Estabilidade de molho de pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) armazenado à temperatura ambiente

Avaliou-se a estabilidade de um molho de pequi durante 300 dias, armazenado à temperatura ambiente (24 ± 2 º C). O fluxograma de elaboração do molho de pequi teve as seguintes etapas: matéria-prima, seleção e lavagem, sanificação, lavagem, descascamento, seleção, cozimento, despolpamento, formulação, tratamento térmico, homogeneização, envase e armazenamento. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 3 repetições, sendo que os 6 períodos de armazenamento (0; 60; 120; 180; 240 e 300 dias) constituíram os tratamentos. Os resultados das avaliações das características de qualidade foram submetidos a análises de variância e regressão. Os dados da análise sensorial foram analisados de acordo com a distribuição de frequências. A formulação na proporção de 1:1:1 (polpa + água + ácido acético - vinagre), aliada à adição de sorbato de potássio e tratamento térmico, foi eficaz na manutenção da estabilidade das características de qualidade de molho de pequi por, pelo menos, 300 dias de armazenamento à temperatura ambiente. A aparência e o sabor foram os atributos de melhor aceitação do molho de pequi que também obteve índice satisfatório de intenção de compra. O molho de pequi apresentou condições microbiológicas em conformidade com o estabelecido pela legislação, demonstrando que o processamento efetuado foi efetivo no controle dos microrganismos deteriorantes e patogênicos.

Desenvolvimento, caracterização e estabilidade de geleia tradicional de umbu-cajá

Objetivou-se desenvolver geleia tradicional de umbu-cajá, caracterizá-la quanto a parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológicos e sensoriais, e avaliar sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento por seis meses em condições ambientais. Para processamento, foram utilizados 44% de polpa diluída de umbu-cajá, 1% de pectina de alto teor de metoxilação (ATM) e 55% de açúcar cristal. A formulação foi submetida à cocção em tacho aberto de aço inoxidável até teor de sólidos solúveis totais de cerca de 68 ªBrix. A geleia foi envasada em recipientes de vidros transparentes, caracterizada e estocada em temperatura e umidade relativa médias de 23,25 ºC e 81%, respectivamente, com acompanhamento por meio de análises físicas e químicas a cada 30 dias de armazenamento. Os resultados da caracterização química evidenciaram produto com elevado teor de carboidratos, baixos conteúdos de cinzas e proteínas e valor calórico de 256 kcal/100g. Não foi verificado contagem dos microorganismos pesquisados (bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Staphylococcus, bactérias mesófilas e Salmonella). Constatou-se alta aceitabilidade, com índices de aceitação superiores a 70% para todos os atributos sensoriais investigados (cor, aparência, aroma, consistência, sabor, doçura e impressão global) e intenção de compra de 67,5%, indicando potencial para industrialização e comercialização. O armazenamento promoveu aumento significativo nos valores de pH, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), relação SST/ATT e firmeza e reduções significativas na acidez total titulável (ATT), atividade de água, luminosidade, intensidades de vermelho e amarelo, croma, ângulo de tonalidade, extrusão e adesividade. Constatou-se tendência à estabilidade dos valores de umidade e de sólidos totais. O processamento do umbu-cajá para elaboração de geleia mostrou-se viável, apresentando-se como mais uma opção de renda para pequenos produtores do semiárido brasileiro.

Redes neurais e suas aplicações em calibração multivariada

Neural Networks are a set of mathematical methods and computer programs designed to simulate the information process and the knowledge acquisition of the human brain. In last years its application in chemistry is increasing significantly, due the special characteristics for model complex systems. The basic principles of two types of neural networks, the multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis functions, are introduced, as well as, a pruning approach to architecture optimization. Two analytical applications based on near infrared spectroscopy are presented, the first one for determination of nitrogen content in wheat leaves using multi-layer perceptrons networks and second one for determination of BRIX in sugar cane juices using radial basis functions networks.

Estudo do estado fundamental de aglomerados de silício via redes neurais

We introduce a global optimization method based on the cooperation between an Artificial Neural Net (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). We have used ANN to select the initial population for the GA. We have tested the new method to predict the ground-state geometry of silicon clusters. We have described the clusters as a piling of plane structures. We have trained three ANN architectures and compared their results with those of pure GA. ANN strongly reduces the total computational time. For Si10, it gained a factor of 5 in search speed. This method can be easily extended to other optimization problems.

Xerogel p-anisidinapropilsílica: estudo da estabilidade térmica e da resistência à lixiviação com solventes

The xerogel p-anisidinepropylsilica was obtained. This solid presents some residual paraffin and also a small fraction of high organofunctionalized material that was leached in polar solvent. The xerogel purification could be achieved by exhaustively washing with hexane and dichloromethane solvents, or submitting the xerogel to thermal treatment up to 300 ºC, in vacuum. The resulting purified xerogel material present an appreciable thermal stability and resistance to leaching by solvents.

Caracterização e estabilidade físico-química de sistemas poliméricos nanoparticulados para administração de fármacos

Polymeric nanoparticle systems such as nanocapsules and nanospheres present potential applications for the administration of therapeutic molecules. The physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticle suspensions are important pre-requisites of the success of any dosage form development. The purpose of this review is to present the state of the art regarding the physico-chemical characterization of these drug carriers, in terms of the particle size distribution, the morphology, the polymer molecular weight, the surface charge, the drug content and the in vitro drug release profiles. Part of the review is devoted to the description of the techniques to improve the stability of colloidal systems.

Estabilidade relativa de alcenos: análise dos critérios encontrados nos livros textos de graduação e uma proposta de explicação operacional para alcenos dissubstituídos

Despite of being used as thermodynamic criterion to rank alkene stability in a number of undergraduate textbooks, the heat of hydrogenation does not describe adequately the relative stability of disubstituted alkenes. In this work, both the heat of formation and the heat of combustion were used as thermodynamic criteria to rank correctly the stability of alkenes according to the degree of alkyl substitution and also in the disubstituted series (geminal > trans > cis). An operational model based on molecular orbital and valence bond representations of hyperconjugation is proposed to show how this effect can explain the order of stability of this class of compounds.

Efeito da composição do solvente sobre a estabilidade de proteínas em soluções aquosas

A protein presents a native (N) macro state, which is functionally active, in equilibrium with the denatured (D) macro state, which is devoid of biological activity. An ensemble of microstates forms each macrostate. The denatured state comprises a greater ensemble of microstates than the native macrostate. The N-D equilibrium can be affected by several factors, that comprise the purity of the water, temperature, pH and solute concentration. This work discusses the influence of osmolytes and chaotropics on the N-D equilibrium in aqueous solutions.

Avaliação do teor e da estabilidade de vitaminas do complexo B e vitamina C em bebidas isotônicas e energéticas

Vitamin C stability and concentration was evaluated in isotonic beverages and B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6) in power beverages. The amount of vitamins was found to be above of that declared on the labels, even after the shelf life had been exceeded. A small decrease in the amount of B group vitamins was observed during the shelf life of the products. In the case of vitamin C this decrease was slightly higher. The present research shows the need of increased quality control and inspection.

Desempenho físico-químico de metais e estruturas de concreto de redes de distribuição de energia: estudo de caso na região de Manaus

The influence of natural aging furthered by atmospheric corrosion of parts of electric transformers and materials, as well as of concrete poles and cross arms containing corrosion inhibitors was evaluated in Manaus. Results for painted materials, it could showed that loss of specular gloss was more intensive in aliphatic polyurethane points than in acrylic polyurethane ones. No corrosion was observed for metal and concrete samples until 400 days of natural aging. Corrosion in steel reinforcement was noticed in some poles, arising from manufacturing faults, such as low cement content, water/cement ratio, thin concrete cover thickness, etc. The performance of corrosion inhibitors was assessed by many techniques after natural and accelerated aging in a 3.5% saline aqueous solution. The results show the need for better chemical component selection and its concentration in the concrete mixture.

Influência do pH sobre a estabilidade de suspensões de alumina estabilizadas eletroestericamente

In this work, aqueous suspensions of aluminas with different particle sizes were evaluated. The effect of pH on the electrosteric stabilization using PMAA-NH4 (ammonium polymethacrylate) as deflocculant was studied. The amount of deflocculant was optimized and rheologic properties were determined at four different pH values. Sedimentation was also evaluated. For suspensions with pH 4, an electrostatic mechanism of stabilization was observed, probably due to a flat adsorption of PMMA- on the alumina surface, leading to a small efficiency in relation to steric stabilization. For a suspension with pH 12, the steric mechanism of stabilization prevails. Suspensions with pH 7 and 9 present a higher flocculation degree. In relation to particle size, A-1000 samples present a smaller particle size, leading to a smaller interparticle distance (IPS), making stabilization more difficult.

Validação de metodologia analítica por cromatografia líquida para doseamento e estudo da estabilidade de pantoprazol sódico

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of digestive ulcers, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. In this work, an analytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of sodium pantoprazole by HPLC. The method was specific, linear, precise and exact. In order to verify the stability of pantoprazole during dissolution assays, pantoprazole solution in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was kept at room temperature and protected from light for 22 days. Pantoprazole presented less than 5% of degradation in 6 hours and the half live of the degradation was 124 h.

Avaliação da estabilidade do marcador plasmático do estresse oxidativo: malondialdeído

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the lipid peroxidation products widely used as indicator of cellular injury. However, the short-term and the long-term stability of this biomarker remain unclear. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of plasmatic MDA at -20 ºC, utilizing thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as derivative in spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis. The results showed that MDA was stable for 24 h after blood collection, was not stable when stored after alkaline hydrolysis, remained stable for 30 days after TBA derivatization and was stable for 3 days when stored after n-butanol extraction, all at -20 ºC.

Purificação e caracterização da beta-lapachona e estudo de estabilidade dos cristais em diferentes condições de armazenamento

The beta-lapachone is a product obtained from the Ipê Roxo tree [Tabebuia avellandae], which has proved its excellent antineoplasic potential acting through a particular mechanism of apoptosis against various cancer types. This study aims at determining the identity card of beta-lapachone by means of physico-chemical and pharmaco-technical characterization. A purifying process has been performed, as well as the isolation of a contaminant, its isomer alpha-lapachone. A stability study was also performed, determining the ideal storing conditions for beta-lapachone, essential for the ongoing pre-formulation studies for obtaining the different classic pharmaceutical forms and modified release systems.

Quantificação de TBHQ (terc butil hidroquinona) e avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa em óleos de girassol comerciais

Sunflower oil is one of the vegetable oils most susceptible to oxidative reaction. Therefore the presence of natural (tocopherol) and/or synthetic (TBHQ) antioxidants is a prerequisite to secure the stability of this oil during its shelf life, especially with the increased use of PET packaging. On determining the total tocopherol content in 10 samples of deodorized sunflower oils, high losses in total tocopherol during deodorization were identified. In order to facilitate researche involving oxidative stability of vegetable oils, a method for isolated quantification of TBHQ using the isocratic elution system was developed.