Body mass index for predicting hyperglycemia and serum lipid changes in Brazilian adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To determine the best cut-offs of body mass index for identifying alterations of blood lipids and glucose in adolescents. METHODS: A probabilistic sample including 577 adolescent students aged 12-19 years in 2003 (210 males and 367 females) from state public schools in the city of Niterói, Southeastern Brazil, was studied. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was used to identify the best age-adjusted BMI cut-off for predicting high levels of serum total cholesterol (>150mg/dL), LDL-C (>100mg/dL), serum triglycerides (>100mg/dL), plasma glucose (>100mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (< 45mg/dL). Four references were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of BMI cut-offs: one Brazilian, one international and two American. RESULTS: The most prevalent metabolic alterations (>50%) were: high total cholesterol and low HDL-C. BMI predicted high levels of triglycerides in males, high LDL-C in females, and high total cholesterol and the occurrence of three or more metabolic alterations in both males and females (areas under the curve range: 0.59 to 0.67), with low sensitivity (57%-66%) and low specificity (58%-66%). The best BMI cut-offs for this sample (20.3 kg/m² to 21.0 kg/m²) were lower than those proposed in the references studied. CONCLUSIONS: Although BMI values lower than the International cut-offs were better predictor of some metabolic abnormalities in Brazilian adolescents, overall BMI is not a good predictor of these abnormalities in this population.

Factores associados à hipertensão arterial nos utentes de farmácias em Portugal

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência, tratamento e controlo da hipertensão e identificar factores associados em utentes de farmácias comunitárias. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 1.042 utentes de 40 a 65 anos em 60 farmácias comunitárias de Portugal Continental entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006. Os dados foram obtidos pela aplicação de questionário e medição de parâmetros biológicos. Foram realizadas três regressões logísticas sequenciais para verificar associação entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 53,7 anos e a razão homem/mulher foi 0,68. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi de 54,8%. Cerca de 70% dos hipertensos encontravam-se sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, destes, 47,7% estavam controlados. A hipertensão esteve positivamente associada à idade mais elevada, sexo masculino, ser casado, apresentar índice de massa corporal e nível de colesterol total mais alto, ser diabético, ter doença cardiovascular pessoal ou familiar precoce e reportar mais consultas médicas por ano. A hipertensão tratada mostrou-se positivamente associada a ser mulher, não casado, ser diabético, viver numa área urbana e reportar mais de três consultas médicas por ano. Nos hipertensos tratados, estar controlado foi positivamente associado a ter comportamento aderente à terapêutica anti-hipertensiva (auto-reporte), percepcionar o efeito desta medicação e ser de baixo risco cardiovascular. Os modelos preditivos apresentaram áreas sob as respectivas curvas ROC entre 0,72 e 0,78, com capacidade discriminatória aceitável. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da hipertensão foi elevada, mas similar à encontrada em outros estudos realizados em Portugal. A proporção de doentes tratados foi satisfatória, em contraste com o nível insuficiente de controlo.

Impact of academic exposure on health status of university students

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of academic life on health status of university students. METHODS: Longitudinal study including 154 undergraduate students from the Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, with at least two years of follow-up observations. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics were collected using questionnaires. Students' weight, height, blood pressure, serum glucose, serum lipids and serum homocysteine levels were measured. Regression analysis was performed using linear mixed-effect models, allowing for random effects at the participant level. RESULTS: A higher rate of dyslipidemia (44.0% vs. 28.6%), overweight (16.3% vs. 12.5%) and smoking (19.3% vs. 0.0%) was found among students exposed to the academic life when compared to freshmen. Physical inactivity was about 80%. Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and physical activity levels were significantly associated with gender (p<0.001). Academic exposure was associated with increased low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (about 1.12 times), and marginally with total cholesterol levels (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: High education level does not seem to have a protective effect favoring a healthier lifestyle and being enrolled in health-related areas does not seem either to positively affect students' behaviors. Increased risk factors for non-transmissible diseases in university students raise concerns about their well-being. These results should support the implementation of health promotion and prevention programs at universities.

A behavioral intervention in a cohort of Japanese-Brazilians at high cardiometabolic risk

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a health promotion program on cardiometabolic risk profile in Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: A total of 466 subjects from a study on diabetes prevalence conducted in the city of Bauru, southeastern Brazil, in 2000 completed a 1-year intervention program (2005-2006) based on healthy diet counseling and physical activity. Changes in blood pressure and metabolic parameters in the 2005-2006 period were compared with annual changes in these same variables in the 2000-2005 period. RESULTS: During the intervention, there were greater annual reductions in mean (SD) waist circumference [-0.5(3.8) vs. 1.2(1.2) cm per year, p<0.001], systolic blood pressure [-4.6(17.9) vs. 1.8(4.3) mmHg per year, p<0.001], 2-hour plasma glucose [-1.2(2.1) vs. -0.2(0.6) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], LDL-cholesterol [-0.3(0.9) vs. -0.1(0.2) mmol/L per year, p<0.001] and Framingham coronary heart disease risk score [-0.25(3.03) vs. 0.11(0.66) per year, p=0.02] but not in triglycerides [0.2(1.6) vs. 0.1(0.42) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], and fasting insulin level [1.2(5.8) vs. -0.7(2.2) IU/mL per year, p<0.001] compared with the pre-intervention period. Significant reductions in the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes were seen during the intervention (from 58.4% to 35.4%, p<0.001; and from 30.1% to 21.7%, p= 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A one-year community-based health promotion program brings cardiometabolic benefits in a high-risk population of Japanese-Brazilians.

Inquerito por telefone: pesos de pos-estratificacao para corrigir vicios de baixa cobertura em Rio Branco, AC

OBJETIVO: Analisar efeitos do uso de pesos de pós-estratificação para corrigir vícios decorrentes da baixa cobertura de domicílios com telefone. MÉTODOS: Comparação dos resultados levantados pelo Inquérito Domiciliar com o Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), em Rio Branco, AC, 2007, cuja cobertura era de 40% de telefonia fixa. O vício potencial do Vigitel foi expresso pela diferença entre as prevalências do Vigitel e do Inquérito Domiciliar, calculada a raiz quadrática do erro quadrático médio como medida de acurácia da estimativa. RESULTADOS: O procedimento de ponderação do Vigitel corrigiu o vício potencial nas prevalências de consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras, de carnes com gordura visível, o ser fumante, a autoavaliação do estado de saúde ruim e da morbidade referida de colesterol ou triglicéride. O procedimento adotado pelo Vigitel não reduziu o vício nas prevalências da prática de atividade física no tempo livre e de morbidade referida de asma, bronquite asmática, bronquite crônica ou enfisema. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário o uso de métodos alternativos de ponderação e a estratégia de seleção de variáveis externas para construção de pesos de pós-estratificação que minimizem o vício potencial das estimativas das variáveis decorrentes da baixa cobertura de domicílios com telefone fixo.

Effects of irregular-shift work and physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in truck drivers

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the putative effect of type of shift and its interaction with leisure-time physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in truck drivers.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 57 male truck drivers working at a transportation company, of whom 31 worked irregular shifts and 26 worked on the day-shift. Participants recorded their physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire along with measurements of blood pressure, body mass index and waist-hip ratio. Participants also provided a fasting blood sample for analysis of lipid-related outcomes. Data were analyzed using a factorial model which was covariate-controlled for age, smoking, work demand, control at work and social support.RESULTS: Most of the irregular-shift and day-shift workers worked more than 8 hours per day (67.7% and 73.1%, respectively). The mean duration of experience working the irregular schedule was 15.7 years. Day-shift workers had never engaged in irregular-shift work and had been working as a truck driver for 10.8 years on average. The irregular-shift drivers had lower work demand but less control compared to day-shift drivers (p < 0.05). Moderately-active irregular-shift workers had higher systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (143.7 and 93.2 mmHg, respectively) than moderately-active day-shift workers (116 and 73.3 mmHg, respectively) (p < 0.05) as well as higher total cholesterol concentrations (232.1 and 145 mg/dl, respectively) (p = 0.01). Irrespective of their physical activity, irregular-shift drivers had higher total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (211.8 and 135.7 mg/dl, respectively) than day-shift workers (161.9 and 96.7 mg/dl, respectively (ANCOVA, p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Truck drivers are exposed to cardiovascular risk factors due to the characteristics of the job, such as high work demand, long working hours and time in this profession, regardless of shift type or leisure-time physical activity.

ERICA: prevalence of dyslipidemia in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in Brazilian adolescents, as well as the prevalence of altered levels of such parameters. METHODS Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were used. This is a country-wide, school-based cross-sectional study that evaluated 12 to 17-year old adolescents living in cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. The average and distribution of plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated. Dyslipidemia was determined by levels of total cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL, or triglycerides ≥ 130 mg/dl. The data were analyzed by gender, age, and regions in Brazil. RESULTS We evaluated 38,069 adolescents – 59.9% of females, and 54.2% between 15 and 17 years. The average values found were: total cholesterol = 148.1 mg/dl (95%CI 147.1-149.1), HDL cholesterol = 47.3 mg/dl (95%CI 46.7-47.9), LDL cholesterol = 85.3 mg/dl (95%CI 84.5-86.1), and triglycerides = 77.8 mg/dl (95%CI 76.5-79.2). The female adolescents had higher average levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, without differences in the levels of triglycerides. We did not observe any significant differences between the average values among 12 to 14 and 15- to 17-year old adolescents. The most prevalent lipid alterations were low HDL cholesterol (46.8% [95%CI 44.8-48.9]), hypercholesterolemia (20.1% [95%CI 19.0-21.3]), and hypertriglyceridemia (7.8% [95%CI 7.1-8.6]). High LDL cholesterol was found in 3.5% (95%CI 3.2-4.0) of the adolescents. Prevalence of low HDL cholesterol was higher in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of Brazilian adolescents has alterations in their plasma lipids. The high prevalence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia, especially in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions, must be analyzed in future studies, to support the creation of strategies for efficient interventions.

Assessment of oltipraz in schistosomiasis mansoni clinical trial

Seventy three children (6-15 years) and 75 adults (18-47 years) with active schistosomiasis mansoni were treated with oltipraz. All cases had at least 100 eggs per gram of feces as determined by the Kato-Katz technique. Children and adults were divided in two groups receiving respectively 25 or 30 mg/kg, as a single oral dose. Clinical examination, laboratories tests (haemogram, urinalysis, hepatic and kidney functions tests, glycemia, cholesterol, triglicerides, lipoprotein — HLD and LDL) and ECG were performed before, 3 or 7 days and 1 month after treatment. Parasitological control with 3 daily coprological examinations, was done on the 1st, 3rd j 6th month after drug administration. Giddiness, somnolence, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal distress were the most frequent side effects. Pain in the finger tips that need further investigations also occurred. No significant alteration in complementary tests were observed, whereas eosinophilia 1 month after treatment was detected, probably indicating worm death. The cure rate in children was 81.8% and 74.2% with 25 and 30 mg/kg respectively, and in adults 75.0% and 81.2% of the patients. No statistical significant difference was observed between cure rate and side effects at different dosages employed, neither between adults nor children. In all groups the percentage of egg reduction in feces in the non cured patients was higher than 96.0%. Further investigation with this new compound is necessary to accomplish the real value of oltipraz in the schistosomiasis chemotherapy.

Experiências terapêuticas com um derivado da rifamicina: a rifampicina

Os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos com a rifampicina no tratamento de 31 casos de infecções bacterianas diversas. Foram tratadas 15 crianças, cujas idades variaram de 4 a 11 anos, senão 6 do sexo feminino e 9 do sexo masculino, e 16 adultos, 7 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino. Em 25 casos foi possível isolar o agente bacteriano possivelmente responsável pelo quadro clínico. As doses empregadas para crianças foram de 20 mg/kg ao dia, distribuídos em 2 doses com intervalos de 12 horas; os adultos receberam 450 a 900 mg a intervalos de 12 horas. Os pacientes foram tratados por períodos que variaram de 4 a 15 dias de acôrdo com a gravidade da infecção e a resposta terapêutica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos, antes, durante e avós o tratamento, a exame clínico completo, hemogramas, provas de função hepática, dosagem de transaminases, exames de urina (elementos anormais e sedímentoscopia), dosagem de uréia, glicose e colesterol sanguíneos e a outros exames visando ao diagnóstico etiológico e evolução de cada caso em particular. Os resultados obtidos com rifampicina no tratamento de 31 casos foram considerados excelentes em 24, muito bons em 5 e bons em 2, em nenhum dos casos tratados se observando intolerância à droga. A rifampicina pode, sem dúvida, na opinião dos autores, ser considerada um antibiótico altamente eficaz para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas por gram-positivos e gram-negatívos.

O fígado nas leptospiroses

Os autores chamam a atenção para o aspecto endêmico-epidêmico da infecção na Guanabara e regiões próximas. Assinalam fatos referentes a gravidade da infecção e ao pouco conhecimento das formas anictéricas. Dão ênfase às manifestações digestivas e assinalam a importância de se incluir as leptospiroses no diagnóstico diferencial de àbdome cirúrgico principalmente aqueles com icterícia. Consideram como sinais de prognóstico grave a insuficiência renal aguda com anúria, e presença de hemorragia digestiva, convulsões e/ou choque. Das exteriorizações digestivas o comprometimento hepático e a icterícia são os itens analisados no trabalho. O material estudado consta de 42 casos analisados do ponto de vista funcional e histopatolôgico sendo que o material de autópsia foi obtido de apenas 3 casos e o restante, através de punção-biopsia. O maior grau de icterícia foi alcançado na 2ª e 3ª semanas de doença e o predomínio absoluto é o da fração da bilirrubina direta. Elevações expressivas da fosfatase alcalina e colesterol ao lado de hiperbilirrubinemias severas em tôrno da 2ª e 3ª semana de doença, configuraram em muitos casos um componente obstrutivo importante com correspondência nos achados de histopatologia. Em nenhuma ocasião as transaminases ultrapassaram a 250 u Karmen assim como necrose hepátioa em nenhum espécime histopatolôgico foi importante. 22 pacientes apresentaram cifras de atividade protrombínica interiores a 60% e os casos que receberam vitamina Kl, respostas não foram obtidas. Os principais elementos de eletroforese protéica encontrados em 26 pacientes foram: hipoalbuminemia em todos, alfa 2 elevada sem exceção, beta acima de 0,90 g% em 14 e gama superior a 1,4 em 15. As provas de floculação e turvação se mostraram bastante alteradas em 14. Os principais elementos de patologia encontrados foram localização centrolobular da lesão, dissociação trabecular, colestase, degeneração e regeneração hepatocitárias e proliferação kupfferiana. Estas lesões podem ser encontradas em pacientes com história clínica de mais de 30 dias de evolução. Finalizam discutindo a patogenia da doença e a fisiopatologia das alterações hepáticas no decurso das leptospiroses.

Serum lipids of pemphigus foliaceus patients on long-term glucocorticoid therapy

Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, and long-term corticotherapy may affect serum lipid levels. The aim of this study was to compare serum lipids of pemphigus foliaceus patients on glucocorticoid therapy to a healthy control group. Fifteen patients receiving prednisone (0.33 ± 0.22mg/kg) for at least 12 months and 15 controls were submitted to 48-h food intake records, anthropometry, and biochemical measurements. Data were compared by chi2, Mann-Whitney and Student "t" tests. The groups were matched for gender, age, weight, body mass index, arm circumference and triceps skin fold. No differences were observed in relation to energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate daily intakes, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, uric acid, and serum creatinine levels. Pemphigus foliaceus patients had higher triglyceride [159 (64-371) vs. 100 (45-133) mg/dl], VLDL [32 (13-74) vs. 20 (9-114) mg/dl] and ESR [44 (9-87) vs. 7 (1-30) mm/h] levels than controls, probably due to metabolic effects of inflammatory disease and corticotherapy.

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients.

Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with leishmanicidal drugs

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani complex. VL may be asymptomatic or progressive and is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and the enlargement of the spleen and liver. The nutritional status of the patients with VL is a major determinant of the progression, severity and mortality of the disease, as it affects the clinical progression of the disease. Changes in lipoproteins and plasma proteins may have major impacts in the host during infection. Thus, our goal was evaluate the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein levels, as well as the body composition, of VL patients before and after treatment. Methods Nutritional evaluation was performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition. Biochemical data on the serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein were collected from the medical charts of the patients. Results BIA indicated that both pre-treatment and post-treatment patients exhibited decreased phase angles compared to the controls, which is indicative of disease. Prior to treatment, the patients exhibited lower levels of total body water compared to the controls. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, patients with active VL exhibited lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin and higher triglyceride levels compared to patients after treatment and the controls. Treatment increased the levels of albumin and lipoproteins and decreased the triglyceride levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with active VL present biochemical and nutritional changes that are reversed by treatment.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with dyslipidemia and liver steatosis in chronic HBV carriers

Introduction Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and liver steatosis (LS) are the most common causes of chronic liver disease, and their coexistence is frequently observed in clinical practice. Although metabolic syndrome is the main cause of LS, it has not been associated with HBV infection. The aims of this study were to describe the lipid profile and prevalence of LS among HBV carriers and to identify the characteristics associated with LS in this group. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients evaluated during 2011 and 2012. Results Of the 83 patients included, the mean age was 46.4±12.5 years, 53% were men, and 9.1% were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) -positive. These patients exhibited the following lipid profile: total cholesterol = 175.4±38.8mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) = 113.0±32.7mg/dL, and triglycerides = 91.1±45.2mg/dL. Their fasting glucose was 95.3±14.5g/dL, and fasting insulin was 6.1±5.9µIU/mL. Liver steatosis was observed on abdominal ultrasound in 11.3% of individuals. Factors associated with the presence of LS included higher levels of total cholesterol, prothrombin activity, fasting insulin, and body mass index (BMI) as well as lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Conclusions These findings suggest that LS in patients with chronic HBV appears to be a consequence of metabolic alterations and insulin action rather than of viral factors.

Analysis of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in individuals with HIV and its association with antiretroviral therapy

IntroductionAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has been used to treat large numbers of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Lipid disorders are often observed in these patients, and include elevations in total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG).MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed using 333 patient records from the Regional Hospital of São José Doutor Homero de Miranda Gomes (HRSJHMG). The study population consisted of patients with HIV who were under medical follow up, either on or off drug treatment. The data were entered into Excel and exported to SPSS 16.0 for analysis using chi-square testing. We used prevalence ratios as the measure of association.ResultsLipid abnormalities were observed in 78.9% of individuals who received ART. Of the 308 subjects on ART, 59.1%, 41.9%, and 33.1% had TG, TC and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) abnormalities, respectively. The prevalence of LDL changes was 2.57-fold higher in individuals who had been using ART for more than 12 months, compared to those using ART for 6 to 12 months.ConclusionsHIV patients showed a significant increase in the association between TC and TG levels and the use of ART. In particular, changes in TC, LDL and TG were greater in individuals who had received ART for over more than 12 months.