was sought in four different ethnic groups of two departments of Colombia. Malaria infection by P. falciparum was found in 91.4% of malaria infected blacks. No significant differences were found between the presence of malaria infection and ABO antigens. In the other blood groups, it was observed that groups MNSs conferred black people a greater Rr for malaria by both species of Plasmodium and that Duffy-negative blacks and indians appeared to be resistant to P. vivax infection. A predominance of P. vivax infection was observed in Katio indians while P.falciparum was predominant in Kuna indians; the reason for this finding still needs to be explored.

A longitudinal study of enterobiasis in three day care centers of Havana City

Pinworm infection was prospectively studied during one year in 469 children attending three day care centers. Each child was examined at six months intervals using up to three perianal swabs with adhesive tape. Those found infected were treated with mebendazole. At the beginning of the study we found a prevalence of 28% that dropped to 13% and 12% in the following study periods. The reinfection rate was twice the incidence rate in both study periods. We also found a small percentage (10%) of the children reinfected in most or all study periods. There was a high correlation between reinfection and perianal itching. Our results add further knowledge to the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in day care centers.

Prevalence of IgG varicella zoster virus antibodies in the Kuikuro and Kaiabi indigenous communities in Xingu National Park, Brazil, before varicella vaccination

The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the two most populated indigenous ethnic groups from Xingu Indigenous National Park, in Brazil, prior to the introduction of vaccination against the disease, and to determine the positive and the negative predictive values of a history of varicella infection. In 2001, 589 inhabitants of two Kuikuro villages and three Kaiabi villages were evaluated and provided information concerning previous varicella infection. An indirect immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect IgG anti-VZV antibodies was performed in 224 blood samples - volunteer selection had no interference of anamnesis. IgG prevalence was 80.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 76% - 86%). The seroepidemiology of varicella in Xingu National Park prior to varicella vaccine introduction was comparable to the Brazilian national seroprevalence described in the literature, and so were the positive (98%) and the negative predictive value (41%) of the referred history.

Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon

The objective of this survey was to assess the relationships between intestinal parasitism, nutritional status and hemoglobin level in children with Indian ascendancy living in an urban area in Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional survey obtaining anthropometric, parasitological and socioeconomic data, and hemoglobin measurements of children aged six to 84 months. Anthropometric data were expressed as z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper circumference for age (MUACZ) parameters. Parasitological examinations were performed through Ritchie (n = 307), Kato-Katz (n = 278), Baermann-Moraes (n = 238) and Safranin-methylene blue methods (n = 307). Hemoglobin measurements were obtained with a Hemocue® photometer (n = 282). Socioeconomic data were used in order to classify children in three family income strata (n = 242). Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent interactions between Giardia lamblia and WAZ (beta = -0.195, SE = 0.138, p = 0.003), WHZ (beta = -0.161, SE = 0.133, p = 0.018) and MUACZ (beta = -0.197, SE = 0.143, p = 0.011), controlling for age, sex, family income, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm infection. Also, the multivariate model showed that the only variable associated with hemoglobin levels was age. Intestinal parasitism control should increase children's possibilities of full development in the studied area.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among indian people living in Iauareté, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil

The goal of this survey was to estimate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Iauareté, a multiethnic Indian community in the upper Rio Negro basin. We carried out a cross-sectional survey (n = 260), in order to obtain serum samples and demographic data. The sample was randomly selected, by family conglomerate analysis. Serodiagnosis was performed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence. Prevalence of reactivity was 73.5% (191/260), being higher in the older-age groups, reaching 95.7% (44/46) in the group aged 50 years or more. The majority of seropositive subjects had titers equal to or less than 1:64. Seroprevalence was greater in Indians belonging to the Hupda ethnic group (p = 0.03). According to the present survey, Indian people living in Iauareté have a high prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii. Demographic concentration and urbanization within low sanitation and poor hygiene backgrounds, as well as unfiltered water consumption, may be related to the high frequency of T. gondii seroprevalence observed in the studied area.