Dissociation between vasodilation and Leishmania infection-enhancing effects of sand fly saliva and maxadilan

In this study, the ability of maxadilan and Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland lysate to enhance the infection of CBA mice by Leishmania major and of BALB/c mice by L. braziliensis was tested. No difference was observed between sizes of lesion in CBA mice infected with L. major and treated or not with salivary gland lysate or maxadilan, although they were injected in concentrations that induced cutaneous vasodilation. Although parasites were more frequently observed in foot pads and spleens of animals treated with maxadilan than in the animals treated with salivary gland lysate or saline, the differences were small and not statistically significant. The lesions in BALB/c mice infected with L. braziliensis and treated with maxadilan were slightly larger than in animals that received Leishmania alone. Such differences disappeared 14 weeks after infection, and were statistically significant only in one of two experiments.

Effect of the Aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection in Gallus (gallus) domesticus

Effect of Aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum experimental infection in Gallus (gallus) domesticus was studied in distinct aspects. Chickens subcutaneously infected with sporozoites in the presence of the mosquito salivary gland homogenates (SGH) showed higher levels of parasitaemia when compared to those ones that received only the sporozoites. However, the parasitaemia levels were lower among chickens previously immunized by SGH or non-infected mosquito bites compared to the controls, which did not receive saliva. High levels of anti-saliva antibodies were observed in those immunized chickens. Moreover, 53 and 102 kDa saliva proteins were recognized by sera from immunized chickens. After the sporozoite challenge, the chickens also showed significant levels of anti-sporozoite antibodies. However, the ability to generate anti-sporozoites antibodies was not correlated to the saliva immunization. Our results suggest that mosquito saliva components enhance P. gallinaceum parasite development in naive chickens. However, the prior exposure of chickens to salivary components controls the parasitemia levels in infected individuals.

Dengue virus detection by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in saliva and progeny of experimentally infected Aedes albopictus from Brazil

Oral susceptibility and vertical transmission of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) in an Aedes albopictus sample from Rio de Janeiro was estimated. The infection (36.7%) and transmission (83.3%) rates for Ae. albopictus were higher than those of an Ae. aegypti colony used as control, 32.8 and 60%, respectively. Fourth instar larvae and females descendants of 48.5 and 39.1% of experimentally infected Ae. albopictus showed to harbor the virus. The oral susceptibility and the high capacity to assure vertical transmission exhibited by Ae. albopictus from Brazil reinforce that this species may play a role in the maintenance of the virus in nature and be a threat for dengue control in the country.

Ingestion of saliva during carbohydrate feeding by Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera; Psychodidae)

The aim of this study was to obtain experimental evidence that phlebotomine saliva is actually ingested during the carbohydrate ingestion phase (before and after blood digestion). The ingestion of carbohydrate was simulated as it occurs in the field by offering the insects balls of cotton soaked in sucrose, sucrose crystals or orange juice cells. The results obtained here showed that ingestion occurred under each condition investigated, as indicated by the presence of apyrase, an enzyme used as a marker to detect saliva in the insect gut and/or carbohydrate sources. Saliva ingestion by phlebotomine during the carbohydrate ingestion phase is important to explain how it could promote starch digestion and to trigger Leishmania promastigotes to follow a differentiation pathway as proposed previously by some authors.

Helicobacter pylori detection in gastric biopsies, saliva and dental plaque of Brazilian dyspeptic patients

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that causes chronic gastritis and is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancies. The oral cavity has been implicated as a potential H. pylori reservoir and may therefore be involved in the reinfection of the stomach, which can sometimes occur following treatment of an H. pylori infection. The objectives of this paper were (i) to determine the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity and (ii) to examine the relationship between oral H. pylori and subsequent gastritis. Gastric biopsies, saliva samples and dental plaques were obtained from 78 dyspeptic adults. DNA was extracted and evaluated for the presence of H. pylori using polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting methods. Persons with gastritis were frequently positive for H. pylori in their stomachs (p < 0.0001) and there was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of H. pylori in gastric biopsies and the oral cavity (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest a relationship between gastric infection and the presence of this bacterium in the oral cavity. Despite this, H. pylori were present in the oral cavity with variable distribution between saliva and dental plaques, suggesting the existence of a reservoir for the species and a potential association with gastric reinfection.

Detection of human herpesvirus 6 and 7 DNA in saliva from healthy adults from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In this study, we aimed to evaluate virus shedding in the saliva of healthy adults from the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to verify the prevalence of both human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7). The studied group comprised 182 healthy individuals at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, who were being seen for annual odontologic revisions. Saliva specimens were subjected to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7. The total Roseolovirus DNA prevalence was 22.4%. The PCR detected a HHV-6 prevalence of 9.8%, with HHV-6A detected in 7.1% of the samples and HHV-6B in 2.7%. HHV-7 DNA was revealed in 12.6% of the studied cases. Multiple infections caused by HHV-6A and 7 were found in 2.1% of the samples. No statistical differences were observed regarding age, but for HHV-7 infection, an upward trend was observed in female patients. Compared to studies from other countries, low prevalence rates of herpesvirus DNA were detected in saliva from the healthy individuals in our sample. PCR methodology thus proved to be a useful tool for Roseolovirus detection and it is important to consider possible geographic and populations differences that could explain the comparatively low prevalence rates described here.

Hepatitis C virus quantification in serum and saliva of HCV-infected patients

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be detected in blood and other bodily fluids, such as saliva, semen and gastric juices. The aim of this study was to compare the HCV viral loads in the serum and saliva of infected patients. Twenty-nine patients with detectable HCV RNA in their serum and saliva were included in this study. The HCV viral loads were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. The median viral RNA levels were 5.78 log10 copies in the serum and 3.32 log10 copies in the saliva. We observed that the salivary HCV viral load was significantly lower than the viral load in the serum. Further studies are required to understand the role of saliva in the diagnosis, management and potential transmission of HCV.

Detection of Mycobacterium leprae in saliva and the evaluation of oral sensitivity in patients with leprosy

The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity disorders in the oral cavity related to the presence of Mycobacterium leprae in the saliva of treatment-naïve patients with leprosy in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 45 subjects with leprosy. The subjects were interviewed to evaluate the sensitivity of the oral cavity. For the detection of M. leprae, saliva and slit-skin smear samples were collected. The samples were analysed using a bacteriological index (BI) protocol and the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results indicated that 15 of the 45 (33.3%) subjects with leprosy showed decreased oral sensitivity, which confirmed the importance of the oral cavity sensitivity evaluation. There was not a direct relationship between the presence of M. leprae in saliva and changes in oral sensitivity. Positive saliva qPCR results from six (31.6%) of 19 paucibacillary (PB) patients suggested the possibility of a new site for sample collection. Positive results using these diagnostic techniques (BI, slit-skin smear and saliva qPCR) increased to 55.5%, thus opening the possibility of combining these different techniques to increase the rate of positive diagnoses, especially in PB patients.

Leishmania amazonensis exhibits phosphatidylserine-dependent procoagulant activity, a process that is counteracted by sandfly saliva

Leishmania parasites expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surface, a process that has been associated with regulation of host's immune responses. In this study we demonstrate that PS exposure by metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis favours blood coagulation. L. amazonensis accelerates in vitro coagulation of human plasma. In addition, L. amazonensis supports the assembly of the prothrombinase complex, thus promoting thrombin formation. This process was reversed by annexin V which blocks PS binding sites. During blood meal, Lutzomyia longipalpis sandfly inject saliva in the bite site, which has a series of pharmacologically active compounds that inhibit blood coagulation. Since saliva and parasites are co-injected in the host during natural transmission, we evaluated the anticoagulant properties of sandfly saliva in counteracting the procoagulant activity of L. amazonensis . Lu. longipalpis saliva reverses plasma clotting promoted by promastigotes. It also inhibits thrombin formation by the prothrombinase complex assembled either in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/PS vesicles or in L. amazonensis . Sandfly saliva inhibits factor X activation by the intrinsic tenase complex assembled on PC/PS vesicles and blocks factor Xa catalytic activity. Altogether our results show that metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis are procoagulant due to PS exposure. Notably, this effect is efficiently counteracted by sandfly saliva.

Experiências de casais que procuram o centro de reprodução humana

O presente estudo tem como proposta tentar compreender os sentimentos dos casais que procuram o Centro de Reprodução Humana para o tratamento da infertilidade. Na tentativa de compreender como é vivenciar a reprodução assistida como tratamento, na perspectiva do casal, recorremos a uma abordagem fenomenológica, tendo como questão norteadora: "Como vocês se sentem em utilizar a Reprodução Assistida como tratamento ?".

Informação/educação em DST/AIDS/sexualidade humana - um relato de experiência de 14 anos

As autoras relatam suas experiências de 14 anos sobre informação/educação em Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis/Aids e Sexualidade Humana. Descrevem as ações implementadas, destacando os resultados positivos, bem como os negativos. Quanto aos resultados positivos destacam evidentemente a divulgação de informações sobre medidas preventivas acerca da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS, DST e aspectos da sexualidade humana a diversos segmentos da comunidade leiga e científica, bem como, o repasse do aprendizado adquirido nessas vivencias para o ensino de graduação, pós-graduação e desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Quanto aos negativos, perceberam a dificuldade em avaliar as ações de informações, ou seja palestras, por constituírem-se uma estratégia de comunicação praticamente unilateral. Nessa trajetória apontam alguns fatos que historicamente marcaram a implementação de ações oficiais.

Agrotóxicos e saúde humana: contribuição dos profissionais do campo da saúde

Focaliza a produção científica dos profissionais da saúde, em especial das enfermeiras, sobre o tema agrotóxico e saúde humana. O ensaio reúne e apresenta informações por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, procurando reconhecer a contribuição de cada autor e sua utilidade para o campo da saúde humana. Foram localizados 32 artigos de pesquisa publicados em periódicos brasileiros. A análise dos artigos destaca que a contribuição dos profissionais de saúde é focada na saúde humana - especialmente na saúde do trabalhador e na qualidade dos alimentos. No intuito de minimizar os efeitos dos agrotóxicos para a saúde ambiental e humana, os autores expõem sugestões de ação, tanto para os profissionais da saúde como para os órgãos competentes.

A representação do portador do vírus da imunodeficiência humana sobre o tratamento com os anti-retrovirais

Tendo como objeto de investigação a percepção dos portadores do HIV/AIDS sobre a adesão à terapêutica com medicamentos anti-retrovirais, este estudo de abordagem qualitativa teve como objetivos: conhecer as representações sociais dos portadores do HIV/AIDS sobre a terapêutica medicamentosa e analisar a relação entre a percepção do portador do HIV/AIDS sobre a terapêutica medicamentosa e a motivação para aderir ao tratamento. Os sujeitos do estudo foram nove usuários, internados na unidade de doenças infecciosas de um hospital de ensino na cidade de Juiz de Fora. Os dados foram colhidos através de entrevista semi-estruturada. A categoria de análise permitiu discutir as diversas facetas da adesão aos anti-retrovirais, partindo das representações elaboradas pelos sujeitos que fazem o tratamento, os quais, tomando como mediação o diálogo, falam dos aspectos dificultadores e as motivações para a gestão do tratamento.

A música na terminalidade humana: concepções dos familiares

Estudo qualitativo que utilizou a estratégia metodológica do estudo de casos múltipos e a fenomenologia existencial heideggeriana para analisar os dados. O objetivo foi compreender como os familiares percebem a influência das vivências musicais na saúde física e mental de um familiar que experiencia a terminalidade. Os dados foram coletados junto a sete indivíduos pertencentes a duas famílias por meio de entrevista e observação em maio e junho de 2009. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização da música no cuidado dos seres que vivenciam o câncer pode proporcionar bem-estar aos pacientes e cuidadores. Considerando-se o déficit de lazer e a monotonia do ambiente domiciliar, a utilização da música contempla os preceitos filosóficos e humanitários dos cuidados paliativos, caracterizando-se como um recurso complementar no cuidado de enfermagem, pois além de constituir um recurso de comunicação, promove melhor relacionamento interpessoal entre o doente e sua família.

Qualidade do sono em portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana

Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a qualidade do sono de pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) - AIDS - , com ou sem manifestações clínicas e sob tratamento ambulatorial. Para tal, foi realizada pesquisa descritiva e transversal. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica e Clínica; Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI-BR). Participaram da pesquisa 122 pacientes (55,7% de homens e 44,3% de mulheres, com idade média de 42,3 (± 8,9 anos), dos quais 53,3% referiram apresentar sono de boa qualidade e 46,7%, sono de má qualidade. Dormiam, em média, 7,3 (± 1,8) horas, com latência de 23,2 (± 26,2) minutos e eficiência do sono de 87,8% (± 14,4). Observou-se associação significativa entre o sono de boa qualidade e os seguintes fatores: ter companheiro(a); apresentar carga viral indetectável; manter comportamento de risco. Recomenda-se que os profissionais de enfermagem incluam sistematicamente questões sobre o sono ao avaliarem o paciente com HIV/AIDS, detectando alterações precocemente e reunindo subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções.