Epidemiological and immunological aspects of human visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island, Venezuela

Sixty-five patients were diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on Margarita Island in the decade from 1990 to1999; 86.2% were <= 3 years old. All were leishmanin-negative at diagnosis. Evaluation of 23 cured patients in 1999 revealed that 22/23 had converted to leishmanin-positive; five had persisting antibodies to rK39 antigen, with no clinical evidence of disease. Leishmanin tests were positive in 20.2% of 1,643 healthy individuals from 417 households in endemic areas. Of the positive reactors, 39.8% were identified in 35 (8.4%) of the households, 15 of which had an antecedent case of VL, a serologically positive dog or both. Weak serological activity to rK39 antigen was detected in 3 of 488 human sera from the endemic areas. The presence of micro-foci of intense peri-urban transmission and the apparent absence of other Trypanosomatidae causing human disease offer a unique opportunity for the study of reservoirs, alternative vectors and evaluation of control measures on the Island.

Plasminogen interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi

The ability of Trypanosoma cruzi to interact with plasminogen, the zimogenic form of the blood serin protease plasmin, was examined. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that both forms, epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, were able to fix plasminogen in a lysine dependant manner. This interaction was corroborated by plasminogen activation studies. Both forms of the parasite enhanced the plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator.The maximal enhancements obtained were 15-fold and 3.4-fold with epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, respectively, as compared to plasminogen activation in absence of cells. Ligand-blotting analysis of proteins extracted with Triton X-114 from a microsomal fraction of epimastigotes revealed at least five soluble proteins and one hydrophobic protein able to bind plasminogen.

Use of an immunodominant p17 antigenic fraction of Neospora caninum in detection of antibody response in cattle

A Neospora caninum 17 kDa protein fraction (p17) has been described as an immunodominant antigen (IDA) under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic utility of p17 in cattle. In order to achieve this, p17 was purified by electroelution from whole N. caninum tachyzoite soluble extract and a p17-based Western blot (WB-p17) was developed. The p17 recognition was measured by densitometry and expressed as OD values to check the validity of the WB-p17. A total of 131 sera including sequential samples from naturally- and experimentally-infected calves and breeding cattle were analysed by WB-p17 and compared with IFAT using whole formalin-fixed tachyzoites as a reference test. The results obtained highlight the feasibility of using the N. caninum p17 in a diagnostic test in cattle. Firstly, the assay based on the p-17 antigen discriminated between known positive and negative sera from different cattle populations, breeding cattle and calves. Secondly, the p17 antigen detected fluctuations in the antibody levels and seroconversion in naturally- and experimentally-infected cattle. Significant differences in p-17 antigen recognition were observed between naturally infected aborting and non-aborting cattle, as well as significant antibody fluctuations over time in experimentally infected cattle, which varied between groups. Furthermore, the results obtained with WB-p17 are in accordance with the results obtained with the IFAT, as high agreement values were obtained when all bovine subpopulations were included (kappa = 0.86).

Cl gene cluster encoding several small nucleolar RNAs: a comparison amongst trypanosomatids

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that modify RNA molecules such as rRNA and snRNA by guiding 2'-O-ribose methylation (C/D box snoRNA family) and pseudouridylation reactions (H/ACA snoRNA family). H/ACA snoRNAs are also involved in trans-splicing in trypanosomatids. The aims of this work were to characterise the Cl gene cluster that encodes several snoRNAs in Trypanosoma rangeli and compare it with clusters from Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and Leptomonas collosoma. The T. rangeli Cl gene cluster is an 801 base pair (bp) repeat sequence that encodes three C/D (Cl1, Cl2 and Cl4) and three H/ACA (Cl3, Cl5 and Cl6) snoRNAs. In contrast to T. brucei, the Cl3 and Cl5 homologues have not been annotated in the Leishmania or T. cruzi genome projects (http//:www.genedb.org). Of note, snoRNA transcribed regions have a high degree of sequence identity among all species and share gene synteny. Collectively, these findings suggest that the Cl cluster could constitute an interesting target for therapeutic (gene silencing) or diagnostic intervention strategies (PCR-derived tools).

Treatment and seroconversion in a cohort of children suffering from recent chronic Chagas infection in Yoro, Honduras

Between 1999-2002, Médécins Sans Frontières-Spain implemented a project seeking to determine the efficacy and safety of benznidazole in the treatment of recent chronic Chagas disease in a cohort of seropositive children in the Yoro Department, Honduras. A total of 24,471 children were screened for Trypanosoma cruzi IgG antibodies through conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on filter paper. Recombinant ELISA (0.93% seroprevalence) showed 256 initially reactive cases, including 232 confirmed positive cases. Of these, 231 individuals were treated with benznidazole (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 60 days and were followed with a strict weekly medical control and follow-up protocol. At the end of the project, 229 patients were examined by the Honduras Secretariat of Health for post-treatment serological assessments; 88.2% seroconverted after 18 months and 93.9% seroconverted after three years. No differences were found in the seroconversion rates according to age or sex. Most of the side effects of the treatment were minor. These results support the argument that in areas where T. cruzi I is predominant and in areas affected by T. cruzi II, when vector transmission has been interrupted, Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment are feasible, necessary and ethically indisputable.

In vitro evaluation of new terpenoid derivatives against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis

The activity of five (1-5) abietane phenol derivatives against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis was studied using promastigotes and axenic and intracellular amastigotes. Infectivity and cytotoxicity tests were performed with J774.2 macrophage cells using Glucantime as a reference drug. The mechanisms of action were analysed by performing metabolite excretion and transmission electron microscopy ultrastructural studies. Compounds 1-5 were more active and less toxic than Glucantime. The infection rates and mean number of parasites per cell observed in amastigote experiments showed that derivatives 2, 4 and 5 were the most effective against both L. infantum and L. braziliensis. The ultrastructural changes observed in the treated promastigote forms confirmed that the greatest cell damage was caused by the most active compound (4). Only compound 5 caused changes in the nature and amounts of catabolites excreted by the parasites, as measured by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All of the assayed compounds were active against the two Leishmania species in vitro and were less toxic in mammalian cells than the reference drug.

A human astrocytoma cell line is highly susceptible to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi

Astrocytes play a vital role in neuronal protection, homeostasis, vascular interchange and the local immune response. Some viruses and parasites can cross the blood-brain barrier and infect glia. Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, can seriously compromise the central nervous system, mainly in immune-suppressed individuals, but also during the acute phase of the infection. In this report, the infective capacity of T. cruzi in a human astrocyte tumour-derived cell line was studied. Astrocytes exposed to trypomastigotes (1:10 ratio) produced intracellular amastigotes and new trypomastigotes emerged by day 4 post-infection (p.i.). At day 6 p.i., 93% of the cells were infected. Using flow cytometry, changes were observed in both the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules and the chemokine secretion pattern of astrocytes exposed to the parasite. Blocking the low-density lipoprotein receptor on astrocytes did not reduce parasite intracellular infection. Thus, T. cruzi can infect astrocytes and modulate the immune response during central nervous system infection.

Ideologia gerencialista e subjetividade do trabalhador no terceiro setor

Neste artigo, trata-se o impacto de reestruturações de cunho gerencialista sobre a subjetividade de trabalhadores em organizações ambientalistas do terceiro setor historicamente ligadas à benemerência, ao humanismo e à luta por direitos. O crescimento dessa população organizacional tem gerado competição por recursos, com a consequente busca por sistemas e modelos gerenciais que possam viabilizar a sobrevivência de cada organização via vantagens comparativas associadas à eficácia, à eficiência, à efetividade e ao posicionamento de marca. Nesse contexto, percebe-se uma crescente adoção de modelos importados do segundo setor - privado de interesse privado. Elementos característicos do gerencialismo, tais como intensificação e aceleração do trabalho, precarização das relações trabalhistas e primazia do determinismo econômico, são também assimilados no processo. Investe-se no culto à excelência e na mobilização psíquica do sujeito como formas de se enquadrar a pessoa como ativo estratégico da organização. As práticas decorrentes chocam-se com os valores humanistas geralmente vigentes no terceiro setor, causando conflitos de racionalidade e intrapsíquicos. Desenvolveu-se pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, baseada em entrevistas com profissionais de quatro organizações ambientais de relevo no País, para fazer emergir, por meio da análise do discurso, a percepção dos sujeitos sobre o fenômeno em questão. Os resultados mostram que a ideologia gerencialista foi, pelo menos nos casos estudados, assimilada pelo trabalhador, que as relações de trabalho estão se precarizando em nome da rentabilidade financeira dos investimentos na organização, que as estratégias de defesa e adesão implicam sofrimento subjetivo e que o terceiro setor se distancia crescentemente de sua identidade histórica de esfera de agenciamento marcada por uma racionalidade substantiva.

Satisfacción de las necesidades básicas en la población inmigrante femenina Marroquí en Arteixo

Aunque hace unos años la población inmigrante marroquí era en su mayor parte masculina, cada día aumenta el número de mujeres, colectivo del que se ocupa este trabajo. Conocer cómo afecta la emigración en la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de Virginia Henderson, qué transformaciones y adaptaciones se tienen que realizar para satisfacerlas y qué reinterpretaciones y estrategias se ponen en marcha para minimizar el impacto del choque cultural. Durante un año 2004-2005 hemos realizado una investigación cualitativa mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 mujeres musulmanas inmigrantes en un municipio de Galicia (España). En la persona musulmana, toda su vida está regulada por la religión, por lo que las necesidades afectadas están estrechamente relacionadas con la necesidad de actuar según valores y creencias. Por ello, la valoración de dicha necesidad aporta datos fundamentales para orientar las actividades dirigidas a mantener y recuperar la salud.

Historia cultural de los cuidados paliativos en las sociedades primitivas: revisión integrativa

Este estudio tiene el objetivo de describir la evolución de los cuidados paliativos, reflexionando sobre la posibilidad de su origen en las culturas primitivas y su relación con el inicio del culto a los muertos. Se describe el cambio producido en las estructuras, las interacciones simbólicas y sociales implicadas en el desempeño de cuidados paliativos durante la prehistoria: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional. El marco teórico se fundamenta en la historia cultural, el modelo estructural dialéctico y el interaccionismo simbólico. Se aplicaron técnicas de categorización y análisis de la historia cultural y el estructuralismo dialéctico. Los cuidados paliativos ya existían en las sociedades primitivas vinculados, en gran medida, a los ritos de transición con un alto contenido simbólico. Las estructuras sociales: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional; constituyen los pilares sobre los que se sustentaron los cuidados paliativos en las sociedades prehistóricas.

Evaluación funcional en ancianos intervenidos de fractura de cadera

Estudio observacional prospectivo en pacientes mayores de 65 años intervenidos de fractura de cadera. El objetivo fue conocer la evolución funcional de los pacientes a los tres meses del alta hospitalaria, identificar variables relacionadas con dicha recuperación funcional, describir la mortalidad e institucionalización asociadas al proceso. Se analizaron variables demográficas como edad, sexo, convivencia. Otros aspectos registrados fueron: comorbilidad, deterioro cognitivo, capacidad para caminar, nivel de dependencia según índice de Barthel, institucionalización y mortalidad. Se recogió la información al ingreso y a los 3 meses del alta. El 89,6% de la muestra, fueron mujeres, la edad media fue de 83,56 años. El 40% de los pacientes recuperaron la independencia previa registrándose una mortalidad del 16,7% así como una leve progresión hacia la institucionalización. La capacidad funcional y el deterioro cognitivo del paciente, previos a la fractura condicionan su recuperación funcional y dependencias posteriores.

Sufrimiento en infantes con enfermedad terminal: perspectiva de padres y profesionales

Diagnóstico de situación con una metodología científica de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo (observación participante con tratamiento estadístico descriptivo) con el fin de identificar las prácticas de enfermería en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud durante la consulta de enfermería para la salud infantil. De las 31 consultas observadas (n = 31) se mostró que la mayoría de las observaciones se produjeron en niños menores de 2 años siendo que el tema más discutido és alimentación con el uso predominante de la metodología expositiva. Se verificó poca utilización de apoyo informativo y cuando se utilizan se refieren a temas de seguridad y nutrición. La mayoría de los proveedores ha hecho preguntas y se verifico reducido registro de la interacción proveedores/niños con un expendio promedio de 23 minutos por consulta. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados y reflectando en ellos se destaca como intervención la elaboración de un manual para la promoción de la salud con la integración de la teoría y la evidencia de las buenas prácticas en este ámbito.

Conocimiento de la ley y preparación del personal sanitario sobre el proceso asistencial de la muerte

Este estudio apunta a conocer la percepción que los profesionales de la salud (médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería) tienen acerca de su preparación en el cuidado de los enfermos terminales y determinar sus conocimientos sobre la legislación de cuidados paliativos. Se ha realizado un estudio transversal, en un hospital de Granada (España), mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario ad hoc. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría del personal ha trabajado con pacientes en el final de su vida, pero sólo la mitad cree tener la formación adecuada para cuidarlos. Una parte considerable dice no conocer la legislación actual en cuidados paliativos. La mayoría de los profesionales plantearía la retirada de terapias para el mantenimiento de la vida y desconocen el mecanismo para informar sobre la cumplimentación del Testamento Vital, como indica el Plan de Cuidados Paliativos de Andalucía (España).

Taxonomia, análise cladística e descrição de uma espécie nova de Palpibracus Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae)

Palpibracus Rondani é um gênero de Muscidae que aloca 16 espécies, incluindo Palpibracus darwini sp. nov., descrita com base em espécimens macho de Concepción, Chile. Foi realizada uma análise cladística baseada em 31 caracteres morfológicos de adultos e utilizando 12 espécies como grupos externos. A análise mostrou que Palpibracus é um gênero monofilético cujo grupo-irmão é o gênero Brachygasterina. O relacionamento entre as espécies foi: (P. veneris ((P. albuquerquei (P. peruvianus, P. trivittatus)) (P. fasciculatus, P. nigriventris)) ((P. spicatus, P. uvivittatus) (P. lancifer (P. darwini sp. nov. (P. chilensis, P. confusus (P. pilosus ( P. similis (P. separatus, P. carvalhoi)))))))). Palpibracus apicalis Malloch foi alocada tentativamente em Psilochaeta Stein. É apresentada também uma chave para as espécies de Palpibracus.