271 resultados para diversidade bacteriana
Resumo:
This article provides an overview on the recent achievements to combat Gram-positive bacteria and the mechanisms related to antimicrobial activity and bacterial resistance. Selected synthetic methodologies to access structurally diverse bioactive compounds are presented in order to emphasize the most important substances currently developed to overcome multiresistant strains. The main properties of vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics are also discussed as a background to understanding the design of new chemotherapeutic agents.
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Eight compounds comprising four groups of polyketides, the xanthone fusarindin, the mixed peptide alkaloid-polyketide GKK1032, the anthraquinones crisophanol, citreoveridin and janthinone, and the azaphylones dihydrocitrinone, citrinin and citrinin H-1, were identified in Penicillium species isolated as endophytic fungi from Melia azedarach and Murraya paniculata. The antibacterial activity of the azaphylones was tested and showed that citrinin H-1 is more active than citrinin.
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In this work, the effectiveness of four screening techniques (three techniques of the diffusion method and one microdilution broth method) were compared. Evaluated were the ethanolic and dichloromethanic extracts of Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) against six standard bacteria (ATCC). The results showed statistical disagreement among the three diffusion techniques. Among the diffusion techniques, the well technique displayed the best result. However the microdilution broth method demonstrated to be the most adequate method to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plant crude extracts and pure compounds when compared to the other methodologies.
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Several reasons motivated the development of new generations of antibiotics, such as their high ability to develop resistance to virtually all kinds of anti-infective agents and the crescent market demand for new drugs to treat special demanding patients. After penicillin discovery, several antibiotics were developed from fungal metabolites, since antibacterial secondary metabolites consists on a fungal endogenous protective mechanism against natural competitors. The aim of this review is to present the structural diversity of antibacterial and antifungal metabolites produced by fungi, mentioning sources of fungal isolates, cultivation process and details on the scope of their antibiotic activity.
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Natural peptides are outstanding as the most promising macromolecules in the search for new drugs, especially those of cyclic nature. The higher plants revealed a very peculiar composition of their cyclic peptides, which distinguish themselves by a "head-to-tail" cyclization. It is possible to define two groups of cyclic peptides from plant biomass. Those called in this review as Eucyclopeptides formed by 2-12 amino acid, and Cyclotides considered as circular polypeptides, composed of 29-37 amino acid that retain three disulfides bridges in an arrangement known as cyclic cystine knot. Searching for plant peptides should form into a subject for scientific research in the forefront of great importance for bioprospecting natural products macromolecular.
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Antibiotic resistance has been growing at an alarming rate and consequently the arsenal of effective antibiotics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria has dropped dramatically. In this sense there is a strong need to produce new substances that not only have good spectrum of activity, but having new mechanisms of action. In this regard, this paper emphasizes the coordination of metals to antibiotics as a strategy for reversing antibiotic resistance and production of new drugs, with a special focus on quinolones, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines.
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Due to their recalcitrant nature, organochlorides are already found in environment and the search for alternatives to eliminate these compounds such as biodegradation using native microorganisms is of great interest. A screening trial to select environmental bacteria able to degrade DDD, PCP and dieldrin was conducted. Among 14 isolates, the soil bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa L2-1 showed the highest tolerance to increasing concentrations of the organochlorides and was selected for further studies. Biodegradation was assessed in liquid medium, varying the concentrations of glucose and the presence of rhamnolipids (RL). The best medium for the occurrence of biodegradation of the compounds contained 0.5% glucose, giving approximately 50% yield after three days of incubation. Results showed that the biodegradation rates of the organochlorides by P. aeruginosa L2-1 were greater at low concentrations of glucose and in the presence of rhamnolipids.
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Bacterial cellulose produced from Gluconacetobacter xilinus was used to produce cellulose nanocrystals by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was performed with 64% sulfuric acid at 50 ºC with the hydrolysis time ranging between 5 and 90 min. The production of nanocrystals was observed to have size distributions that were dependent on hydrolysis times up to 10 min, after which time the suspensions showed distributions closer in size. Results from thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction showed that the amorphous cellulose was removed, leaving only the crystalline portion. Self-supported films were formed from the suspension of nanocrystals and had iridescence characteristics. The films were characterized by microscopy measures and specular reflectance.
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters intracellularly accumulated by many bacteria as an energy reserve material and carbon source. These biopolymers may be extracted from cells after their production phase, and the extraction process involves various individual operations to ensure adequate removal of the biopolymer from the cells. During this process, the following aspects should be considered: reduction of product losses during different stages of the process to obtain a highly pure product, preservation of physical and thermal characteristics, and use of low toxicity chemicals to achieve sustainable production and avoid harming the environment. The impact of the costs of PHA extraction on the total cost of the production process may account for over 50% of the end-value of the product. Within this context, several methods of PHA extraction have been reported in the literature. These methods include the use of solvents, chemical digestion, enzymatic digestion, mechanical extraction with high-pressure homogenization and ultrasound, extraction using supercritical fluids, or a combination of these methods. The present review of the literature shows strategies for extraction processes of PHAs produced by bacteria involving cell destabilization and/or breakage, recovery, and purification of the biopolymer.
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O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a diversidade da virulência de isolados de Pyricularia grisea coletados na Estação Experimental do IAC, Mococa, estado de São Paulo. A composição das raças do fungo e sua compatibilidade com genes de resistência foram estudadas utilizando-se cultivares diferenciais de arroz (Oryza sativa) do Japão. Cinqüenta isolados monospóricos foram obtidos das panículas das cultivares IAC 201 e IAC 4440 afetadas com brusone. As raças JP 137 e JP 177 de P. grisea na cultivar de arroz de sequeiro IAC 201 e a raça JP 200 na cultivar IAC 4440, arroz irrigado, foram identificadas. Foi observada uma baixa freqüência de ocorrência de raças fisiológicas no local de seleção de linhagens de melhoramento. Enquanto todos os 25 isolados provenientes de IAC 4440 foram compatíveis somente ao gene de resistência pi-ta², os isolados de IAC 201 foram compatíveis para sete dos nove genes das diferenciais japonesas. Os resultados mostraram que somente um gene de resistência (pi-z t) foi efetivo a todos os isolados de P. grisea coletados das cultivares de arroz IAC 201 e IAC 4440.
Resumo:
Phytophthora capsici é uma espécie onívora com vários hospedeiros cultivados na Bahia. Variações morfológicas ocorrem entre isolados de cacaueiro (Theobromae cacao), seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) e pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), todos classificados como P. capsici. Utilizaram-se marcadores RAPD e reações de patogenicidade para estudar a diversidade genética dentro desta espécie. Foram analisados 22 isolados sendo, oito de cacau, oito de seringueira, três de pimentão (Capsicum annuum) (dois antigos e um recente), um de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata), um de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) e um de pimenta-do-reino. Os isolados de pimentão, abóbora e tomate foram obtidos em Minas Gerais, o de pimenta-do-reino no Pará e, os demais, na Bahia e Espírito Santo. O DNA genômico de cada isolado foi extraído e amplificado utilizando-se oito primers decâmeros, os quais geraram 123 marcadores RAPD. Distâncias genéticas e análises de agrupamento permitiram a diferenciação de três grupos: o primeiro formado por isolados de cacaueiro, o segundo por sete dos oito isolados de seringueira e o terceiro por dois isolados de pimentão (antigos). Os isolados de tomate, pimenta-do-reino, pimentão (recente), o de abóbora e um de seringueira mostraram-se distantes geneticamente dos demais. Inoculações em frutos de cacau, seringueira, tomate e pimentão, com e sem ferimento, mostraram que o isolado de seringueira que não agrupou com os demais foi o menos virulento dos isolados testados, não causando lesões em frutos de seringueira sem ferimento. Frutos de pimentão só foram infetados por isolados de tomate e pimentão, enquanto os frutos de cacau foram infetados por todos os isolados testados. A manutenção de todos os grupos dentro de P. capsici é discutida.
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Durante 1998 e 2000, a incidência de murcha bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum foi registrada em 25 municípios do estado do Amazonas. A bactéria foi encontrada nas seguintes espécies vegetais: Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, Cucumis sativus, Heliconia sp., Lycopersicon esculentum, Melanthera discoidea, Moringa oleifera, Musa sp., Solanum melongena, S. gilo, e S. nigrum. Em tomateiros (Lycopersicon esculentum), a murcha bacteriana estava presente em todos os plantios. Em bananeiras (Musa spp.), a incidência do Moko foi menor nas várzeas dos rios Madeira e Negro do que nas dos rios Solimões e Amazonas. Caracterizaram-se 320 isolados de R. solanacearum, obtidos no levantamento, com relação a raça e a biovar. A biovar 1 predominou em todos os hospedeiros, com exceção de C. annuum e C. chinense, onde estirpes da biovar 3 foram maioria. Apenas 7,8% das estirpes foram da biovar N2. A sensibilidade de 56 estirpes da raça 1 a 23 bacteriocinas foi avaliada. As estirpes da biovar 3 apresentaram uma menor variabilidade, na sensibilidade a bacteriocinas do que as estirpes das biovares 1 e N2.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a diversidade genética entre isolados das três principais espécies do gênero Phytophthora causadoras da podridão-parda do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) no Brasil, utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD. Foram utilizados 22 isolados de Phytophthora spp., sendo oito de P. capsici, cinco de P. palmivora e nove de P. citrophthora. DNA genômico de cada isolado foi extraído e amplificado utilizando-se sete "primers" decâmeros, os quais geraram 191 marcadores RAPD. Distâncias genéticas e análises de agrupamento realizadas com base nestes marcadores permitiram uma diferenciação clara dos isolados de cada espécie e mostraram diferentes níveis de diversidade intra-específica. Ficou evidente o potencial dos marcadores RAPD como uma ferramenta auxiliar na classificação dos isolados e, também, em estudos de diversidade genética intra-específica.