509 resultados para tempo de emergência
Resumo:
Rare earth elements supported in zeolites are the most important catalysts in the fluid cracking of petroleum. The solid state ion exchange of Eu3+ in Y zeolite was investigated. First of all, the hydrated EuCl3 was well mixed in a ball mill and was then heated at 300ºC for different times. The quantitative determination of Eu3+ showed that the degree of ion exchange depends on the reaction time at constant temperature, being ~95% in 4 h. The X-ray study showed that the crystallinity of the zeolite is little affected by the exchange procedure. The study of spectroscopic properties of Eu3+, emission spectra and lifetime, give information about the migration and position of the ion in the zeolite cages.
Resumo:
Gadolinium oxyortho-silicate, Gd2SiO5, presents a monoclinic structure with two crystallographic sites in which Gd3+ ions are equally distributed with coordination numbers CN, 7 and 9, respectively. By doping this host with Er3+ it is possible to distinguish and attribute the two sites by means of lifetime determination of the 4S3/2 state, (in this case, Er3+ substitutes Gd3+ ions). Samples doped with 0.1 and 5.0% molar Er3+ were prepared by solid state reaction and characterized by X-ray Diffractometry, Vibrational and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopies, and Time Resolved Photoluminescence. Based on the experimental results, it is possible to verify that, for the 5,0% doped sample, the lifetime value of the 4S3/2 state of the erbium ion inserted in site 1, (CN = 9), is 2.7 ± 0.1 mus, and for the one inserted in site 2, (CN = 7), it is 1.5 ± 0.1 mus.
Resumo:
A simple and inexpensive time-of-flight mass spectrometer, dedicated to the study of gas-phase ionization processes induced by high energy electrons (0.5 - 3.0 keV), is described. The spectrometer design is based on the Wiley-McLaren principle, with a total length of about 18 cm. As a demonstration of the performance of the apparatus, mass spectra for Ar, CH4, CO2, and SF6, obtained at 1 keV electron energy, are presented.
Resumo:
Some commercial samples of vermicompost from bovine manure (humus) were characterized by thermogravimetry with respect to humidity, organic matter and ash contents, the percentages of which range from 6.55 to 5.35%, 53.01 to 69.96% and 46.44 to 66,14%, respectively. The capacity of adsorption of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ ions by these samples has been evaluated as a function of pH and time. The contents of several metal ions in the original vermicompost samples have been determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after digestion in a microwave oven. The high nitrogen content suggests that the earthworms used in the maturation procedure lead to an efficient degradation of organic matter. The metal retention was affected by both pH and adsorption time. The results also show that adsorption follows the order Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+.
Resumo:
With the aim of studying the interaction of fast electrons with solid surfaces we have developed an experimental set-up based on electron stimulated desorption (ESD) coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vynil chloride) samples have been irradiated by a pulsed electron beam of 1.2 keV and 0.18 µs FWHM. The results show that H+ is the main ionic species to desorb after electron bombardment. In addition, other ionic fragments were also observed and assigned. These results show the potentiality of this technique in the study of ESD of polymers.
Resumo:
The oxidation of alcohols to obtain ketones, aldehydes or carboxylic acids is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis and many reagents are known for these conversions. However, there is still a demand for mild and selective reagents for the oxidation of alcohols in the presence of other functional groups. As an alternative, the nitroxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) has been demonstrated to be a useful reagent for the transformation of alcohols. The oxidation of alcohols using TEMPO is often efficient, fast, selective, made in mild conditions and can tolerate sensitive functional groups. In this article we report different methodologies using TEMPO in the oxidation of alcohols.
Resumo:
The purpose of this work was to determine the safe shelf life of single-base propellants. The kinetic parameters relative to the consumption of the stabilizer diphenylamine (DPA) added to the propellant were determined as a function of the storage and ageing time. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection was used to determine the DPA percentage before and after the artificial ageing at 60, 70 and 80 ºC. The experimental data were very well adjusted to a pseudo-first order kinetic model and the respective kinetic constants are 8.0-10-3 day-1 (60 ºC); 1.9-10-2 day-1 (70 ºC); 1.2-10-1 day-1 (80 ºC). The activation energy was calculated as 130 kJ mol-1 and the half-time for depletion of the DPA at the hypothetical temperature of 40 ºC of storage was estimated as being 6 years.
Resumo:
Chemical interesterification is an important alternative to produce zero trans fats. In practice, however, excessive reaction times are used to ensure complete randomization. This work evaluated the influence of the reaction time on the interesterification of soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil blend, carried out in the following conditions: 100 ºC, 500 rpm stirring speed, 0.4% (w/w) sodium methoxide catalyst. The triacylglycerol composition, solid fat content and melting point analysis showed that the reaction was very fast, reaching the equilibrium within 5 min. This result suggests the interesterification can be performed in substantially lower times, with reduction in process costs.
Resumo:
TiO2 thin films were prepared by the sol-gel method using different acids (HCl and HAc), with a parallel evaluation of the gel ageing effects on the film properties. After the thermal treatments, the resulting materials were characterized through gravimetric analysis, UV-VIS spectrophotometry (from which optical parameters such as band gap was derived), XRD, morphological surface analysis (AFM) and photocatalytic activity. The majority of the obtained thin films parameters were similar independent of the acid type and the ageing time of the gel. Nevertheless, a visible effect of the surface morphology properties on the films and their photocatalytic activity was observed.
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The aim of this paper is to describe a chemometrics experiment for undergraduate chemistry students using basic concepts of experimental design to determine setting-time of commercial gelatins.
Resumo:
Um experimento de laboratório e dois de campo, conduzidos nas localidades de Passo Fundo, RS, e Pato Branco, PR, foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da microbiolização de sementes sobre os patógenos de sementes e sobre a germinação e rendimento de grãos de milho (Zea mays). Em laboratório, a maioria dos bioprotetores reduziu significativamente o nível de patógenos de sementes. Nos experimentos de campo, no ano de 1997, em Passo Fundo, RS, somente Trichoderma harzianum (T-22) melhorou significativamente a emergência e o rendimento de grãos do milho . Todos os bioprotetores melhoraram significativamente a emergência em Pato Branco (PR). Paenibacillus macerans (144), T. harzianum (T-22), Flavimonas oryzihabitans e Pseudomonas putida biótipo B também proporcionaram aumento significativo no rendimento de grãos em relação à testemunha. O tratamento com T. harzianum proporcionou aumento significativo na emergência de plântulas e no rendimento de grãos de milho. Esse aumento foi de 615 kg/ha acima do rendimento da testemunha, sem tratamento.Em 1998, em Passo Fundo, P. macerans (144), F. oryzihabitans e Agrobacterium radiobacter proporcionaram os melhores aumentos na germinação. Com exceção de F. oryzihabitans e de Bacillus subtilis, todos os bioprotetores proporcionaram aumentos significativos no rendimento de grãos. Em Pato Branco, P. putida biótipo B 63, F. oryzihabitans e Pseudominas putida biótipo A (M 970841) proporcionaram as melhores germinações de sementes de milho. Paenibacilus macerans (144), T. harzianum (T-22), F. oryzihabitans, A. radiobacter e B. subtilis aumentaram significativamente o rendimento de grãos. A microbiolização de sementes apresenta-se como uma alternativa tec nológica para o tratamento de sementes de milho no Brasil.
Resumo:
A mancha foliar e do grão da aveia (Avena sativa), denominada "helmintosporiose da aveia", causada pelo fungo Pyrenophora chaetomioides é uma doença de importância para o Brasil. Com o objetivo de identificar em que fase do desenvolvimento as cariopses de aveia branca apresentam-se mais suscetíveis à infecção por P. chaetomioides, foram conduzidos três experimentos de campo. Panículas de plantas de aveia foram expostas ao inóculo por períodos determinados de tempo desde a sua emergência. Através da utilização de sacos confeccionados com papel celofane, foram aplicados tratamentos que consistiam na proteção ou na exposição das panículas durante o desenvolvimento das cariopses. No final do ciclo, as panículas foram colhidas individualmente e a porcentagem de cariopses infetadas foi determinada através de plaqueamento em meio de cultura. As cariopses em formação, expostas ao inóculo durante os estágios de grão leitoso e massa mole, apresentaram as maiores incidências do patógeno. A temperatura e o nível de precipitação não influenciaram a porcentagem de cariopses infetadas pelo patógeno, no entanto, temperaturas altas, precipitação elevada e a ocorrência de outras moléstias, anteciparam a senescência das folhas basais, favorecendo a produção de inóculo pelo patógeno.
Resumo:
A transmissibilidade de Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides foi estudada em diferentes temperaturas utilizando sementes de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum) inoculadas com diferentes tempos de exposição ao patógeno. O experimento consistiu de seis tratamentos, sendo três tempos de exposição (36, 72 e 108 h) das sementes, inoculadas e não inoculadas com o fungo, testados em temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 ± 2 °C. Os tratamentos provenientes de sementes não inoculadas com o fungo foram utilizados como testemunhas. Os tempos de inoculação apresentaram diferença na incidência e na porcentagem da semente coberta com propágulos do patógeno (PSCPP), sendo o maior valor observado no tempo de 108 h, com conseqüências na germinação e porcentagem de plantas sobreviventes. Os tempos de 36 e 72 h não apresentaram diferença entre si. Temperaturas mais baixas e a maior quantidade de inóculo nas sementes proporcionaram redução na germinação e porcentagem de plantas sobreviventes. A intensidade da doença não foi influenciada pelo tempo de exposição, no entanto, a temperatura foi fator determinante para a transmissibilidade do patógeno, sendo a incidência e a severidade maiores com o aumento desta. O condicionamento osmótico estimulou o desenvolvimento fúngico, sendo observadas maior incidência e severidade da doença no tempo de 108 h.