Emiss��es naturais e antr��picas de nitrog��nio, f��sforo e metais para a bacia do Rio Maca�� (Maca��, RJ, Brasil) sob influ��ncia das atividades de explora����o de petroleo e g��s na Bacia de Campos

Emission factors of natural processes and anthropogenic activities were used to estimate nutrients and metal loads for the lower Maca�� river basin, which hosts the operational base for the offshore oil and gas exploration in the Campos Basin. The estimates indicated that emissions from anthropogenic activities are higher than natural emissions. Major contributing drivers include husbandry and urbanization, whose effluents receive no treatment. The increasing offshore oil exploration along the Brazilian littoral has resulted in rapid urbanization and, therefore might increase the inshore emission of anthropogenic chemicals in cases where effective residue control measures are not implemented in fluvial basins of the region.

Drogas de abuso em ��guas naturais e residu��rias urbanas: ocorr��ncia, determina����o e aplica����es forenses

Drugs of abuse are commonly used outside medical or legal settings where their production, marketing and consumption are subject to legal summons and/or intervention. Classified as emerging contaminants, these substances have been recently detected in samples of environmental concern, such as waters and wastewaters. This review presents the state-of-the-art on the methodological approaches used in sample preparation, the main techniques applied in analytical determination at trace levels, as well as the use of information related to the drug or its metabolite concentration in sewage samples to empirically estimate the consumption of drugs of abuse in a city or region.

Guia para a determina����o da estabilidade de produtos qu��micos

Companies worldwide are reviewing their working process to avoid waste, become aligned with environmental management standards and to fulfill specifications defined for national and international regulations. In this context, it is important that Brazilian Chemical companies have a specific stability guide for their products. The main purpose of this work is to present a stability guide for chemical products based on the existing guides of the Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics segments. Furthermore, this work proposes to offer an additional period of shelf life for chemical products, provided they meet certain prerequisites.

O sistema globalmente harmonizado de classifica����o e rotulagem de produtos qu��micos (GHS): uma introdu����o para sua aplica����o em laborat��rios de ensino e pesquisa acad��mica

The present article provides an overview of the Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (GHS) and its implementation in Brazil. Although Classification and Packaging is beyond the scope of the responsibility of academic chemists, labelling of chemicals used in academic laboratories will be required by the competent authorities to ensure the safety of students and staff. Therefore, academic teachers and researchers responsible should be familiarised with the GHS principles outlined here and at least be able to label, by applying these principles, mixtures of substances previously classified by the competent authorities.

Produtos qu��micos perigosos utilizados em laborat��rios de ensino: proposta e exemplos para indica����o de seus perigos no r��tulo

Typically hundreds of different chemical products stored in small flasks which cannot accommodate labels large enough to bear all information required by the Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (GHS) are used in academic laboratories. To overcome this restriction Brazilian legislation permits communication of the dangers of chemical products to trained laboratory workers/students by alternative means. Here we describe an alternative label system, developed by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV), which allows hazard communication to trained workers/students via a labelling system, using pictograms and highly condensed hazard statements to alert about dangerous chemical products.

A Import��ncia da determina����o anal��tica de intermedi��rios reativos e de seus produtos de rea����es com biomacromol��culas: uma mini revis��o

Metabolic reactive intermediates can react with biomolecules such as DNA and proteins to produce adducts. Recently, research has shown that such adducts can act as precursors of some chronic diseases (cancer, Parkinson's, immunologic system diseases, etc.), and their determination is important because they are biomarkers of undesirable health effects. These compounds are produced at very low concentrations, but the development and dissemination of sensitive new analytical tools, especially those based on chromatography coupled to other analytical instruments, make such determinations possible. This mini review is focused on the formation of reactive intermediates, their reaction with biomolecules, and the importance of their determination.

An��lise dos produtos de degrada����o do esfenvalerato por SBSE/CLAE-UV/DAD utilizando planejamento fatorial fracion��rio

A simple procedure based on stir bar sorptive extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array detection (SBSE/LC-UV/PAD) to determine intermediates and by-products of esfenvalerate is described. The influence of organic modifier, ionic strength, extraction time, temperature and pH were simultaneously evaluated by using a factorial experimental design. The utilization of different organic solvents and desorption times were also investigated to establish the optimal conditions for SBSE liquid desorption. Among the ten different peaks (intermediates and by-products) detected after degradation of esfenvalerate, eight (including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde) were successfully extracted by SBSE under the optimized conditions.

Determina����o da atividade antitr��ptica em prote��nas de produtos do amendoim isoladas por cromatografia de afinidade

The peanut is an oleaginous plant of high nutritional value, a source of protein and a trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitors are proteins present in the vegetable kingdom, considered anti-nutritional factors for animals. However, there have been several recent reports about their heterologous and beneficial effects on human health. These important effects have been the focus of studies investigating these inhibitors in foods. The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the estimated molecular mass and specific inhibitory activity, for trypsin in the Japanese peanut, peanut butter, and peanut nougat using the techniques of precipitation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography on trypsin - Sepharose CNBr 4B. The techniques used in this study were efficient for isolating the protein inhibitors with antitryptic specific activity of 694 UI mg-1, 823 UI mg-1 and 108 UI mg-1 for the Japanese peanut, peanut nougat, and peanut butter, respectively. The techniques featured high selectivity of the adsorbent, with consequent efficiency in isolation, given the low amount of dosed proteins and specific antitryptic activity presented by the products studied. The various health-related benefits show the importance of detecting and isolating efficient trypsin inhibitors in foods, taking into account the health claims attributed to the vegetable and its high consumption by humans.

VALIDA����O INTRALABORATORIAL DA DETERMINA����O DE METILTESTOSTERONA EM ��GUAS NATURAIS POR VOLTAMETRIA USANDO ELETRODO DE GOTA PENDENTE DE MERC��RIO

17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT) is a hormone used in medicine and aquaculture which can be found in natural waters. It is considered an emerging organic pollutant and its accurate and precise analysis is required. Therefore, this study presents the in-house validation of a new voltammetric methodology for 17α-MT analysis in natural waters. A hanging mercury drop electrode and NaOH 5.0×10-3 mol L-1 solution as the electrolyte were employed in the voltammetric determinations. To confirm the presence of 17α-MT in water samples quantitative analysis was performed by ESI-MS/MS. The methodology exhibited good selectivity, linearity, accuracy (recovery of between 100.4 and 108.8%) and precision (RSDs for repeatability of 2.85% and for intermediate precision of 14.10%, with n = 5, respectively). LOD and LOQ were 3.07 µg L-1 and 10.78 µg L-1, respectively. The methodology was suitable for determination of 17α-MT in natural waters due to low-cost, good performance and no sample pre-treatment required.

C��LULAS SOLARES SENSIBILIZADAS POR CORANTES NATURAIS: UM EXPERIMENTO INTRODUT��RIO SOBRE ENERGIA RENOV��VEL PARA ALUNOS DE GRADUA����O

An interesting practical experiment about the preparation of dye–sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using natural dyes were carried out by the undergraduate students in the chemistry course at UNICAMP . Natural dyes were extracted from blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), jabuticabas (Myrciaria cauliflora), raw and cooked beets (Beta vulgaris L.), and annattos (Bixa orellana L.), which were used to sensitize TiO2 films that composed the photoanode in the DSSC. A polymer electrolyte containing an iodide/triiodide redox couple was used in lieu of the use of liquid solutions to prevent any leakage in the devices. A maximum solar-to-electric energy conversion of 0.26 �� 0.02% was obtained for the solar cell prepared with annatto extracts. This experiment was an effective way to illustrate to the undergraduate students how to apply some of the chemical concepts that they learned during their chemistry course to produce electric energy from a clean and renewable energy source. Teachers could also exploit the basics of the electronic transitions in inorganic and organic compounds (e.g., metal-to-ligand charge transfer and ϖ-ϖ* transitions), thermodynamics (e.g., Gibbs free energy), acid–base reactions in the oxide solid surface and electrolyte, and band theory (i.e., the importance of the Fermi level energy).

Avalia����o de produtos alternativos para controle da requeima do tomateiro

Em condi����es de campo, avaliaram-se produtos alternativos no manejo da requeima do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), causada por Phytophthora infestans, em tr��s experimentos (E). Compararam-se, em E1, extratos de: [pimenta (Capsicum chinense) + pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum) + cravo (Syzygium aromaticum) + a��afr��o-da-��ndia (Curcuma longa) + alho (Allium sativum)]; (pimenta-do-reino + cravo + alho); e (cravo + a��afr��o-da-��ndia + alho); em E2, ��leo de nim (Azadirachta indica) (0,5%); leite (20%); e calda bordalesa; e em E3, preparado homeop��tico obtido de tecido de tomateiro com requeima (dinamiza����o C30); mistura ��gua-etanol; e calda bordalesa. Em E1, os extratos e a testemunha n��o diferiram quanto �� severidade na metade da epidemia (Y50), severidade final (Ym��x), ��rea abaixo da curva de progresso (AACPD) e taxa de progresso da doen��a (r). Em E2, Y50 com ��leo de nim (3%) e calda bordalesa (1%) n��o diferiram; Ym��x foi maior com ��leo de nim (44%) que com calda bordalesa (14%); leite n��o reduziu Ym��x; r e AACPD foram menores com ��leo de nim (0,161 e 533, respectivamente) que na testemunha (0,211 e 1186, respectivamente) e semelhantes ��queles com calda bordalesa (0,156 e 130, respectivamente); r e AACPD foram similares nos tratamentos leite e testemunha. Em E3, Y50, Ym��x, AACPD e r com a mistura ��gua-etanol e preparado homeop��tico foram similares aos da testemunha. A calda bordalesa foi o tratamento mais eficiente no controle da requeima, e o ��leo de nim foi promissor. No manejo da doen��a em sistemas alternativos de produ����o, �� necess��rio integrar pr��ticas, para se potencializarem os efeitos individualizados.

Avalia����o de produtos alternativos no controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar produtos org��nicos quanto ao efeito protetor e indutor de resist��ncia �� ferrugem do cafeeiro (Hemileia vastatrix), comparando-se com fungicidas sist��micos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa-de-vegeta����o, utilizando-se mudas de cafeeiro cv. Catua�� Vermelho 144. Foram avalidados como indutores de resist��ncia extratos foliares, suspens��es de con��dios f��ngicos e de c��lulas bacterianas, fertilizantes foliares, hipocloritos e acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com tr��s repeti����es, sendo que cada parcela experimental foi constitu��da de cinco mudas de caf�� perfazendo um total de 15 mudas por tratamento. Os experimentos foram repetidos duas vezes com resultados semelhantes. Quando avaliado o efeito protetor, a maioria dos compostos reduziu o n��mero de p��stulas e a ��rea foliar com ferrugem em compara����o �� testemunha 1 (��gua). Extratos de folhas de caf��, obtidos pelo processo aquoso e extratos de sementes de Azadirachta indica ('neem") obtidos pelo processo de extra����o com metanol apresentaram prote����o similar, mas nunca superior a epoxiconazole + piraclostrobin. Extratos aquosos de folhas de caf��, ASM, Bacillus subtilis e Pseudomonas putida reduziram a infec����o causada por H. vastatrix em mais de 77 %.

Din��mica temporal da popula����o do ��caro Brevipalpus phoenicis e da leprose dos citros sob condi����es naturais de epidemia

A densidade populacional do ��caro vetor de Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), Brevipalpus phoenicis, num talh��o, �� o principal indicador para a tomada de decis��o de medidas de controle da leprose dos citros. H�� pouca informa����o sobre o crescimento da incid��ncia de plantas com leprose dos citros isoladamente ou em conjunto com a popula����o do ��caro. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o progresso temporal da popula����o de B. phoenicis e da incid��ncia de leprose dos citros e a rela����o entre essas popula����es, sob condi����es naturais de epidemia. Dois talh��es de laranja doce, cvs. Val��ncia e Natal, foram monitorados de 2002 a 2004, em intervalos de 22 dias, em m��dia. O crescimento da incid��ncia da doen��a foi lento e estimativas da taxa de progresso da doen��a foram bastante baixas, variando de 0,0126 a 0,0448 para 'Val��ncia' e de 0,0044 a 0,0525 para 'Natal'. A quantidade de in��culo inicial nos ramos cresceu significativamente de um ciclo para outro. Ao final do per��odo, a incid��ncia foi de 32% das plantas de 'Val��ncia' e de 6,8% na cv. Natal. Apesar de n��o ser sist��mica, a leprose dos citros comporta-se como poli��tica com ac��mulo de in��culo de ano para ano, especialmente nos ramos. A incid��ncia n��o esteve correlacionada com a presen��a de ��caros na planta em levantamentos anteriores, mas apresentou correla����o positiva significativa (P<0,001) com a pr��pria incid��ncia da doen��a registrada anteriormente. Isto indica que a presen��a de sintomas, e n��o somente a de ��caros, deve ser considerada em amostragens visando controle da doen��a.