Biology of Triatominae (Reduviidae Hemiptera) from North of Formosa County (Goiás-Brazil) I. Length of life cycle of Triatoma sordida (Stal. 1859)

In the present paper the life cycle of Triatoma sordida was studied. The mean length from egg to adult was 213 days. The mean length in days from each stage was: 24.3 (± 1.30) for the first. 32.8 (± 1.45) (2nd), 36.1 (± 1.50) (3rd), 44.6 (± 1.85) (4th) and 52.0 (± 1.92) (5th). The mean egg incubation períod was 23.2 (± 1.40). Overall mortality was 18.8% and egg viability was 82.5%.

Biology of Triatominae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera) from north of formosa county (Goiás - Brazil) II. Length of life cycle of Rhodnius Neglectus lent, 1954

In the present paper the life cycle of Rhodnius neglectus was studied. The mean length from egg to adult was 119 days. The mean length in day from each stage was: 17.4 (± 1.15) for first, 18.2 (± 1.28) for second, fourth and 29.8 (± 1.46) for fifth.

Biology of triatominae (Reduviidade, Hemiptera) from north of Formosa county (Goiás - Brazil). III: length of life cycle of Psammolestes tertius Lent and Jurberg 1965

In the present work the life cycle of Psammolestes tertius was studied. The mean length, in days, fromeach stage was: 26.3 (± 1.7) (1st), 28.6 (± 1.8) (2nd), 28.4 (± 1.8) (3rd), 32.2 (± 1.9) (4th) and 33.5 (± 5.8) (5th). The mean egg incubation period was 15.7 days (± 1.7). Overall mortality was 48.9% and egg viability was 65.7%.

Frequency of human leukocyte antigen (hla) in patients with malaria and in the general population of Humaitá county, Amazonas state, Brazil

In August 1983,85 inhabitants of the municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas State, Brazil were studied to determine the prevalence of antigens to HLA-A, -B, -C and DR. Thirty-eight were sick with malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. All subjects were examined for splenomegaly, blood parasitaemia and antibodies to malaria. They constituted three groups: 1) 25 subjects native to the Amazon region who had never had malaria; 2) 38 Amazonian subjects who had malaria in the past or currently had an infection; 3) 22 patients with malaria who had acquired the infection in the Amazon Region but came from other regions of Brazil. Blood was taken from each person, the lymphocytes were separated and typed by the test of microlymphocytotoxicity. There was a high frequency of antigens that could not be identified in the groups studied which suggests the existence of a homozygote or phenotype not identified in the population. There was a high frequency of the phenotype Ag(W24) (44.7%) in group 2 when compared with group 1 (32%) or group 3 (9%). Also the individuals in group 2 showed an elevated frequency of antigen DR(4)80%) when compared with group 1 (36.6%) or group 3 (16.6%). These observations suggest the possibility of a genetic susceptibility to malaria among Amazonian residents and indicate a necessity for more extensive studies of the frequency of HLA antigens among inhabitants of this endemic malarial zone.

Malaria in humait a county, state of Amazonas, Brazil. XIX - evaluation of clindamycin for the treatment of patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection

A total of 207 patients with malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum were submitted to 5 different treatment schedules with clindamycin from 1981 to 1984: A - 89 patients were treated intravenously and orally, or intramuscularly and orally with 20 mg/kg/day divided into two daily applications for 5 to 7 days; B-40 patients were treated orally with 20 mg/kg/day divided into two daily doses for 5 to 7 days; C-27 patients were treated with 20 mg/kg/day intravenously or orally divided into two daily applications for 3 days; D-16 patients were treated orally and/or intravenously with a single daily dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg/day for 5 to 7 days; E-35 patients were treated orally with 5 mg/kg/day divided into two doses for 5 days. Patients were examined daily during treatment and reexamined on the 7th, 24th, 21st, 28th and 35th day both clinically and parasitologically (blood test). Eighty three (40.1%) had moderate or severe malaria, and 97 (46.8%) had shown resistance to chloroquine or to the combination ofsulfadoxin and pyrimethamine. The proportion of cured patients was higher than 95% among patients submitted to schedules A and B. Side effects were only occasional and of low intensity. Three deaths occurred (1.4%), two of them involving patients whose signs and symptoms were already very severe when treatment was started. Thus, clindamycin proved to be very useful in the treatment of patients with malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and we recommend schedule A for moderate and severe cases and Bfor initial cases.

Parasitas intestinais em centros de educação infantil municipal de Lages, SC, Brasil

Infecção por enteroparasitas foi avaliada em 200 crianças em idade escolar, residentes em Lages. A prevalência geral entre helmintos e protozoários foi de 70,5% com 61,4% no sexo masculino e 74,5% no feminino. Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Ascaris lumbricoides (35%), Giardia lamblia (14%) e Trichuris trichiura (13%).

Prevalência de enteroparasitoses em manipuladores de alimentos, Florianópolis, SC

Analisamos 238 amostras fecais oriundas de duas populações de indivíduos na cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil: os que trabalhavam em uma empresa de alimentos e trabalhadores de feiras livres e sacolões. Observou-se que esses manipuladores de alimentos apresentaram elevados índices de parasitose.

Colonização intradomiciliar de Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) em São José do Cerrito, SC: primeiro relato

Em resposta a uma denúncia da existência de triatomíneos em uma cabana de pesca as margens do Rio Caveiras no município de São José do Cerrito-SC, foi feita a investigação na cabana e em outros ecótopos vizinhos ao achado inicial. Foram encontrados 15 exemplares de Panstrongylus megistus sendo que nenhum deles encontrava-se infectado. O local do ecótopo é visitado ocasionalmente por capivaras, gambás, tatus e ratos.

A retrospective serologic survey of hantavirus infections in the county of Cássia dos Coqueiros, State of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, hantavirus infections producing severe diseases have obtained an increased attention from public health authorities from the countries of Eurasia to the Americas. Brazil has reported 1,300 cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) from 1993 to 2010, with about 80 of them occurring in the northeast of the State of São Paulo, with 48% fatality rate. Araraquara virus was the causative agent of HCPS in the region. Considering that hantaviruses causing human disease in the Americas were unknown until 1993, we have looked for hantavirus infections in the population of Cássia dos Coqueiros county, northeast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, before this time. This county has about 2,800 inhabitants and an economy based on agriculture, including cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass. The grass seeds are an important rodent attraction, facilitating transmission of hantavirus to man. Four HCPS cases were reported so far in the county. METHODS: In this study, 1,876 sera collected from 1987 to 1990 were tested for IgG to hantavirus by IgG-ELISA, using the N recombinant protein of Araraquara virus as antigen. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in 89 (4.7%) samples, which were all collected in 1987. The positivity among urban inhabitants was 5.3%, compared with 4.3% among those living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that hantavirus infections occurred in Cássia dos Coqueiros, completely unrecognized, even before hantaviruses were described in the Americas.

Characterization of pesticide consumption in the county of Santarém, Pará, Brazil

Many potentially harmful pesticides for both human health and the environment are used in Brazilian Amazon. However, no scientific datum on pesticide usage is presently available for this region. Consequently, it is difficult to assess which substances arc used and in which quantities. As an important premise for future work on pesticide contamination in the county of Santarém (State of Pará, Brazil), a survey was conducted in order to qualify and quantify the use of some pesticides in this region. This investigation was made between January and March 1997 and August and October 1998 and revealed use of several organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates insecticides. Furthermore, many herbicides and fungicides were listed. These pesticides are used for agriculture, domestic, and sanitary programs. This paper also provides a first estimation of quantities of some insecticides commonly used in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, malathion, metamidophos and methyl-parathion). The annual consumption for these four compounds is estimated at ca. 1 910 kg. Organophosphate insecticide consumption in the county of Santarém seems to be lower than the Brazilian average in terms of «per capita» and «per agricultural area» consumptions. Nevertheless, this county uses toxic substances on sensitive environments such as floodplains (várzeas), making relevant a thorough study on the potential contamination of this environment and its biota.

Estudo da adaptação da espécie Piper hispidinervum C. DC. (pimenta longa) à região do Vale do Itajaí - SC, através da composição química do óleo essencial obtido por hidrodestilação por micro-ondas e convencional

Neste trabalho, a espécie Piper hispidinervum (pimenta longa), endêmica do estado do Acre, foi cultivada na região do Vale do Itajaí - SC, e sua adaptação foi avaliada em relação à composição química do óleo essencial obtido pelos processos de hidrodestilação convencional e por micro-ondas. O safrol foi identificado como o constituinte majoritário do óleo essencial desta espécie, o qual foi empregado como parâmetro de avaliação da capacidade de adaptação desta planta à região sul do Brasil, já que a proposta abrange avaliar a utilização desta espécie como fonte alternativa de safrol, em substituição a Canela Sassafrás (Ocotea odorifera), espécie muito explorada até a década de 90 nesta região. As amostras da planta foram obtidas de diferentes regiões do Acre e foram cultivadas na estação experimental da EPAGRI - Itajaí-SC. O óleo essencial das folhas forneceu um teor médio de safrol entre 76,6% e 89,9%. A análise por CG-DIC e CG-EM do óleo com maior concentração de safrol, apresentou os seguintes constituintes: safrol (89,93%), α-terpineno (0,35%), (E)-β-ocimeno (0,54%), terpinoleno (3,10%), valenceno (0,21%), (Z)-β-bisaboleno (1,70%) e guaiol (0,29%).

Lípides séricos em crianças e adolescentes de Florianópolis, SC: Estudo Floripa saudável 2040

OBJETIVO: Determinar a distribuição dos lipídeos séricos em crianças e adolescentes de Florianópolis, SC. Determinar a associação entre colesterol não-desejável (>170 mg/dL) e outros fatores de risco para aterosclerose. MÉTODOS: Amostra aleatória estratificada (por idade e tipo de escola) de alunos da rede escolar de Florianópolis. Dados sobre fatores de risco, antropometria, pressão arterial e concentração sérica de lípides foram coletados. RESULTADOS: Participaram 1.053 indivíduos com idade entre 7 e 18 anos. A concentração sérica do colesterol (média±DP) foi 162±28 mg/dL; dos triglicerídeos 93±47 mg/dL; do HDL-colesterol 53±10 mg/dL; do LDL-colesterol 92±24 mg/dL e do colesterol não-HDL 109± 26 mg/dL. As médias das relações CT/HDL e LDL/HDL foram, respectivamente, 3,1±0,6 e 1,8±0,5. Os lípides foram mais elevados nas crianças de escola privada, nos menores de 10 anos, no sexo feminino e nos de cor negra. O modelo de regressão logística que melhor previu os níveis de colesterol anormal incluía: obesidade, história familiar de acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto do miocárdio, sexo feminino, idade inferior a 10 anos e a imagem corporal definida pelo médico como sobrepeso/obesidade. CONCLUSÃO: As concentrações de lipídeos em crianças e adolescentes mostraram valores intermediários quando comparados a estudos semelhantes. Uma grande parcela dos indivíduos apresenta níveis de colesterol sérico classificados como não-desejáveis para idade. Pela significância da associação do colesterol com o excesso de peso, o controle deste fator na infância deve ser tomado como prioridade nos programas de prevenção primordial com o objetivo de reduzir a incidência das doenças relacionadas à aterosclerose na idade adulta.

Estudo de prevalência e multiplicidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em hipertensos do Município de Brusque, SC

OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência e a multiplicidade de fatores de risco (FR) adicionais em uma amostra populacional de indivíduos hipertensos e tabagistas, diagnosticados e inscritos no Programa Hipertensos e Diabéticos do MS (HIPERDIA/Ministério da Saúde), no Município de Brusque, SC, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Determinação de parâmetros antropométricos e variáveis laboratoriais reconhecidas como fatores de risco cardiovascular. RESULTADO: Elevada prevalência de FR adicionais à hipertensão arterial (HAS) e ao tabagismo, configurando a multiplicidade que concorre com uma elevação acentuada do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nessa amostra populacional. CONCLUSÃO: Em populações de hipertensos, medidas de prevenção, identificação e controle de FR devem ser implementadas e programas informatizados, como o Hiperdia/MS, podem auxiliar no seguimento dos pacientes, possibilitando uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais criteriosa, sobretudo na análise do alcance das metas de tratamento e conseqüente redução de risco cardiovascular.

Prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados e fatores associados em adultos de Lages/SC

FUNDAMENTO: Poucos estudos de base populacional foram realizados em cidades de médio porte para estimar a prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados e fatores associados. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência dos níveis pressóricos elevados e fatores associados em adultos de Lages, SC. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional em adultos de 20 a 59 anos da zona urbana (n=2.022). A variável dependente foi nível pressórico elevado com valores > 140/90 mmHg. Variáveis independentes: sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda familiar per capita, cor da pele auto-referida, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, problemas com álcool, atividade física, e diabete melito auto-referida. Para verificar as associações foi usado o teste de qui-quadrado e de tendência linear. A análise múltipla foi realizada por meio da regressão de Poisson RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta foi de 98,6%. A prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados foi de 33,7% (IC95% 31,7-36,1) para a população em geral variando de 31,1% nos homens a 38,1% nas mulheres. Após o ajuste por possíveis variáveis de confusão foram associados com nível pressórico elevado: indivíduos do sexo masculino (RP = 1,4 IC 95% 1,2-1,7), aqueles com idades mais avançadas (p<0,001), os com sobrepeso (RP= 1,4 IC95% 1,1-1,6) e obesidade (RP = 1,9 IC95% 1,6-2,3), os asiáticos (RP=1,8 IC95% 1,3-2,5) e os que auto referiram serem diabéticos [RP = 1,29 IC95% 1,12-1,48). CONCLUSÕES: Um terço dos adultos apresentou níveis pressóricos elevados, resultado semelhante ao encontrado na população brasileira. Fatores passíveis de intervenção como sobrepeso e obesidade e diabetes foram associados a níveis elevados de pressão arterial.

Metabolic Syndrome and Importance of Associated Variables in Children and Adolescents in Guabiruba - SC, Brazil

Background:The risk factors that characterize metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be present in childhood and adolescence, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.Objective:Evaluate the prevalence of MetS and the importance of its associated variables, including insulin resistance (IR), in children and adolescents in the city of Guabiruba-SC, Brazil.Methods:Cross-sectional study with 1011 students (6–14 years, 52.4% girls, 58.5% children). Blood samples were collected for measurement of biochemical parameters by routine laboratory methods. IR was estimated by the HOMA-IR index, and weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were determined. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between risk variables and MetS.Results:The prevalence of MetS, IR, overweight and obesity in the cohort were 14%, 8.5%, 21% and 13%, respectively. Among students with MetS, 27% had IR, 33% were overweight, 45.5% were obese and 22% were eutrophic. IR was more common in overweight (48%) and obese (41%) students when compared with eutrophic individuals (11%; p = 0.034). The variables with greatest influence on the development of MetS were obesity (OR = 32.7), overweight (OR = 6.1), IR (OR = 4.4; p ≤ 0.0001 for all) and age (OR = 1.15; p = 0.014).Conclusion:There was a high prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents evaluated in this study. Students who were obese, overweight or insulin resistant had higher chances of developing the syndrome.