Efeito do teor metálico em catalisadores Co/Al2O3 aplicados à reação de reforma a vapor de etanol

The development of cobalt catalysts to produce hydrogen from ethanol is the goal of this investigation. Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and characterized by atomic absorption, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction and carbon analysis. The catalysts contained Co3O4 oxide and Co3+ and Co2+ species interacting with alumina. The cobalt load affects the crystal size and the crystalline structure and higher Co loads influence the reaction mechanism, changing the selectivity of the catalysts, decreasing the amount of CO produced and avoiding the formation of products catalyzed by the support. The ethanol conversion was 50-70% with 10-<1% of CO in the hydrogen.

Estudos Cinéticos da aquação do trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl

The trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride was synthesized in an undergraduate laboratory and its aquation reaction was carried out at different temperatures. This reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants, determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 70 º C, are 1.44 x 10-3; 5.14 x 10-3; 1.48 x 10-2; 4.21 x 10-2 and 2.21 x 10-1 s-1, respectively. The activation energy is 93.99 ± 2.88 kJ mol-1.

Recuperação de metais de catalisadores de hidrorrefino usados via fusão com KHSO4

This work describes a process for metal recovery from spent NiMo and CoMo/Al2O3 commercial hydrorefining catalysts. The samples were treated by fusion with potassium hydrogen sulfate (5 h, 600 ºC) with a KHSO4/catalyst mass ratio of 10:1. After fusion the solid was solubilized in water (100 ºC), leaving silicon compounds as residue. Losses of nickel and cobalt may reach 16 wt% of the amount present in the sample, depending on the silicon content. Soluble metals were isolated by selective precipitation techniques (nickel, cobalt, aluminum) or by solvent extraction with methyl-isobutyl ketone (molybdenum) in a hydrochloric acid medium. All metals were recovered in very good yields except for nickel and cobalt in the presence of considerable amounts of silicon. Soluble wastes consist of potassium/sodium sulfates/chlorides. Solid wastes correspond to about 4 wt% of the catalyst and can be discarded in industrial dumps.

Síntese e caracterização de perovskitas LaNi(1-x)Co xO3 como precursores de catalisadores para a conversão do metano a gás de síntese pela reforma com CO2

LaNiO3 perovskite was modified by partial substitution of nickel by cobalt in order to increase the stability and resistance to carbon deposition during the methane CO2 reforming. The results showed that a suitable combination of precipitation and calcination steps resulted in oxides with the desired structure and with important properties for application in heterogeneous catalysis. The partial substitution of Ni by Co resulted in lower rates of conversion of both the reactants, but the catalyst stability was highly increased. The LaNi0.3Co0.7O3 catalyst, calcined at 800 ºC, was the most active under the reaction conditions.

Recuperação de cobalto e de lítio de baterias íon-lítio usadas

The "active mass" (cathode + anode + electrolyte) of spent Li-ion batteries was submitted to one of the following procedures: (a) it was calcined (500 ºC) and submitted to extraction with water to recover lithium salts. The residual solid was treated with sulfuric acid containing hydrogen peroxide. Cobalt was recovered as sulfate; (b) the "active mass" was treated with potassium hydrogen sulfate (500 ºC) and dissolved in water. Cobalt was precipitated together with copper after addition of sodium hydroxide. Lithium was partially recovered as lithium fluoride. Co-processing of other battery components (aluminum and copper foils) affected negatively the behavior of the recovery procedures. Previous segregation of battery components is essential for an efficient and economical processing of the "active mass".

Rota hidrometalúrgica de recuperação de molibdênio, cobalto, níquel e alumínio de catalisadores gastos de hidrotratamento em meio ácido

This work describes a hydrometallurgical route for processing spent commercial catalysts (CoMo and NiMo/Al2O3). Samples were preoxidized (500 ºC, 5 h) in order to eliminate coke and other volatile species present. The calcined solid was dissolved in concentrated H2SO4 and water (1:1 vol/vol) at 90 ºC; the insoluble matter was separated from the solution. Molybdenum was recovered by solvent extraction using tertiary amines at pH around 1.8. Cobalt (or nickel) was separated by addition of aqueous ammonium oxalate at the above pH. Phosphorus was removed by passing the liquid through a strong anion exchange column. Aluminum was recovered by neutralizing the solution with NaOH. The route presented in this work generates less final aqueous wastes because it is not necessary to use alkaline medium during the metal recovery steps.

Determination of Ni(II) in metal alloys by spectrophotometry UV-Vis using dopasemiquinone

A spectrophotometric method was proposed for Ni(II) determination in alloys using a dopa-semiquinone (L-1) to form [Ni(II)(L1-)3]1-, ε = 9.3 x 10³ L mol-1 cm-1. The optimal conditions for the determination were: wavelength 590 nm, temperature 25 °C, reaction time 45 min and pH 7.5. The Beer's law was obeyed for nickel from 3.33 x 10-5 to 1.78 x 10-4 mol L-1. The method was applied to complex samples, such as inox, nickel-titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys. A study of the potential interferents revealed that Mn was the major interferent. The limit of detection and quantification were 2.88 x 10-5 mol L-1 and 3.06 x 10-5 mol L-1, respectively.

Organização supramolecular da ftalocianina de cobalto(II) e seu efeito na oxidação do aminoácido cisteína

The interest in the chemistry of cobalt (II) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (PcTsCo) comes mainly from its macrocycle-ligand structure combined with their special chemical characteristics, such as high solubility, well-defined redox reactions and remarkable optical absorption in the visible region. In this work, we use layer-by-layer technique in order to assemble CoTsPc and poly(allylaminehydrochloride) (PAH) in hybrid supramolecular system. The electronic spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were utilized to study PAH/CoTsPc multilayers growth and the cysteine catalytic oxidation. PAH/CoTsPc showed high electrochemical stability and worthwhile to mention is the remarkable influence of supramolecular arrangement on the final redox properties of the system.

Construção de espectrômetro de emissão atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em filamento de tungstênio (WCAES)

It is here discussed the development of a low cost analytical instrument with capacity for metals determination using atomic emission measurements in an electrothermal atomization system with a tungsten coil atomizer. The main goal was to show a new frontier for using this atomizer and to demonstrate that the simple instrumental arrangement here proposed has potential for portability and for solving analytical tasks related to metals determination. Atomic emission of calcium was selected for the adjustment of instrumental parameters and to evaluate the main characteristics of the lab-built instrument. Cobalt was determined in medicines and one alloy to demonstrate its feasibility.

Método hidrometalúrgico para reciclagem de metais terras raras, cobalto, níquel, ferro e manganês de eletrodos negativos de baterias exauridas de Ni-MH de telefone celular

A hydrometallurgical method for the recovery of rare earth metals, cobalt, nickel, iron, and manganese from the negative electrodes of spent Ni - MH mobile phone batteries was developed. The rare earth compounds were obtained by chemical precipitation at pH 1.5, with sodium cerium sulfate (NaCe(SO4)2.H2O) and lanthanum sulfate (La2(SO4)3.H2O) as the major recovered components. Iron was recovered as Fe(OH)3 and FeO. Manganese was obtained as Mn3O4.The recovered Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 were subsequently used to synthesize LiCoO2, LiNiO2 and CoO, for use as cathodes in ion-Li batteries. The anodes and recycled materials were characterized by analytical techniques.

Conversão química de no e co sobre catalisadores à base de óxidos de cobalto ou de ferro

Cobalt or iron oxides supported or not on zeolite Hbeta were prepared and evaluated in the reduction reaction of NO by CO in presence of O2, SO2 or H2O. XRD results evidenced the Hbeta structure and the formation of Co3O4 and Fe2O3. TPR-H2 analysis showed complete reduction of cobalt oxide at lower temperatures than for iron oxide. The catalysts are quite active and the activity depends on the reaction temperature. The highest conversions rates were observed for pure iron oxide, which can be a relatively low cost catalyst for reduction of NO by CO, with high selectivity towards the N2 formation.

Avaliação da "microverdura" de sínteses com a estrela verde

This article reports a study to increase the overall greenness of chemical syntheses for first-year university laboratories. The separate evaluation of the micro-greenness of the three stages of synthesis (reaction, isolation and purification) using the Green Star (GS) was implemented and their respective contribution to overall greenness was investigated for two examples: syntheses of cobalt (III) tris(acetylacetonate) and potassium nitrilosulfonate. Results showed that the post-reaction (work-up) steps are the most problematic for overall greenness. Greenness optimization can be achieved by combining the greenest procedures for each step obtained from different protocols available in the literature.

Estudo do teste de Scott via técnicas espectroscópicas: um método alternativo para diferenciar cloridrato de cocaína e seus adulterantes

Cocaine is usually seized mixed with a wide variety of adulterants such as benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, and procaine. The forensic identification of cocaine in these street drug mixtures is normally performed using colorimetric testing kits, but these tests may suffer from interferences, producing false-positive results. Here, we describe the use of analytical techniques including attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopies to distinguish between cocaine and other adulterants (lidocaine, promethazine, powdered milk and yeast) that yield positive results on the Scott test using the thiocyanate cobalt reagent. A further 13 substances were also analyzed using the Scott test.

BIOSSENSOR ELETROQUÍMICO BASEADO NA ENZIMA TIROSINASE PARA A DETERMINAÇÃO DE FENOL EM EFLUENTES

AbstractThis work describes the development of a biosensor based on the tyrosinase enzyme (Tyr) for the determination of phenol (PHEN) in laboratory effluent samples derived from ammoniacal nitrogen analysis of the water samples from the Muquém dam in the city of Cariús, CE, using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The electrode modification consisted of the immobilization of gold nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cobalt phthalocyanine, and Tyr on a glassy carbon electrode. The electrolyte, pH, enzyme quantity, and voltammetric parameters were optimized to detect PHEN. The analytical curves presented a linear range from 4.97 × 10-6 mol L-1 to 6.10 × 10-5 mol L-1, and the detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) values were 4.81 × 10-6 mol L-1 and 4.97 × 10-6mol L-1, respectively. The repetition of measurements with the same biosensor and repetition for three other prepared biosensors exhibited a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.50 and 1.75%, respectively. The percentage recovery of PHEN in effluent samples varied from 86.40 to 105.04%. The stability of the biosensor was evaluated (at 21 days) with satisfactory results, showing 97.86% of the initial response. Moreover, the DL and recovery percentages agreed with the established values from CONAMA and ABNT, respectively. Thus, the electrode configuration developed seems a promising tool in the detection and quantification of PHEN in complex samples.

Crystal structures of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)

The crystal and molecular structures of [bis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)tetraaquamanganese(II)], [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)cobalt(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate), [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)nickel(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate) and [aquabis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)zinc(II)] monohydrate were determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mn(H2O)4L2 (where L = C8H6ClO3) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c. [Co(H2O)5L]L and [Ni(H2O)5L]L both are isostructural, space group P212121. The crystals of [Zn(H2O)L2] H2O are monoclinic, space group Pc. Mn(II) ion is positioned at the crystallographic symmetry center. Mn(II) and Co(II) ions adopt the distorted octahedral coordination but Zn(II) tetrahedral one.The carboxylate groups in the complexes with M(II) cations function as monodentate, bidentate and/or free COO-groups. The ligands exist in the crystals as aquaanions. The complexes of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates with Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) form bilayer structure.