Morphology and anatomy of the developing fruit of Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae

(Morphology and anatomy of the developing fruit of Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae). Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steudel was selected for the present study due of its economic and medicinal importance. The purpose of this investigation is to present a detailed description of the fruit development, specially by: (a) defining the fruit type presented by the species, and (b) characterizing the seed type of the species based upon the presence or not of mechanical tissue on the seed-coat. The fruit originates from the subglobose female inflorescence which consists of small unipistillate flowers with superior ovary, unilocular and uniovular apical placentation. The mature fruit is multiple, constituted of small drupes. The ovule is ana-campylotropous, suspended, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The mature seed is flattened, slightly ovated, cream colored, with unspecialized membrane coat with thin-walled cells more or less crushed. The seed has parenchymatic endosperm with lipophilic content. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons of the same size. Ontogenetic studies reveal that the fruits are infrutescences. The fleshy edible part is derived from the perigone and inflorescence axis. The drupes consist of a single pyrene of macrosclereids.

Changes in the electrophysiological parameters of the posterior intestine of Anguilla anguilla (Pisces) induced by oxytocin, urotensin II and aldosterone

In view of the importance of the intestine in the osmoregulation of freshwater fishes, we determined the effects of oxytocin, urotensin II (UII), and aldosterone added to the serosal side of the isolated posterior intestine of the freshwater-adapted teleost Anguilla anguilla on electrophysiological parameters. Oxytocin decreased the short-circuit current (SCC) and transepithelial potential difference (TPD) at concentrations of 1 and 10 mU/ml (to 50% and 42% of control values, respectively), but did not alter these parameters at a concentration of 0.1 mU/ml. UII reduced SCC and TPD at concentrations of 10 nM, 50 nM and 100 nM (to 85% of control values), but increased these parameters at the concentration of 500 nM (to 115% of control values). Aldosterone did not alter SCC or TPD at the concentrations tested (10 nM and 100 nM). Oxytocin may open Na+ channels in the apical membrane, allowing the flow of Na+ to the serosa, reducing SCC and TPD. Should this hypothesis be correct, oxytocin would be important for freshwater adaptation, since it would increase Na+ absorption. The reduction of SCC and TPD in the posterior intestine of A. anguilla induced by UII is evidence that this neurohormone is also important for freshwater adaptation in teleosts. Aldosterone did not show this effect probably due to the lack of receptors in this organ

Functional characterization and localization of AQP3 in the human colon

Water channels or aquaporins (AQPs) have been identified in a large variety of tissues. Nevertheless, their role in the human gastrointestinal tract, where their action is essential for the reabsorption and secretion of water and electrolytes, is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structure and function of water channels expressed in the human colon. A cDNA fragment of about 420 bp with a 98% identity to human AQP3 was amplified from human stomach, small intestine and colon by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a transcript of 2.2 kb was expressed more abundantly in colon than in jejunum, ileum and stomach as indicated by Northern blots. Expression of mRNA from the colon of adults and children but not from other gastrointestinal regions in Xenopus oocytes enhanced the osmotic water permeability, and the urea and glycerol transport in a manner sensitive to an antisense AQP3 oligonucleotide, indicating the presence of functional AQP3. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence studies in human colon revealed that the AQP3 protein is restricted to the villus epithelial cells. The immunostaining within these cells was more intense in the apical than in the basolateral membranes. The presence of AQP3 in villus epithelial cells suggests that AQP3 is implicated in water absorption across human colonic surface cells.

Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited disease characterized by a malformation complex which includes cystically dilated tubules in the kidneys and ductal plate malformation in the liver. The disorder is observed primarily in infancy and childhood, being responsible for significant pediatric morbidity and mortality. All typical forms of ARPKD are caused by mutations in a single gene, PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1). This gene has a minimum of 86 exons, assembled into multiple differentially spliced transcripts and has its highest level of expression in kidney, pancreas and liver. Mutational analyses revealed that all patients with both mutations associated with truncation of the longest open reading frame-encoded protein displayed the severe phenotype. This product, polyductin, is a 4,074-amino acid protein expressed in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane and primary apical cilia, a structure that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different polycystic kidney diseases. In fact, cholangiocytes isolated from an ARPKD rat model develop shorter and dysmorphic cilia, suggesting polyductin to be important for normal ciliary morphology. Polyductin seems also to participate in tubule morphogenesis and cell mitotic orientation along the tubular axis. The recent advances in the understanding of in vitro and animal models of polycystic kidney diseases have shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cyst formation and progression, allowing the initiation of therapeutic strategy designing and promising perspectives for ARPKD patients. It is notable that vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists can inhibit/halt the renal cystic disease progression in an orthologous rat model of human ARPKD.

Noninvasive prognostic markers for cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia in long-term follow-up of subjects with chronic Chagas' disease

The objective of the present study was to investigate clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic (12-lead resting ECG, 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring and signal-averaged ECG (SAECG)) parameters in subjects with chronic Chagas' disease in a long-term follow-up as prognostic markers for adverse outcomes. Fifty adult outpatients (34 to 74 years old, 31 females) staged according to Los Andes class I, II or III and complaining of palpitation were enrolled in a longitudinal study. SAECG was analyzed in time and frequency domains and the endpoint was a composite of cardiac death and ventricular tachycardia. During a follow-up of 84.2 ± 39.0 months, 34.0% of the patients developed adverse outcomes (9 cardiac deaths and 11 episodes of ventricular tachycardia). After optimal dichotomization, in a stepwise multivariate Cox-hazard regression model, apical aneurysm (HR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.2-1.3; P = 0.02), left ventricular ejection fraction <62% (HR = 4.60; 95% CI = 1.39-15.24; P = 0.01) and incidence of ventricular premature contractions >614 per 24 h (hazard ratio = 6.1; 95% CI = 1.7-22.6; P = 0.006) were independent predictors of the composite endpoint. Although a high frequency content in SAECG demonstrated association with the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis, its predictive value for the composite endpoint was not significant. Apical aneurysms, reduced left ventricular function and a high incidence of ventricular ectopic beats over a 24-h period have a strong predictive value for a composite endpoint of cardiac death and ventricular tachycardia in subjects with chronic Chagas' disease.

Efficacy of HUMN criteria for scoring the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes exposed to a low concentration of p,p'-DDT

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is one of the standard cytogenetic tools employed to assess chromosomal damage subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents, and is widely applicable to plant, animal and human cells. In the present study, the CBMN assay was used to assess the baseline damage in binuclear human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 25 µg/L p,p'-DDT for 1, 2, 24, and 48 h by measuring the frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds. These new scoring criteria facilitated the detection of different types of clastogenic and aneugenic effects induced by this type of pollutant. With these criteria, CBMN can also be used to measure nucleoplasmic bridges which are considered to be consequences of chromosome rearrangements and nuclear buds which are biomarkers of altered gene amplification and gene dosage. The total number of micronuclei observed in binuclear human peripheral blood lymphocytes of the exposed samples (ranging from 32 to 47) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that detected in the unexposed (0 time) control sample, where the total number of micronuclei was 7. The number of nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds obtained after 24 and 48 h was also significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the samples treated with p,p'-DDT than in the unexposed control samples. Thus, our results confirmed the usefulness of the new criteria applicable for the CBMN assay employed in measuring the DNA damage and its role of a sensitive cytogenetic biomarker.

THE EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY OF CLOVE(Eugenia caryophyllus) ESSENTIAL OIL IN PRESSURIZED CO2

The effective diffusivity of clove essential oil in subcritical liquid CO2 was estimated. The experimental apparatus employed was a fixed-bed extractor. The fixed bed was formed with grounded (mesh -32 + 65) and compacted clove buds which were considered a solid element. The effective diffusion coefficient was evaluated by fitting the experimental concentration profile to the unsteady state mass balance equation for unidirectional diffusion in a finite solid medium. The diffusion coefficient was related to the concentration of oil in the solid by an exponential function. The estimated values of the effective diffusion coefficient varied from 3.64 to 5.22x10-10 m2/s. The average relative errors were lower than 3.1%.

Comparison of volatile and polyphenolic compounds in Brazilian green propolis and its botanical origin Baccharis dracunculifolia

Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Green Propolis from southeastern Brazil and leaf buds from its botanical origin Baccharis dracunculifolia were analyzed by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), Reversed Phase High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. Both ethanolic extracts and essential oils showed similar chromatographic profiles. Thirteen flavonoids were identified by RP-HPLC and RP-HPTLC analyses in both samples. Twenty-three volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analyses. Seventeen were present in both essential oils. The major flavonoid compound in both extracts was artepillin C. The major volatile compound in both essential oils was nerolidol. The major compounds identified in this work could be used as chemical markers in order to classify and identify botanical origins of propolis.

Caracterização morfológica de frutos, sementes e plântulas de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers

A Sesbania virgataé uma espécie arbórea, pioneira e de ocorrência natural no Brasil. Pertence à família Leguminosae-Faboideae sendo recomendada para recuperação de áreas degradadas devido a sua rusticidade e capacidade de estabelecer simbiose com rizóbio. Mas, apesar de sua ampla distribuição, até o momento não havia uma descrição morfológica das estruturas de propagação e da planta na fase inicial de desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os caracteres morfológicos dos frutos, sementes e plântulas, bem como caracterizar o processo de germinação de Sesbania virgata. Para o estudo do fruto, os seguintes aspectos foram observados: tipo; cor; dimensões; textura e consistência do pericarpo; deiscência; e número de sementes por fruto. Os aspectos observados para as sementes foram: cor; dimensões; peso de 1000 sementes; textura e consistência dos tegumentos; forma; bordo, posição do hilo e de outras estruturas presentes e características do embrião. As plântulas foram caracterizadas em dois estádios. O estádio de plântula foi considerado quando os protófilos já estavam totalmente formados e de planta jovem, a partir do surgimento do 2° protófilo. Os elementos vegetativos descritos e ilustrados foram radícula, coleto, hipocótilo, cotilédones, epicótilo, protófilos e caule. O fruto de Sesbania virgata é um legume indeiscente medindo 5,8 cm e contendo de 2 a 6 sementes. A semente de Sesbania virgata é reniforme, endospérmica e desprovida do tegma, sendo que o hilo e o estrófíolo são facilmente distinguíveis. O eixo-embrionário encontra-se inserido aos cotilédones, sendo apical e invaginado papilonáceo. A germinação da semente é do tipo epígea. A plântula jovem apresenta protófilos compostos com 4 a 9 pares de folíolos pequenos opostos e glabros com peciolo e pulvino, e no ápice há uma pequena expansão laminar glabra. A radícula é sublenhosa, de cor branca ou marrom castanho.

Caracterização morfológica de frutos, sementes, plântulas e plantas jovens de mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. - Sterculiaceae)

A Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. é uma espécie arbórea pioneira de ocorrência natural em quase todo o Brasil, desde a Amazônia até o Paraná. Pertence a família Sterculiaceae, sendo recomendada para recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os caracteres morfológicos dos frutos, sementes, plântula e planta jovem. No fruto foram observados: forma, coloração, dimensões, textura, deiscência, e o número de sementes por fruto. Na semente foram observados: coloração, peso de 1000 sementes, forma, tegumento, embrião e endosperma. O estádio de plântula foi considerado até o momento em que tinha apenas os cotilédones e a partir da emissão de folhas passou a ser considerada planta jovem. Os aspectos vegetativos descritos e ilustrados foram: raiz primária, raízes secundárias e terciárias, hipocótilo, epicótilo, cotilédones, caule, folhas e gema apical. Fruto e uma cápsula loculicida globoso, de coloração preta, com faixas estreitas e superfície muricada. Semente de coloração acinzentada e formas variadas, envolta pela testa que quando umedecida torna-se gelatinosa. Embrião axial e contínuo; com cotilédones foliáceos, plicados e que após a emergência são arredondados, verdes e com nervuras. Após a emergência o hipocótilo e a raiz primária são brancos e cilíndricos, mas com passar do tempo se tornam mais escuros. Caule de coloração verde-escura; folhas pecioladas, com nervura principal e secundária; limbo com margem dentada.

Morfo-anatomia da semente de Bauhinia monandra Kurz: (Leguminosae-caesalpinioideae)

Bauhinia monandra, espécie popularmente conhecida na Amazônia como pata-de-vaca, é indicada entre outros usos como planta medicinal nessa região. Visando contribuir para um melhor conhecimento foram coletadas sementes dessa espécie do banco de germoplasma da EMBRAPA - CPATU, Amazônia Oriental, no estado do Pará. O estudo morfo-anatômico revelou sementes estenospérmicas, oblongas, base arredondada, margem inteira, ápice assimétrico, perfil convexo pouco acentuado e hilo em forma de "V" na região apical. A testa é monocrômica, brilhante, lisa e constituída por dois estratos epidérmicos; linha lúcida presente. O endosperma é contínuo, espesso, adnato a testa. O embrião é axial e invaginado, apresenta dois cotilédones foliáceos e eixo embrionário com plúmula rudimentar e radícula imperceptível. Foram vistos grãos de amido no interior dos cotilédones.

Qualidade de sementes e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de pimenta malagueta e sua relação com a posição de coleta de frutos

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a posição de coleta dos frutos de pimenta malagueta na planta, a qualidade das sementes e o desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas. As sementes foram obtidas de frutos coletados em diferentes posições na copa (C) e nos ramos (R): 1- apical, 2- mediana e 3- basal, e avaliados o teor de água, peso de mil sementes (PMS), número de sementes por quilo, tamanho de sementes (comprimento, largura e espessura), germinação e vigor pelo índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (TMG), comprimento da raiz, parte aérea, massa fresca e massa seca das plântulas após 28 dias da semeadura. As sementes de frutos coletados na porção basal e mediana da copa, e basal dos ramos (C2R3 e C3R3) apresentaram maior PMS, associado ao maior comprimento e largura. Estes tratamentos apresentaram maior valor para a porcentagem de germinação, maior índice de velocidade de germinação e menor tempo médio de germinação. Além do maior vigor, as sementes provenientes de frutos coletados na região basal (C3R3) propiciaram o melhor desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas com relação ao comprimento da raiz, massa fresca e seca de plântulas.