Inhalable particulate matter characterization in a medium-sized urban region in Brazil (São José dos Campos Town) - Part I: Morphology

In this study, the concentration and morphological characteristics of inhalable particulate material (PM10) were evaluated and associated with climatic conditions. The mean annual concentration was 11.0 µg m−3, varying between 0,647 µg m−3 and 36.8 µg m−3. Wind speed has a higher influence on PM10 dispersion, but direction was associated with particle source. During the wet period, wind speed is the main dispersion factor, while speed and direction both are important during the dry period. Based on the morphological characteristics, it is concluded that biogenic particles prevail during the rainy season and terrigenous particles during the dry period, depending on the wind direction and intensity.

Variation of essential oil composition of Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae) from two sandbank forests, north of Brazil

Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae) is used in traditional medicine and is important for the recovery of degraded areas and riparian forests because the T. guianensis fruits are highly consumed by wildlife. Volatile components from dried leaves and branches of five individual plants of T. guianensis were collected in two sandbank forests of the State of Pará (Extractive Reserve Maracanã and Area of Environmental Protection Algodoal/Maiandeua), extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC/MS. The ten oils obtained are comprised mostly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (58.49 to 100%), with (E)-caryophyllene, β-selinene, α-selinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-zingiberene being the most prominent. The results of the oil compositions were processed by Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA) allowing the establishment of three groups of essential oils for T. guianensis differentiated by the content of β-selinene/α-selinene (Type I), (E)-caryophyllene (Type II), and β-sesquiphellandrene/α-zingiberene (Type III).

Evaluation of the dioxin and furan formation thermodynamics in combustion processes of urban solid wastes

Specific combustion programs (Gaseq, Chemical equilibria in perfect gases, Chris Morley) are used to model dioxin and formation in the incineration processes of urban solid wastes. Thanks to these programs, it is possible to establish correlations with the formation mechanisms postulated in literature on the subject. It was found that minimum oxygen quantities are required to obtain a significant formation of these compounds and that more furans than dioxins are formed. Likewise, dioxin and furan formation is related to the presence of carbon monoxide, and dioxin and furan distribution among its different compounds depends on the chlorine and hydrogen relative composition. This is due to the fact that an increased chlorine availability leads to the formation of compounds bearing a higher chlorine concentration (penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorides), whereas an increased hydrogen availability leads to the formation of compounds bearing a lower chlorine number (mono, di-, tri-, and tetrachlorides).

Assessment of hydrochemical quality of ground water under some urban areas within sana'a secreteriat

Groundwater from nine wells of three different districts, located at Sana'a secretariat was analyzed for hydrochemical quality assessment. Measurements of water quality parameters including pH, EC, CO3(2-), HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, K+, and Na+ were carried out . Classification of the groundwater samples according to Cl, SO4(2-), CO3(2-) and HCO3-, hardness (H), total dissolved solids (TDS), base-exchange, and meteoric genesis was demonstrated. Suitability of ground water samples for irrigation and industrial uses according to sodium adsorption ration (SAR), ratio of dissolved sodium (RDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and saturation index (SI) was also investigated. The results of this study showed that almost all ground water samples were of good quality that makes them suitable for drinking and domestic uses. Results also indicated that even though some of the ground water samples were suitable for irrigation purposes, almost all of them were found not be good for industrial uses. Despite all drawbacks of the sewerage system built around Sana'a secretariat at the beginning of the first decade of the third millennium, the results of this study indicate that there is scope of significant improvement in Sana'a secretariat ground water quality.

Peri physeos psyches: sobre a natureza da alma no Fedro de Platão

No passo 245c do Fedro de Platão, no contexto do segundo discurso de Sócrates (no qual ele compõe sua palinodia dirigida a Eros), o filósofo chama atenção para a importância de "se tornar explícita a natureza da alma, dos seus estados e atos, assim como indagar se esta natureza é humana ou divina". Pretendo mostrar que Platão, nesse diálogo, tenta fundamentar a natureza mista da alma: em parte racional em parte passional. Essa ambiguidade constitutiva mostra-se diretamente correlacionada àquelas referentes às formas de Amor, Loucura e Retórica abordadas ao longo do diálogo, à medida que estas podem ser tanto perniciosas quanto prodigiosas, a depender do modo como se as conduz. Nessa perspectiva, meu propósito é defender a presença, na filosofia pensada por Platão, de elementos passionais imprescindíveis ao sucesso de sua atividade, cabendo ao filósofo alcançar, por meio de uma formação apropriada, a maestria para reverter aquilo que pode mergulhá-lo na ignorância e, consequentemente, na escravidão e na infelicidade, naquilo que justamente irá conduzi-lo na direção oposta: a do amor à Sabedoria.

Detection of beetle damage in forests by X-ray CT image processing

Some beetle species can have devastating economic impacts on forest and nursery industries. A recent example is Anophophora glabripennis, a species of beetle known in the United States as the ''Asian Longhorrned beetle'', which has damaged many American forests, and is a threat which can unintentionally reach south American countries, including Brazil. This work presents a new method based on X-ray computerized tomography (CT) and image processing for beetle injury detection in forests. Its results show a set of images with correct identification of the location of beetles in living trees as well as damage evaluation with time.

Canopy openness and lai estimates in two seasonally deciduous forests on limestone outcrops in central Brazil using hemispherical photographs

Patches of seasonally dry tropical forests occur on limestone outcrops in Central Brazil surrounded by the dominant savanna vegetation. They contain valuable timber species but are threatened by farming and mining activities. The objective of this study was to describe canopy opening and light relations in two seasonally deciduous dry forests on slopes and limestone outcrops, in the Paranã valley at the northeastern region of the Goiás state, Brazil. The studied forests were in the Fazenda Sabonete in Iaciara-Go and Fazenda Forquilha in Guarani-GO. Woody plants were sampled in 25 (20 x 20 m) plots in each forest. In the Sabonete forest 40 species, 705 ind./ha-1 with a basal area of 15.78 m²/ha-1 were found, while in Forquilha there were 55 species, 956 ind./ha-1 with a basal area of 24.76 m²/ha-1. Using hemispherical photographic techniques, 25 black and white photographs were taken at each site, during the dry season, totaling 50 photographs. These were taken at the beginning of each vegetation-sampling plot. The photographs were scanned in grey tones and saved as 'Bitmap'. The canopy opening and leaf area index (LAI) were calculated using the software Winphot. The mean canopy opening was 54.0% (±9.36) for Fazenda Sabonete and 64.6% (±11.8) in Fazenda Forquilha, with both sites presenting significant differences in the opening estimates (P < 0.05). Their floristic richness and structure also differed with the more open canopy forest, Forquilha, being richer and denser, suggesting the need for further studies on species-environment relationships in these forests.

Floristic composition of two wetland forests in Araguaian Plain, State of Tocantins, Brazil, and comparison with other areas

Seasonally inundated native forest fragments ("ipucas") located in natural landform depression swales of the Araguaian Plain are currently under land use pressure. Their composition needs to be better understood to guarantee their protection. This comparative study of fragments under different land use conditions was carried out at Lago Verde Farm, Lagoa da Confusão,Tocantins, Brazil. The location coordinates are UTM 643586 and 644060 East and 8792795 and 8799167 North. This study aimed to first analyze and compare the floristic composition of two seasonally inundated forest fragments of approximately one hectare each. The first is located in an intact (without human intervention) Gramineous-Woody Savanna region and the second in a rice cultivation region. The floristic composition of both fragments was then compared to that of other wetland forests located in the Northern, Central Western and Southeastern regions of Brazil.All the floristic compositions are affected by seasonal flooding and soil water saturation. The floristic inventory used a census method that sampled all trees and shrubs with perimeter at 1.30 m from soil (PAP) = 15cm; 665 individuals, 33 families and 49 species were recorded for the intact region and 807 individuals, 35 families and 70 species for the altered region fragment. The values of H' = 0.806 (Shannon-Weaver) and J = 3.44 nats /individual (equability) for the fragment in the region affected by rice cultivation are considered high compared to the intact region fragment values (H' = 0.761 and J = 2.97). Families contributing to floristic richness in the altered region fragment were Fabaceae (9 species), Vochysiaceae (6) and Annonaceae (4). In the intact region fragment, Fabaceae also presented the largest number of species (8) followed by Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae and Vochysiaceae (3 each). When comparing the forests from various regions in Brazil, floristic similarity was found to be small. Greater similarity was found when indices for the two Lagoa da Confusão fragments were compared to riparian forests located in the Federal District of Brasilia.

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF RELIEF INFLUENCE ON EUCALYPTUS FORESTS: INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLAR IRRADIANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the differences in radiation intensity as a function of distinct relief exposure surfaces and to quantify these effects on the leaf area index (LAI) and other variables expressing eucalyptus forest productivity for simulations in a process-based growth model. The study was carried out at two contrasting edaphoclimatic locations in the Rio Doce basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two stands with 32-year-old plantations were used, allocating fixed plots in locations with northern and southern exposure surfaces. The meteorological data were obtained from two automated weather stations located near the study sites. Solar radiation was corrected for terrain inclination and exposure surfaces, as it is measured based on the plane, perpendicularly to the vertical location. The LAI values collected in the field were used. For the comparative simulations in productivity variation, the mechanistic 3PG model was used, considering the relief exposure surfaces. It was verified that during most of the year, the southern surfaces showed lower availability of incident solar radiation, resulting in up to 66% losses, compared to the same surface considered plane, probably related to its geographical location and higher declivity. Higher values were obtained for the plantings located on the northern surface for the variables LAI, volume and mean annual wood increase, with this tendency being repeated in the 3PG model simulations.

Mapping of use and occupation of the soil and irrigation water quality in the city of Salto do Lontra-Paraná, Brazil

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.

Paradigmas e evidências da nutrição peri-operatória

Understanding perioperative pathophysiology and implementing care regimes, through a multimodal approach, to reduce the organic response to stress after surgery and the related postoperative ileus, are major challenges. Multimodal surgical strategies such as pre-operative intake of a carbohydrate drink, instead of the usually recommended 2- to 6-hour period of nothing-bymouth, together with patient's education of the postoperative care plan, plus efficacious analgesia and early postoperative nutrition, among others, have been described to significantly impact on the previous variables. Therefore, these strategies accelerate rehabilitation and, as a consequence, decrease complications and hospital length of stay and, its related costs.

Acerto pós-operatório: avaliação dos resultados da implantação de um protocolo multidisciplinar de cuidados peri-operatórios em cirurgia geral

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os resultados clínicos iniciais após a implementação do projeto Acerto Pós-operatório (ACERTO) em pacientes operados num serviço universitário de cirurgia geral. MÉTODO: 161 pacientes foram prospectivamente observados durante dois períodos: o primeiro, entre janeiro a junho de 2005 (n=77) formado por pacientes submetidos a condutas convencionais (período PRÉ-ACERTO) e o segundo, entre agosto a dezembro de 2005 (n=84), formado por pacientes submetidos a um novo protocolo de condutas peri-operatório estabelecidas pelo projeto ACERTO (período PÓS-ACERTO). A coleta de dados nos dois períodos ocorreu sem o conhecimento dos profissionais do serviço. As variáveis observadas foram: indicação de suporte nutricional pré-operatório, tempo de jejum pré e pós operatório, volume de hidratação, uso de sondas e drenos, tempo de internação e morbidade pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Na fase pós-ACERTO, o percentual de pacientes desnutridos que receberam suporte nutricional foi trêsês vezes maior (78,6%; 11/14 vs. 23,5%; 4/17; p <0.01). Houve uma diminuição no tempo de jejum pré (16 [8-27] vs 5 [2-20] horas, p<0,01) e pós-operatório (3 [1-15] vs 1 [1-6] dias, p<0,01) e na hidratação venosa (8 [1-63,5] vs 4 [0,5-63] litros, p<0,001) na segunda fase do estudo. O conjunto de mudanças determinou uma redução de dois dias no tempo de internação (5 [2-46] vs 3 [1-64] dias, p<0,05) e de 60% na morbidade pós-operatória (18,2%;14/77 vs 7,1%;6/84, p=0,03; RR=2,55, IC95%1,03-6,29, p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A adoção das medidas multidisciplinares peri-operatórias como as do projeto ACERTO é factível dentro da nossa realidade e pode, melhorar a morbidade e diminuir o tempo de internação em cirurgia geral.

Avaliação dos resultados de intervenção após mudanças realizadas nos cuidados peri-operatórios em pacientes submetidos a operações abdominais eletivas

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da introdução de novas medidas visando acelerar a recuperação pós-operatória de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal eletiva. MÉTODOS: Foram observados e entrevistados 162 pacientes e entrevistados durante dois períodos distintos: o primeiro, entre outubro a dezembro de 2009 (n=81) formado por pacientes submetidos à condutas convencionais de acompanhamento peri-operatório (período pré-intervenção) e o segundo, entre março a maio de 2010 (n=81), formado por um novo grupo de pacientes submetidos, então, ao novo protocolo de condutas de acompanhamento peri-operatório. A coleta de dados nos dois períodos ocorreu sem o conhecimento dos profissionais do serviço. As variáveis observadas foram: indicação de suporte nutricional pré-operatório; tempo de jejum pré e pós-operatório; volume de hidratação; uso de sondas e drenos; tempo de internação e morbidade pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre os dois períodos, observou-se no período pós-intervenção uma diminuição de 2,5 horas no tempo de jejum pré-operatório (p=0,0002). Em relação à reintrodução da dieta por via oral houve diferença entre os dois períodos (p=0,0007). Considerando os pacientes que não apresentaram complicações no pós-operatório houve diminuição significativa no tempo de internação (p=0,001325). Houve uma redução de aproximadamente 50% no uso de antibiótico no período pós-intervenção (p=0,00001). CONCLUSÃO: A adoção de medidas multidisciplinares peri-operatórias é exequível dentro da nossa realidade e embora não tenha havido alterações com significância estatística no presente estudo, pode melhorar a morbidade e diminuir tempo de internação em cirurgia geral de modo significante.

Efeitos das isoflavonas sobre o assoalho pélvico e a vascularização peri-uretral de mulheres na pós-menopausa

OBJETIVO: avaliar a força muscular do assoalho pélvico e os vasos periuretrais de mulheres na pós-menopausa, antes e após seis meses de uso contínuo de extrato de soja. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo com 30 mulheres na pós-menopausa antes e após o uso de extrato de soja (100 mg/dia) durante seis meses consecutivos. Foram investigadas a perda urinária e a força muscular do assoalho pélvico por perineômetro digital e avaliação funcional. Avaliou-se ainda o número de vasos da região peri-uretral pela dopplervelocimetria. Para comparar os resultados antes e após tratamento, utilizou-se o teste pareado t de Student. RESULTADOS: das 30 mulheres analisadas, 20 referiram alguma forma de perda urinária no inicio do experimento. A melhora deste sintoma ocorreu em 15 (75%) mulheres após o tratamento. A medida da pressão vaginal (força muscular do assoalho pélvico) foi 12,9±1,7 e 15,8±1,8 Sauers, respectivamente, antes e após o tratamento (p<0,001). Observou-se aumento da pressão em 22 (73,3%) mulheres no final do estudo. Na avaliação funcional, verificou-se que 12 mulheres não sofreram alteração da função muscular do assoalho pélvico, ou seja, 18 (60%) tiveram aumento da força muscular. Pelo exame ultra-sonográfico (Doppler) obtivemos no início do experimento 2,20±0,15 vasos sanguíneos/campo, passando para 3,4±0,2 vasos sanguíneos/campo ao final do experimento (p<0,001). Em 21 mulheres (70%) registrou-se aumento do número dos vasos peri-uretrais após os seis meses de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: ressalta-se que são resultados preliminares, havendo necessidade de outras investigações com número maior de participantes em estudo duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado por placebo. Contudo, o tratamento com extrato de soja, por seis meses consecutivos, determinaria aumento da força muscular do assoalho pélvico e do número de vasos peri-uretrais em mulheres na pós-menopausa.