Comunicação científica qualidade de frutos da pereira-japonesa colhidos em duas regiões de Santa Catarina, Brasil

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Caçador (1067 unidades de frio -UF- durante a vernalização) e em São Joaquim (1999 UF), nas safras de 2006/07 e 2007/08, com objetivo de comparar a qualidade de frutos produzidos por diferentes cultivares de pereira-japonesa, nos dois locais, e colhidas em diferentes estágios de maturação. A deficiência na quantidade e na qualidade do frio durante a vernalização ocasionou a brotação de flores sem a presença de folhas até a fase "J" na cv. Kousui, afetando a fase inicial de desenvolvimento dos frutinhos. Também propiciou reduzido número de gemas florais por planta e baixa quantidade de flores por gema. Região com adequada quantidade de horas de frio durante a vernalização exige raleio mais intenso devido ao maior número de frutos por planta. A colheita de frutos antes de atingirem o ponto ideal de maturação fisiológica implica a produção de frutos de menor peso, menor teor de sólidos solúveis totais, maior firmeza e menos saborosos. Já os frutos colhidos após o ponto de colheita ideal podem apresentar os distúrbios fisiológicos "pingo-de-mel" e "degenerescência interna por senescência da polpa". O teor de SST foi definido mais pelo genótipo da cultivar, mas para algumas variou entre os anos. As cvs. Housui e Kousui tendem a apresentar maior °Brix que a cv. Nijisseiki. Melhor qualidade comercial foi apresentado por frutos da cv. Housui. O número de sementes por fruto variou entre cultivares e anos. A cv. Housui apresentou baixa fecundidade quando analisada pelo número médio de sementes produzidas por fruto (<3,0); a cv. Kousui apresentou baixa fecundidade em São Joaquim, mas fecundidade intermediária (3,1 a 5,0 sementes por fruto) em Caçador; a cv. Suisei apresentou fecundidade intermediária, e a cv. Nijisseiki apresentou alta fecundidade (>5,1 sementes por fruto),

Qualidade de ameixas 'Laetitia' em função da temperatura e da atmosfera de armazenamento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e de atmosferas de armazenamento sobre a manutenção da qualidade de ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados constituíram-se na combinação de duas temperaturas (-0,5ºC e 0,5ºC), com três atmosferas de armazenamento: armazenamento refrigerado (AR), com 21,0 kPa de O2 + 0,03 kPa de CO2; atmosfera controlada (AC), com 1,0 kPa de O2 + 3,0 kPa de CO2; e AC, com 2,0 kPa de O2 + 5,0 kPa de CO2. Após 60 dias de armazenamento, foram avaliadas: taxas respiratória e de produção de etileno, acidez titulável (AT), firmeza de polpa, atributos de textura, índice de cor vermelha e ângulo 'hue' (hº) da casca, e incidência de rachaduras, podridões e degenerescência da polpa. O armazenamento refrigerado a -0,5ºC resultou em menores valores para o índice de cor vermelha, taxa respiratória e de produção de etileno e incidência de frutos rachados. Em ambas as condições de AC, a temperatura de 0,5ºC resultou em menor índice de cor vermelha, cor da epiderme mais verde, maior firmeza de polpa e menor taxa de produção de etileno, tanto na abertura da câmara como após quatro dias em condição ambiente. As condições de AC retardaram o amadurecimento dos frutos e reduziram a incidência de degenerescência de polpa. O armazenamento em AC, com 2,0 kPa de O2 + 5,0 kPa de CO2, a 0,5ºC, proporcionou menor taxa respiratória e menor incidência de podridões na saída da câmara, mas maior AT e força para penetração da polpa, após quatro dias em condição ambiente. No entanto, o armazenamento da ameixa 'Laetitia', nas condições de AC avaliadas, por um período de 60 dias, não reduziu a incidência de degenerescência da polpa.

Manejo do etileno em ameixas 'Laetitia' armazenadas sob atmosferas controlada e modificada ativa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de condições de atmosfera controlada (AC) e atmosfera modificada (AM) ativa (filme PEBD de 40 µm, com duas perfurações de 1,0 mm de diâmetro), associadas ao manejo do etileno, sobre a manutenção da qualidade em ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram no armazenamento refrigerado (60 dias a 0,5±0,1ºC) em: atmosfera refrigerada (AR; 21,0 kPa O2 + <0,03 kPa CO2); AM; AM + baixo etileno (BE); AC; e AC + 1-MCP (1,0 µL L-1). As pressões parciais de O2 + CO2 (kPa) foram de 1,0 + 1,0 e 2,5 + <0,1, em AC e AM, respectivamente. Os frutos armazenados em AC, independentemente do tratamento com 1-MCP, apresentaram retardo no amadurecimento, quando comparados aos frutos em AR. Contudo, os melhores resultados para a manutenção da textura da polpa e da acidez titulável foram obtidos em AC + 1-MCP. Os tratamentos não interferiram para a incidência de podridões, rachaduras e degenerescência da fruta. Frutos dos tratamentos AM + BE e AC + 1-MCP apresentaram menor escurecimento da polpa e maior aceitabilidade quanto à cor e ao sabor na análise sensorial em relação àqueles armazenados em AR.

Terapia fotodinâmica: aspectos farmacológicos, aplicações e avanços recentes no desenvolvimento de medicamentos

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a clinical procedure, which utilize a photosensitive compound and light. This is a new modality of treatment for cancer, aged related macular degenerescence (AMD), psoriasis, arthritis, arterial restenosis, etc which exhibits efficiency, less traumatic effects, low recovery time and few co-lateral effects. The first officially approved drug for PDT by the Food and Drug Administration (EUA) is Photofrinâ, which is applied for cancer. A new generation drug for PDT, Visudyneâ was recently approved to treat AMD; its photoactive compound is BPDMA, a benzoporphyrin mono-acid derivative (chlorin-type molecule). A concise history, technical information and some drugs for PDT are reported.

Carotenoids production: microorganisms as source of natural dyes

Carotenoids are natural dyes synthesized by plants, algae and microorganisms. Application in many sectors can be found, as food dyeing and supplementation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and animal feed. Recent investigations have shown their ability to reduce the risks for many degenerative diseases like cancer, heart diseases, cataract and macular degeneration. An advantage of microbial carotenoids is the fact that the cultivation in controlled conditions is not dependent of climate, season or soil composition. In this review the advances in bio-production of carotenoids are presented, discussing the main factors that influence the microbial production of these dyes in different systems.

Identification of the recently described new type of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-8) in a Brazilian beef cattle herd

Bovine papillomavirus type 8 (BPV-8) was first detected and described in teat warts as well as in healthy teat skin from cattle raised in Japan. The entire viral genome was sequenced in 2007. Additionally, a variant of BPV-8, BPV-8-EB, was also identified from papillomatous lesions of a European bison in Slovakia. In Brazil, despite the relatively common occurrence of BPV infections, the identification and determination of viral types present in cattle is still sporadic. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the recently described BPV-8 in Brazil. The virus was identified in a skin warts obtained from a beef cattle herd located in Parana state, southern Brazil. The papilloma had a macular, non-verrucous gross aspect and was located on the dorsal thorax of a cow. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using generic primers for partial amplification of L1 gene. The obtained amplicon (480bp) was cloned and two selected clones were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was compared to existing papillomaviral genomic sequences, identifying the virus as BPV type 8. This study represents the first report of BPV-8 occurrence in Brazil, what suggests its presence among Brazilian cattle.

Effect of photodynamic therapy on the extracellular matrix and associated components

In many countries, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as a standard treatment for malignant conditions (for example, esophageal and lung cancers) and non-malignant ones such as age-related macular degeneration and actinic keratoses. The administration of a non-toxic photosensitizer, its selective retention in highly proliferating cells and the later activation of this molecule by light to form reactive oxygen species that cause cell death is the principle of PDT. Three important mechanisms are responsible for the PDT effectiveness: a) direct tumor cell kill; b) damage of the tumor vasculature; c) post-treatment immunological response associated with the leukocyte stimulation and release of many inflammatory mediators like cytokines, growth factors, components of the complement system, acute phase proteins, and other immunoregulators. Due to the potential applications of this therapy, many studies have been reported regarding the effect of the treatment on cell survival/death, cell proliferation, matrix assembly, proteases and inhibitors, among others. Studies have demonstrated that PDT alters the extracellular matrix profoundly. For example, PDT induces collagen matrix changes, including cross-linking. The extracellular matrix is vital for tissue organization in multicellular organisms. In cooperation with growth factors and cytokines, it provides cells with key signals in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, for example, adhesion/migration and cell proliferation/differentiation/death. Thus, the focus of the present paper is related to the effects of PDT observed on the extracellular matrix and on the molecules associated with it, such as, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors, and immunological mediators.

Side effects of oxysterols: cytotoxicity, oxidation, inflammation, and phospholipidosis

Oxysterols are 27-carbon atom molecules resulting from autoxidation or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. They are present in numerous foodstuffs and have been demonstrated to be present at increased levels in the plasma of patients with cardiovascular diseases and in atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, their role in lipid disorders is widely suspected, and they might also be involved in important degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and age-related macular degeneration. Since atherosclerosis is associated with the presence of apoptotic cells and with oxidative and inflammatory processes, the ability of some oxysterols, especially 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, to trigger cell death, activate inflammation, and modulate lipid homeostasis is being extensively studied, especially in vitro. Thus, since there are a number of essential considerations regarding the physiological/pathophysiological functions and activities of the different oxysterols, it is important to determine their biological activities and identify their signaling pathways, when they are used either alone or as mixtures. Oxysterols may have cytotoxic, oxidative, and/or inflammatory effects, or none whatsoever. Moreover, a substantial accumulation of polar lipids in cytoplasmic multilamellar structures has been observed with cytotoxic oxysterols, suggesting that cytotoxic oxysterols are potent inducers of phospholipidosis. This basic knowledge about oxysterols contributes to a better understanding of the associated pathologies and may lead to new treatments and new drugs. Since oxysterols have a number of biological activities, and as oxysterol-induced cell death is assumed to take part in degenerative pathologies, the present review will focus on the cytotoxic activities of these compounds, the corresponding cell death signaling pathways, and associated events (oxidation, inflammation, and phospholipidosis).

Can the fractal dimension be applied for the early diagnosis of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

The fractal dimension has been employed as a useful parameter in the diagnosis of retinal disease. Avakian et al. (Curr Eye Res 2002; 24: 274-280), comparing the vascular pattern of normal patients with mild to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), found a significant difference between them only in the macular region. This significant difference in the box-counting fractal dimension of the macular region between normal and mild NPDR patients has been proposed as a method of precocious diagnosis of NPDR. The aim of the present study was to determine if fractal dimensions can really be used as a parameter for the early diagnosis of NPDR. Box-counting and information fractal dimensions were used to parameterize the vascular pattern of the human retina. The two methods were applied to the whole retina and to nine anatomical regions of the retina in 5 individuals with mild NPDR and in 28 diabetic but opthalmically normal individuals (controls), with age between 31 and 86 years. All images of retina were obtained from the Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE) database. The results showed that the fractal dimension parameter was not sensitive enough to be of use for an early diagnosis of NPDR.

SIRT1 negatively regulates amyloid-beta-induced inflammation via the NF-κB pathway

Chronic inflammation induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays a key role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 may be associated with chronic inflammation in AMD. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates inflammation via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, and resveratrol has been reported to prevent Aβ-induced retinal degeneration; therefore, we investigated whether this action was mediated via activation of SIRT1 signaling. Human adult retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were exposed to Aβ, and overactivation and knockdown of SIRT1 were performed to investigate whether SIRT1 is required for abrogating Aβ-induced inflammation. We found that Aβ-induced RPE barrier disruption and expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9 were abrogated by the SIRT1 activator SRT1720, whereas alterations induced by Aβ in SIRT1-silenced RPE cells were not attenuated by SRT1720. In addition, SRT1720 inhibited Aβ-mediated NF-κB activation and decrease of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα. Our findings suggest a protective role for SIRT1 signaling in Aβ-dependent retinal degeneration and inflammation in AMD.

Teores de carotenóides em mamão e pêssego determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Os carotenóides são pigmentos naturais, responsáveis pela cor em muitos alimentos como frutas e vegetais, gema de ovo, pele e músculo de alguns peixes. Porém, sua importância também está relacionada a funções ou ações biológicas nos seres humanos, como atividade pró-vitamínica A, fortalecimento do sistema imunológico, diminuição do risco de doenças degenerativas como câncer, doenças cardiovasculares, degeneração macular e catarata. A determinação da composição de carotenóides em alimentos, portanto, é considerada prioritária mundialmente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar quantitativamente, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, os principais carotenóides presentes em três cultivares de mamão (Formosa, Golden e Sunrise) e três cultivares de pêssego (Xiripá, Coral e Diamante). Para cada cultivar, foram analisados cinco lotes durante o ano para mamão e durante a safra para pêssego. Os três cultivares de mamão apresentaram composição parecida com as médias dos conteúdos totais de licopeno, beta-criptoxantina e beta-caroteno variando de 18,5 a 23,9, 8,2 a 11,7 e 0,5 a 1,2 µg.g -1, respectivamente. Em relação ao pêssego, os cultivares Coral e Xiripá tiveram níveis muito baixos de carotenóides. O cultivar Diamante teve um teor total médio de 6,4 µg.g -1 de beta-criptoxantina, o carotenóide principal.

Transference of lutein during cheese making, color stability, and sensory acceptance of prato cheese

The consumption of lutein is associated with the prevention and reduction of age-related macular degeneration. Its incorporation into Prato cheese as a yellowish food coloring is a valid alternative to increase the daily intake of this compound. However, part of the lutein added may be lost in the whey during the cheese making, or it can be degraded by light during storage, resulting in color changes reducing the sensory acceptance of the cheese. The objectives of this study were to determine the transference of the lutein (dye), added to the milk, in the whey, and cheese, to evaluate the effect of the lutein addition, light exposure, and storage time on the cheese color, and to verify the sensory acceptance of Prato cheese with addition of lutein. The lutein recovery of cheese was 95.25%. Color saturation (chrome) increased during storage time resulting in a cheese with more intense color, but there were no changes in the hue of the cheese. Adjusting the amount of lutein added to Prato cheese may lead to greater acceptance. The high recovery of lutein in the cheese and the fact that the hue remained unchanged during storage under light showed that the incorporation of lutein into Prato cheese is feasible from a technical point of view.