Substâncias húmicas de turfa: estudo dos parâmetros que influenciam no processo de extração alcalina

This study reports the parameters which influence on extraction of humic substances (HS) from peat. The yield, organic and inorganic contend, E4/E6 ratio and elemental composition (C,H,N) of the extracted HS have been determined. The functional groups were identified by Fourier-transform infrared espectroscopy. The results showed influence of the extractor type, concentration, time, temperature and granular texture of the sample in the extraction. This work contributes to better understanding of the extraction process showing the necessity of the standard method to extract humic substances from soil

Sobre a aplicabilidade da termogravimetria para a estimativa de parâmetros termoquímicos de compostos de coordenação: os elementos lantanídicos

By using thermochemical data reported for a series of chelates of the type [Ln(thd)3], thd = 2, 2, 6, 6 ­ tetramethyl- 3,5-heptanedione and Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, empirical correlations were found involving thermochemical parameters (e.g. dissociation enthalpy) and the thermodynamic temperatures of the beginning of thermal degradation of the chelates, t i. It is shown that t i values are of capital importance in the study of this all class of coordination compounds. Among others, the empirical equation is obtained: r3+ = (-0,013.Z + 1,36)/0,005, that relates the lanthanide cation radius (pm) with the atomic number of the element. The remarkable fact is that this equation is achieved by using thermogravimetric and calorimetric parameters. Is also shown that t i values are related with the P(M) function values, which are very close related with the energy difference, deltaE, between the lowest electronic energy level of the f n s²d¹ configuration and the lowest energy level of the f n+1s² configuration in the neutral gaseous atoms.

Relações da atividade agropecuária com parâmetros físicos químicos da água

Water Quality Index (WQI) was used during summer and winter of 1994 and 1995 in the final section of Onça and Feijão streams, downstream Broa Reservoir (São Carlos/SP) to evaluate agricultural and catlleman effects. In Onça stream water quality was "acceptable" in winter and "inappropriate to conventional treatment" in the summer. In Feijão stream the water had an "excellent" quality in winter and "good" in the summer. A MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) has used to discriminate seasons and streams. Correlation (p<0,05) among the variables was tested. Water temperature, turbidity, pH and fecal bacteria are highly correlated and can be one of the factors that cause WQI change by seasons.

Sistema em fluxo para determinação espectrofotométrica de uréia em plasma de sangue animal empregando leguminosa como fonte natural da enzima urease

A spectrophotometric flow injection analysis (FIA) procedure employing natural urease enzyme source for the determination of urea in animal blood plasma was developed. Among leguminous plants used in the Brazilian agriculture, the Cajanus cajan specie was selected as urease source considering its efficiency and availability. A minicolumn was filled with leguminous fragments and coupled to the FIA manifold, where urea was on-line converted to ammonium ions and subsequently it was quantified by spectrophotometry. The system was employed to determine urea in animal plasma samples without any prior treatment. Accuracy was assessed by comparison results with those obtained employing the official procedure and no significant difference at 90 % confidence level was observed. Other profitable features such as an analytical throughput of 30 determinations per hour, a reagent consumption of 19.2 mg sodium salicylate, 0.5 mg sodium hipochloride and a relative standard deviation of 1.4 % (n= 12) were also obtained.

Uso analítico de tecidos e de extratos brutos vegetais como fonte enzimática

This article describes the current status of several analytical methodologies using vegetal tissue and crude extracts as enzymatic source. In this divulgation paper the obtention of vegetal crude extract and/or tissue and selected enzymatic procedures are presented emphasizing its characteristics and peculiarities. Examples of many biosensors and/or flow injection procedures using vegetal tissues or crude extracts for the determination of many analytes, such as amines, ascorbic acid, ethanol, glutamate, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, pectins, phenolic compounds and urea of biologic, environmental, food, pharmaceutical and industrial interests are also given and discussed.

Influência de alguns parâmetros experimentais nos resultados de análises calorimétricas diferenciais - DSC

A series of experiments were performed in order to demonstrate to undergraduate students or users of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), that several factors can influence the qualitative and quantitative aspects of DSC results. Saccharin, an artificial sweetner, was used as a probe and its thermal behavior is also discussed on the basis of thermogravimetric (TG) and DSC curves.

Metodologia para obtenção de parâmetros de mecânica molecular aplicados a compostos de coordenação

A methodology is presented to obtain force field parameters to be used in molecular mechanics. The case of Ru(II) is investigated and the parameters obtained, specially its covalent radii, are employed to model Ru(II) coordination compound. The combined use of molecular mechanics with ab initio methods allowed us to predict the metal-ligand stretching force constant for Ru(II) coordination compounds.

Estudo do coeficiente de partição octanol-água de bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) utilizando parâmetros topológicos

A model based on chemical structure was developed for the accurate prediction of octanol/water partition coefficient (K OW) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are molecules of environmental interest. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to build the regression model. Topological indices were used as molecular descriptors. Variable selection was performed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). In the modeling process, the experimental K OW measured for 30 PCBs by thin-layer chromatography - retention time (TLC-RT) has been used. The developed model (Q² = 0,990 and r² = 0,994) was used to estimate the log K OW values for the 179 PCB congeners whose K OW data have not yet been measured by TLC-RT method. The results showed that topological indices can be very useful to predict the K OW.

Construção de uma fonte de corrente e de uma sonda para medida de condutividade pelo método da sonda de quatro pontas

This paper describes the construction of an eletrical current source and of a probe to be used in the measurement of eletrical conductivity through a four-point probe method. These pieces of equipments can be obtained at the low price of US$ 50.00 and are adequate for eletrical conductivity measurements in the semiconductor range, that is from 10-1 to 10-6 S cm-1.

Fotocatálise eletroquímica de atrazina sobre dióxido de titânio: efeito de diferentes parâmetros experimentais

The atrazine photoelectrochemical degradation has been examined in solutions containing TiO2 on immobilized films under a variety of experimental conditions. It was possible to observe that the supporting electrolyte nature affects the intensity of the photocurrent, being an indicative of the adsorption process. The disappearance of the organic molecule follows approximately a pseudo-first order kinetic. As mineralization product, NH4+ and NO3- ion have been identified. These results indicated that the formation of NH4+ ion can be associated to the effect of atrazine adsorption, due to need of potential adaptation together with a variation in the supporting electrolyte concentration.

Propriedades espectroscópicas e parâmetros ópticos-eletrônicos dos complexos Ln(NO3)3.2DTPO.4H2O (Ln = Nd e Er)

Complexes with the composition Ln(NO3)3.2DTPO.4H2O (Ln = Nd and Er) were synthesized and characterized by infrared and visible absorption spectra (solid state and solution). The results of the absorption spectra in the solid state suggest that metal-ligand bonds are essentially electrostatic in all complexes. The absorption spectra of the nitrate salt solution presented smaller values of the oscillator strength when compared to the spectra of the complexes in the same solvent.

Identificação de resíduos de disparos de armas de fogo por meio da técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com fonte de plasma indutivo

The violence derived from crimes involving firearms represents one of the main concerns of society. For this reason modern techniques have emerged in forensic science to identify suspects at crime scenes. This work describes a methodology to identify residues present in the hands of suspect by using a high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and collection procedure based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution as a complexing agent in moistened swabs. In order to distinguish real gunshot residues from others types of residues present in the hand of suspect, ternary ratio per cent diagrams were developed for antimony (Sb), barium (Ba) and lead (Pb) detected on the hands of volunteers, before and immediately after shooting tests, revealing a remarkable difference in both situations.

Otimização dos parâmetros de extração para determinação multiresíduo de pesticidas em amostras de água empregando microextração em fase sólida

In this study the factors that affect the extraction of pesticide residues from water samples for their determination by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and GC/MS were optimized. The fiber polymer, the extraction mode, the ionic strength, the stirring rate, the pH and the extraction time were the most significant parameters evaluated. The recovery obtained with the proposed method ranged from 94 to 110% and the sensitivity of the method, determined by calculating the detection limit (DL), ranged from 0.004 to 0.1 mug l-1. The results obtained with spiked real samples, at the 0.1 mug l-1 level, showed acceptable conformity with the expected values.

Imobilização de enzimas a partir de "kit" comercial: determinação de parâmetros metabólicos em sangue animal empregando multicomutação em fluxo

Automatic flow procedures based on the multicommutation concept, dedicated to the determination of 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and cholesterol are proposed. The enzymes were immobilized on glass beads and packed into mini-columns that were coupled to a flow system. Sampling throughputs of 55, 40 and 40 determinations per hour, linear response from 10 to 150, 50 to 600, 25 to 125 mg L-1, detection limits of 1.5, 14 and 4 mg L-1 and relative standard deviations of 1, 2 and 2% for 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and cholesterol, respectively, were achieved.

Parâmetros termodinâmicos da reação de adsorção de boro em solos tropicais altamente intemperizados

The driving force of boron adsorption on some tropical soils was evaluated by means of thermodynamic parameters. The batch method was employed, and the reaction was monitored at different pH values. The Langmuir equation successfully fitted the experimental results and provided reasonable isotherm parameters. Boron adsorption increased as a function of the pH of the soil solution and the concentration of added boron. The reaction was favorable and proceeded spontaneously, being strongly exoergic, as indicated by a negative free energy (deltaG) and a separation factor (K R) < 1. The boron adsorption phenomenon and the soil-solution interface were thermodinamically described using a theoretical model.