TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) 2 AND 4 EXPRESSION OF KERATINOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH LOCALIZED AND DISSEMINATED DERMATOPHYTOSIS

There are few studies on the role of innate immune response in dermatophytosis. An investigation was conducted to define the involvement of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 in localized (LD) and disseminated (DD) dermatophytosis due to T. rubrum. Fifteen newly diagnosed patients, eight patients with LD and seven with DD, defined by involvement of at least three body segments were used in this study. Controls comprised twenty skin samples from healthy individuals undergoing plastic surgery. TLR2 and TLR4 were quantified in skin lesions by immunohistochemistry. A reduced expression of TLR4 in the lower and upper epidermis of both LD and DD patients was found compared to controls; TLR2 expression was preserved in the upper and lower epidermis of all three groups. As TLR4 signaling induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophils recruitment, its reduced expression likely contributed to the lack of resolution of the infection and the consequent chronic nature of the dermatophytosis. As TLR2 expression acts to limit the inflammatory process and preserves the epidermal structure, its preserved expression may also contribute to the persistent infection and limited inflammation that are characteristic of dermatophytic infections.

Estado atual da determinação do carbono no solo I: em solos contendo de 0,2 a 4,0% de carbono

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos na determinação do carbono por dois métodos diferentes em dez amostras de solo, cujo teor em C variava de 0,2-0,3% a 3,4-4,2%. Um dos métodos foi o baseado na combustão por via seca, a 550-600°C, associado à volumetria de gases. O outro método fundamentou-se na oxidação do carbono, com solução de dicromato a quente (banho-maria), titulando-se o excesso de oxidante por iodometria. Foram executadas cinco determinações em cada amostra de terra, pelos dois métodos estudados. Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que a precisão dos dois métodos foi similar. Entretanto, o método por via úmida forneceu sempre uma porcentagem de carbono inferior à obtida pelo método baseado na combustão por via seca. Assim, nas dez amostras estudadas, o método por via úmida forneceu de 68,8 a 93,4% do carbono determinado por combustão, por via seca. Finalmente, deve ser salientado que o método de combustão por via seca, associado com volumetria de gases, é muito mais rápido do que o por via úmida e determina todas as formas de carbono orgânico do solo.

Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen-derived molecules and influence immunity to control parasite infections. This study aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression of TLRs 2 and 4, the expression and production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the spleen of mice infected with Leishmania chagasi. It also aimed to evaluate any correlations between mRNA expression TLR2 and 4 and cytokines and NO production. Infection resulted in increased TLR2-4, IL-17, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA expression during early infection, with decreased expression during late infection correlating with parasite load. IFN-γ and IL-12 mRNA expression decreased at the peak of parasitism. IL-10 mRNA expression increased throughout the entire time period analysed. Although TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-17 were highly produced during the initial phase of infection, IFN-γ and IL-12 exhibited high production during the final phase of infection. IL-10 and NO showed increased production throughout the evaluated time period. In the acute phase of infection, there was a positive correlation between TLR2-4, TNF-α, IL-17, NO, IL-10 and TGF-β expression and parasite load. During the chronic phase of infection, there was a positive correlation between TLR2-4, TNF-α, IL-17 and TGF-β expression and parasite load. Our data suggest that infection by L. chagasi resulted in modulation of TLRs 2 and 4 and cytokines.

Effectiveness Of 2% And 4% Papain Gels In The Healing Of Venous Ulcers

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of 2% and 4% papain gels in tissue repair of venous ulcers. METHOD Quasi-experimental study with consecutive sample of 16 patients with 30 venous ulcers treated at the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital, from April to November in 2011, using a form for clinical assessment of the patient and its lesion. Variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon and McNemar test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Most participants were female; aged between 51 and 59 years; obese; with hypertension. Regarding ulcers, there was an average decrease of 7.9 cm2 (50% of its original size) in 90 days; 20% of the ulcers completely healed within 56.67 days. There was an increase in epithelialization, significant reduction in the slough and edema, improved depth, in the type and amount of exudate (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION 2% and 4% papain gels were effective in healing venous ulcers.

Nova rota de preparação do 2-cloro-1,3,2-dioxofosfolana e 2-cloro-4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxofosfolana e caracterização por espectroscopia de RMN multinuclear

A new method for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (1) and 2-chloro-4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (2), are reported. The modifications introduced in the synthetic route improved the yield and facilitated the control of reaction, but the synthesis require longer reaction time. The compounds were characterized by ¹H, 13C{¹H} and31P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy. Due to the complexity of the spin system AA'BB'X (A, A', B, B' = ¹H; X = 31P) of 2, a simulation of the ¹H NMR spectra was done and it's in agreement with the bibliography.

Reações de 1,2-dicloro-4,5-dinitrobenzeno com aminas: monossubstituição de nitro e dissubstituição de cloro e nitro

1,2-dichloro-4,5-dinitrobenzene (DCDNB) reacts with primary and secondary amines, in acetonitrile, at room temperature, to give a monosubstituted nitro product with a yield of 85 to 95%. The chloro-nitro-disubstituted product is formed with excess amine under reflux. Piperidine, pyrroline, dimethylamine and methylamine were the most reactive reagents in both mono- and disubstitution.

Synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of 5-benzylidene-2-[(pyridine-4-ylmethylene)hydrazono]-thiazolidin-4-one and 2-[(pyridine-4-ylmethylene) hydrazono]-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives

A new series of 5-benzylidene-2-[(pyridine-4-ylmethylene)hydrazono]-thiazolidin-4-ones 4a-l have been synthesized. These compounds were designed by a molecular hybridization approach. 2-[(Pyridine-4-ylmethylene)hydrazono]-thiazolidin-4-ones 3a-d were also obtained and used as intermediates to give the target compounds. The in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were evaluated for both series. The intermediate 3b showed considerable antibiotic activity against B. subtilis and C. albicans. In the cytotoxic activity compounds 3b (IC50= 4.25 ± 0.36 µg/mL) and 4l (IC50= 1.38 ± 0.04 µg/mL) were effective for inhibition of human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia (K-562) and human lung carcinoma (NCI-H292) cell lines, respectively.

UM MÉTODO EFICIENTE PARA A OBTENÇÃO DE DERIVADOS DE 1-ALQUILAMINO-2,4-DINITROBENZENO E A REDUÇÃO REGIOSSELETIVA PARA A OBTENÇÃO DE DERIVADOS DE 1-ALQUILAMINO-2-AMINO-4-NITROBENZENO

Both primary and secondary amines react with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to give derivatives of 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene. These compounds are important intermediates for the synthesis of a diverse range of products. The methodology reported in the present study involves either the room temperature reaction or heating at 70 °C in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. This transformation occurs via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene derivatives were obtained in greater than 90% purified yield. The selective reduction of dinitro compounds is an important synthetic strategy for the synthesis of intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The use of SnCl2 as a suspension in EtOAc is a promising method for the regio- and chemo-selective reduction of 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzenes to 1-alkylamino-2-amino-4-nitrobenzenes. These products are useful intermediates in organic synthesis.

Validação do método de extração e quantificação de 7-hidróxi- 4',6-dimetóxi-isoflavona em culturas de células em suspensão e calos de Dipteryx odorata

O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico por CLAE/DAD para a detecção da 7-hidróxi-4',6-dimetóxisoflavona em culturas de células em suspensão e calos de Dipteryx odorata cultivados in vitro. Os parâmetros de validação: curva analítica, linearidade, precisão, recuperação, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação foram avaliados e os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o procedimento analítico proposto para a detecção e dosagem desta isoflavona está dentro dos parâmetros recomendados pela RE899/03-ANVISA, podendo ser utilizado para o controle de qualidade de culturas de células cultivadas in vitro desta espécie vegetal.

Expression of CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 by milk neutrophils in bovine mammary glands infected with Corynebacterium bovis

This study evaluated the expression of CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 on the surface of milk neutrophils in bovine mammary glands infected with Corynebacterium bovis. Here, we used 23 culture-negative control quarters with no abnormal secretion on the strip cup test and milk somatic cell count lower than 1x105 cells/mL, and 14 C. bovis infected quarters. The identification of neutrophils, as well as, the percentage of neutrophils that expressed CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The present study encountered no significant difference in the percentages of milk neutrophils that expressed TLR2 and TLR4 or in the expression of TLR4 by milk neutrophils. Conversely, a lower median fluorescence intensity of TLR2 in milk neutrophils was observed in C. bovis-infected quarters. The percentage of neutrophils that expressed CD14 and the median fluorescence intensity of CD14 in milk neutrophils was also lower in C. bovis-infected quarters.

Narrow-band 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360º angular frequency filters

We measured human frequency response functions for seven angular frequency filters whose test frequencies were centered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 or 24 cycles/360º using a supra-threshold summation method. The seven functions of 17 experimental conditions each were measured nine times for five observers. For the arbitrarily selected filter phases, the maximum summation effect occurred at test frequency for filters at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 cycles/360º. For both 16 and 24 cycles/360º test frequencies, maximum summation occurred at the lower harmonics. These results allow us to conclude that there are narrow-band angular frequency filters operating somehow in the human visual system either through summation or inhibition of specific frequency ranges. Furthermore, as a general result, it appears that addition of higher angular frequencies to lower ones disturbs low angular frequency perception (i.e., 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles/360º), whereas addition of lower harmonics to higher ones seems to improve detection of high angular frequency harmonics (i.e., 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360º). Finally, we discuss the possible involvement of coupled radial and angular frequency filters in face perception using an example where narrow-band low angular frequency filters could have a major role.

Education, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and IL-2 and IL-6 gene polymorphisms in the survival of head and neck cancer

The association of education, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and interleukin-2 (IL-2 +114 and -384) and -6 (IL-6 -174) DNA polymorphisms with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was investigated in a cohort study of 445 subjects. IL-2 and IL-6 genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of disease-specific survival according to anatomical sites of the head and neck. Mean age was 56 years and most patients were males (87.6%). Subjects with 5 or more years of schooling had better survival in larynx cancer. Smoking had no effect on HNSCC survival, but alcohol consumption had a statistically significant effect on larynx cancer. IL-2 gene +114 G/T (HR = 0.52; 95%CI = 0.15-1.81) and T/T (HR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.02-3.19) genotypes were associated with better survival in hypopharynx cancer. IL-2 +114 G/T was a predictor of poor survival in oral cavity/oropharynx cancer and larynx cancer (HR = 1.32; 95%CI = 0.61-2.85). IL-2 -384 G/T was associated with better survival in oral cavity/oropharynx cancer (HR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.45-1.42) and hypopharynx cancer (HR = 0.68; 95%CI = 0.21-2.20), but an inverse relationship was observed for larynx cancer. IL-6 -174 G/C was associated with better survival in hypopharynx cancer (HR = 0.68; 95%CI = 0.26-1.78) and larynx cancer (HR = 0.93; 95%CI = 0.42-2.07), and C/C reduced mortality in larynx cancer. In general, our results are similar to previous reports on the value of education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and IL-2 and IL-6 genetic polymorphisms for the prognosis of HNSCC, but the risks due to these variables are small and estimates imprecise.

Seleção varietal de Phaseolus vulgaris quanto à tolerância ao estresse salino com base em variáveis de crescimento

Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar e selecionar variedades de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) quanto à tolerância ao estresse salino e identificar, usando variedades de feijoeiro com diferentes graus de tolerância, variáveis que auxiliem na discriminagão de variedades de feijoeiro quanto à tolerância a esse tipo de estresse, independentemente do mecanismo apresentado pela planta. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetagão. Inicialmente foram avaliadas 48 variedades de P. vulgaris (alocadas nas subparcelas) em dois níveis de salinidade (distribuídos nas parcelas): solução nutritiva normal (SNN) a 0,81 dS m-1 e a teste (SNT) a 5,6 dS m-1, obtida pela adigão de NaCl no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetigões. A partir da massa seca da parte aérea calculou-se a relagão percentual de crescimento alcançada na SNT relativo à SNN das variedades, que variou de 138,7 a 54,1 %, discriminando-as de acordo com o critério de Scott-Knott em duas populagões: uma com 14 variedades mais "tolerantes" e outra com 34 variedades, onde ficaram agrupadas variedades "moderadamente tolerantes" e "sensíveis". Para identificar variáveis de crescimento que permitam selecionar feijoeiros quanto à tolerância ao estresse salino duas variedades tolerantes (Vermelho e CNF 5574), uma medianamente tolerante (FT 83-86) e uma sensível (LM 30074), classificadas no experimento anterior, foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva com cinco níveis de salinidade (0,81; 2,7; 4,6; 6,5; e 8,4 dS m-1). Analisando-se a massa seca da raiz, do caule, do pecíolo, das folhas e da parte aérea, a área foliar e a área foliar específica, concluiu-se que a área foliar específica foi o índice que efetivamente mais contribuiu para a discriminação das variedades de feijoeiro quanto à tolerância à salinidade.

Estudo químico das sementes de bacuri.

A análise comparativa das sementes de bacuri e baripari mostrou, com respeito à gordura, diferenças na composição quantitativa de seus ácidos graxos (ácidos palmítico 44,2: 42,3, palmitoleíco 13,2:1,0, estárico 2,3:4, 6, oleíco 37,8:39,9 e linoleíco 2,5:12,3; %:%, respectivamente), além da presença de tripalmitina nos extrativos graxos das sementes de bacuri, podem ser indicadas como fontes alternativas à indústria.

Desenvolvimento pré-imaginal de Eueides isabella dianasa (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) em folhas de Passiflora edulis L. (Passifloraceae)

Lagartas de Eueides isabella dianasa (Hübner, 1806) estão entre os insetos fitófagos que ocorrem em P. edulis. Para esse estudo, foram coletados ovos logo após a oviposição, sendo feitas observações diárias para o registro de eclosão, ecdises (confirmadas pelas cápsulas cefálicas), pupação e emergência de adultos. A viabilidade de ovos foi de 94,9%. O período embrionário observado (em dias ± erro padrão da média) foi de 4,25 ± 0,18. O período larval de 16,9 ± 0.34 dias apresentou cinco ínstares: 2,75 ± 0,2; 2,8 ± 0,2; 3,0 ± 0,1; 3,6 ± 0,2 e 4,6 ± 0,15. O período larval ativo foi de 15,83 ± 0,34 dias, seguido por um período prepupal e pupal de, respectivamente, de 7,42 ± 0,15 (período inativo dentro do desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de 8,4 ± 0,15). O desenvolvimento pós-embrionário foi de 24,25 ± 0,37. A duração do desenvolvimento pré-imaginal de 28,5 ± 0,4 pode ser considerada curta entre os lepidópteros. A duração relativa foi de 14,9% para o período embrionário e de 85,9% para o pós-embironário. O uso do tempo durante o período pós-embrionário foi de 11,3%; 11,7%; 12,4%; 14,8%; 18,9% e 30,6% respectivamente como L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 e pupa. O período larval representou 65,3% enquanto o período inativo (prepupa + pupa) 34,7%. A sobrevivência no final do desenvolvimento, considerando o período de ovo, foi de 27,5% e, considerando o período pós-embrionário, 30,0%, tendo sido mais evidente no quinto ínstar e no período pupal com 63,0% e 64,7%, respectivamente. Este é o primeiro registro de Eueides isabella dianasa no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil.