259 resultados para Grau de integração
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar as terapias utilizadas em nossa instituição no tratamento dos sarcomas de extremidades de alto grau, mediante análise da sobrevida global do tratamento multidisciplinar. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com 36 pacientes, no período de 1993 a 2007, em estádios IIb/III, submetidos a radioterapia externa após cirurgia com ou sem reforço de dose com braquiterapia. RESULTADOS: Trinta e seis pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico seguido de radioterapia externa, sendo que quatro pacientes (11%) receberam reforço de dose com braquiterapia e sete pacientes (19%) receberam quimioterapia. A dose mediana de radioterapia foi de 50 Gy (IC95%: 47-53 Gy), sendo realizado reforço de dose em quatro pacientes com braquiterapia, com dose variando de 16,2-35 Gy. A quimioterapia foi indicada em sete pacientes (19%) com margens positivas. Quinze pacientes apresentaram recidiva local e/ou a distância (42%) e todos faleceram. Vinte e um pacientes (58%) encontram-se sem evidência clínica e radiológica de recidiva local e/ou a distância. O seguimento mediano é de 88 meses (IC95%: 74-102). A taxa de sobrevida global para sete anos foi de 80%. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a associação cirurgia + radioterapia apresenta-se como tratamento eficaz e com ótimas respostas e melhora da sobrevida global na possibilidade de associação da braquiterapia.
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OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade dos artigos relacionados com a acurácia diagnóstica da ultrassonografia na síndrome do túnel do carpo idiopática e relacionada com o trabalho. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se busca em bases de dados eletrônicas, selecionando-se relatórios de revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos observacionais. Após quatro etapas de análise, desde a triagem inicial até a avaliação pelo instrumento elaborado pelo Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, os artigos foram classificados em níveis de evidência, com seus respectivos graus de recomendação. RESULTADOS: Dos 68 artigos inicialmente encontrados, apenas 4 preencheram os critérios de qualidade propostos neste estudo. A mensuração da área transversal do nervo mediano foi o critério mais importante para o diagnóstico de síndrome do túnel do carpo (ponto de corte entre 9 e 10 mm²: sensibilidade = 82-86,3%; especificidade = 48-87%). Os quatro artigos obtiveram nível de evidência "1b" e grau de recomendação "A". CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação ultrassonográfica em pacientes com suspeita clínica de síndrome do túnel do carpo pode ser realizada como teste de primeira linha, com boa relação custo-benefício, reduzindo a necessidade de exames eletrodiagnósticos.
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In this work several methods for evaluation of the degree of lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity are reviewed. Some aspects related to the recent advances mentioned in the literature are also reported.
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A new approach for teaching in basic experimental organic chemistry is presented. Experimental work goes on parallel to theoretical lectures leading to an immediate application of theoretical concepts transmitted therein. One day/week is dedicated exclusively to the organic laboratory. Reactions are proposed as problems to be solved; the student has to deduce the structure of the product on the basis of his observations, the analytical data and his mechanistical knowledge. 70 different experiments, divided in 7 thematical chapters, are presented. All experiments require the analysis and discussion of 1H and 13C NMR, IR and UV spectra. Additional questions about each reaction have to be answered by the student in his written report. Laboratory safety is garanteed by the exclusion or substitution of hazardous and toxic reagents. Microscale preparations are adopted in most cases to lower the cost of materials and the amount of waste. Recycling of many reaction products as starting materials in other experiments reduces the need for commercial reagents and allows the execution of longer reaction sequences. Only unexpensive standard laboratory equipment and simple glassware are required. All experiments include instructions for the save treatment or disposal of chemical waste.
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Simple experiments are proposed for measuring molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate ions using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The experiments can help undergraduate students in instrumental analysis courses understand important aspects involving conceptual and instrumental similarities and differences between frequently used analytical techniques. Hollow cathode lamps were selected with wavelengths in the region of molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate. Calibration curves were obtained and the linear dynamic range was evaluated. Results were compared with those obtained in a molecular absorption spectrometer. The molar absorptivities obtained were also compared.
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The objective of this work was to investigate if producers of sugar cane spirits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, have improved the copper content of their products and also if they have adjusted to the new standards of identity for 'cachaça' and 'aguardente'. Seventy-one samples, obtained from May 2003 until March 2004, were analyzed. Mean copper content was 2.30 mg/L, which indicates a significant reduction in levels. The mean alcohol content was 45.6 % v/v. All of the 'aguardente' but only 79% of the 'cachaça' attended to the standard of identity for alcohol content for these products.
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To study the action of Alcalase and Flavourzyme on the proteins of chicken meat, the influence of the substrate concentration [S], enzyme concentration [E] and hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the proteins was evaluated. The highest DH for breast meat was obtained with a [S] of 3.3% (w/v), with a [E] of 6% (w/w) and reaction time of 90 min, for both enzymes. For thigh meat the conditions to get the highest DH were: [S] of 5% (w/v), [E] of 8% (w/w) and a reaction time of 120 min, for both enzymes.
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The most widespread literature for the evaluation of uncertainty - GUM and Eurachem - does not describe explicitly how to deal with uncertainty of the concentration coming from non-linear calibration curves. This work had the objective of describing and validating a methodology, as recommended by the recent GUM Supplement approach, to evaluate the uncertainty through polynomial models of the second order. In the uncertainty determination of the concentration of benzatone (C) by chromatography, it is observed that the uncertainty of measurement between the methodology proposed and Monte Carlo Simulation, does not diverge by more than 0.0005 unit, thus validating the model proposed for one significant digit.
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The objective of this work was to obtain hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis using Alcalase 2.4L® and to evaluate the effect of the enzyme [E] and substrate [S] concentration on the functional properties of the hydrolysates. It was obtained hydrolysates with hydrolysis degree values ranging from 12.2 to 43.7%. The values of solubility and water holding capacity were similar for the greater number of the hydrolysates with minimum values in the pH 5.0. The hydrolysis degree showed direct relationship with the solubility and indirect with the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity.
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Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is produced by commercial processes to a purity of up to 96%. In recent years, several companies have started to produce ETBE, increasing the demand for standards with higher grades of purity in the area of production control and final product certification. The present work involved the development of a purification protocol for obtaining high purity ETBE from the commercial product used in the formulation of automotive gasolines, using a spinning band distillation column. The ETBE thus produced showed a purity of over 99.5%, its main contaminant being its isomer, ethyl-sec-butyl ether (ESBE).
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High-throughput screening (HTS) and virtual screening (VS) are useful methods employed in drug discovery, allowing the identification of promising hits for lead optimization. The efficiency of these approaches depends on a number of factors, such as the organization of high quality databases of compounds and the parameterization of essential components of the screen process. This brief review presents the basic principles of the HTS and VS methods, as well as a perspective of the utility and integration of these drug design approaches, highlighting current opportunities and future challenges in medicinal chemistry.
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Omega-3 enriched partial acylglycerols are beneficial for human health. The aim of this study was to obtain monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) by means of glycerolysis of fish oil catalyzed by a lipase from Rhizomucor miehei in the presence of food grade surfactants (Tween 65, 80 or 85). Glycerolysis was successful in the reaction media for all the tested surfactants, showing their potential for use as additives in such a system. The best results, however, were obtained for the reaction medium in the absence of surfactant whose peroxide value was the lowest after glycerolysis.
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In this work, we applied the free open source SCILAB software for the numerical integration of differential rate law equations to obtain the concentration profiles of chemical species involved in the kinetics of some complex reactions. An automated method was applied to construct the system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) from the postulated chemical models. The solutions of the ODEs were obtained numerically by standard SCILAB functions. We successfully simulated even complex chemical systems such as pH oscillators. This communication opens up the possibility of using SCILAB in simulations and modeling by our chemistry undergraduate students.
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As podridões pós-colheita constituem fator de risco nas exportações. No entanto, o número de produtos registrados para o tratamento pós-colheita de frutos de melão (Cucumis melo) é reduzido. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a influência dos fungicidas thiabendazole, azoxystrobin e imazalil a 30, 10 e 400g i.a/100 l, no desenvolvimento de Fusarium pallidoroseum e estudar o efeito deles, combinados à refrigeração, no controle de podridão em melão. Thiabendazole e imazalil inibiram 100% do crescimento micelial e esporulação de F. pallidoroseum, enquanto o azoxystrobin 87,09% da esporulação. A refrigeração inibiu o desenvolvimento de lesões sobre os frutos tratados com os fungicidas e inoculados com 10(7) conídios/ml de F. pallidoroseum. No armazenamento à temperatura ambiente, até o 6º dia de armazenamento, os fungicidas mostraram-se efetivos, sendo que o azoxystrobin e thiabendazole controlaram, eficientemente, a severidade e tamanho de lesão até 12 e 16 dias de armazenamento, respectivamente. Sob refrigeração o melhor controle foi obtido em frutos tratados com thiabendazole e imazalil. Quando retirados da refrigeração, frutos tratados com fungicidas mantiveram os mesmos níveis de controle da doença até o 20º dia. Quanto à severidade, azoxystrobin e imazalil diferiram da testemunha, e para o tamanho da lesão apenas o azoxystrobin. No armazenamento refrigerado contínuo, o índice de doença manteve-se baixo até o final da avaliação (34 dias). Os fungicidas foram eficientes no controle da incidência e tamanho de lesão, destacando-se o thiabendazole e imazalil no controle da severidade, enquanto que no desenvolvimento de lesão espontânea no pedúnculo do fruto, o imazalil.
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Visando explorar a mutagênese insercional em Magnaporthe grisea, foram avaliadas a transformação dos protoplastos obtidos após adequação do protocolo e a eficiência da integração de pAN7-1 no genoma do ascomiceto na presença da enzima de restrição Hind III. Os protoplastos de M. grisea I-22 foram prontamente transformados para a resistência à higromicina. Quando o vetor linearizado com Hind III foi usado para transformar o fungo na presença de Hind III, a eficiência de transformação foi 1,1 a 8,1 vezes superior ao tratamento sem a adição da enzima. No geral, a melhor concentração de Hind III foi 5 unidades/reação de transformação. Tal concentração promoveu a produção média de 332 transformantes/µg de pAN7-1/10(7) protoplastos. A presença do gene de seleção hph no genoma de 18 indivíduos resistentes à higromicina foi confirmada por PCR.